冷軋機(jī)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

冷軋機(jī)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)連續(xù)縱列式冷軋機(jī)的平直度模型和控制在1994年的下半年，Sidmar一號(hào)縱列式冷軋機(jī)被改造為完全連續(xù)的五架軋機(jī)，并且配備了一條酸洗線。其軋機(jī)設(shè)備的組成包括：機(jī)架上的液壓壓下機(jī)構(gòu)；第一架帶有能軸向移動(dòng)的中間輥的六輥軋機(jī)；所有機(jī)架的支撐輥；最后一個(gè)機(jī)架上的軸向移動(dòng)的工作輥。這個(gè)新的冷軋技術(shù)和這條新的酸洗線允許酸洗過程、軋機(jī)出口尺寸和鋼帶平直度的閉式控制。它含有兩條平直度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)：一是在軋機(jī)出口處，另一個(gè)是在機(jī)架間的縫隙。平直度是通過傳統(tǒng)的第一架和最后一架之間的閉環(huán)反饋方法，用平直度在線模型在支撐輥和軸向移動(dòng)設(shè)定的點(diǎn)來控制。在線模型用來描述6、4輥軋機(jī)軸向移動(dòng)的平直度元素的線性、拋物線和四次方程。除了平直度反饋控制和在線模型設(shè)定以外，一種獨(dú)特的反饋系統(tǒng)通過確認(rèn)新來的鋼帶的外形的種類，用機(jī)架間的平直度測(cè)量來提高軋機(jī)出口平直度。新系統(tǒng)的所有客觀性能都達(dá)到了提高所提供的產(chǎn)品范圍的平直度質(zhì)量的要求。平直度要求Sidmar軋機(jī)軋制寬650~1880mm，厚0.3~3.5mm和材料強(qiáng)度從低碳鋼到HSLA和中碳鋼范圍的材料。從冷軋機(jī)出來的好的平直度的軋件能提高生產(chǎn)量和生產(chǎn)率，很容易滿足客戶最后的要求。典型地，平直度從原料改變到±15個(gè)單位需要經(jīng)過入口到出口線，但根據(jù)殘留錯(cuò)誤的波長和型式的不同，軋件的不平度水平仍大大的改變。Sidmar軋機(jī)的改造之后，在穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行的情況下，從原料到±8個(gè)單位是帶卷平直度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性能，好于從原料到±11個(gè)單位，差于從原料到±5個(gè)單位。在新軋制線上，軋制完成的帶卷被剪短的時(shí)候，它和新來的熱軋帶卷之間有一兩個(gè)焊縫。在這點(diǎn)上，它對(duì)平直度的干擾是尤為重要的，而且對(duì)單一反饋系統(tǒng)的反饋造成很大的困難。不同尺寸軋機(jī)的在線平直度要求物理模型的采用使得大多數(shù)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜的平直度模型能以一套基本的模型被建立。這個(gè)基本模型把物理原理轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)學(xué)上的并作為模塊代碼的程序。模塊代碼被更改設(shè)定為模擬特殊機(jī)械排列到要求描述的形式的軟件。舉個(gè)例子，如相同的模型能被設(shè)定為一個(gè)圖形的近似二次方程或線性描述、二次方程和四次方程，或者設(shè)定為更詳細(xì)的遍布鋼帶的50個(gè)單位。Sidmar軋機(jī)的在線裝置模型需要線性的、二次的和四次的方程。外形模型包括下列模塊：·軋輥的撓度·軋輥間接觸應(yīng)力·軋輥面壓痕·抗拉強(qiáng)度·鋼帶壓力新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流，需要解決下列問題：（1）所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？（2）此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力？（3）生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？（4）產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？（5）產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問題給出正確答案。但是，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。通常，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題?？赡軙?huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)椋谏a(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。軋輥的撓度——軋輥強(qiáng)度計(jì)算用的是典型梁彎曲理論。軋輥可認(rèn)為是一個(gè)帶有分布載荷的梁，假定軋輥軸承中心為支點(diǎn)和撓度主要是由彎曲力矩和剪切力引起的。因?yàn)檐堓佒睆胶洼伾黹L度的比值是非常大的，所以剪切力引起的撓度也算在內(nèi)。用短的錐形軋輥時(shí)，軸向移動(dòng)時(shí)可以減少支撐工作輥的接觸長度。這樣，橫跨鋼帶寬度的工作輥的撓度可以減小。用這種方法，軋輥不對(duì)稱的軸向移動(dòng)能明顯地減小鋼帶寬度方向的平直度的靈敏度。軋輥軸向移動(dòng)的結(jié)果可以通過遍布軋輥支撐面的分布載荷的變化來模擬。軋輥間接觸應(yīng)力——兩輥之間的支撐壓力導(dǎo)致接觸點(diǎn)周圍產(chǎn)生局部缺陷，沿著水平軸線產(chǎn)生分布的載荷。通過“赫茲壓力作用”根據(jù)兩軋輥之間的接觸面撓度的不同來模擬這個(gè)分布載荷。軋輥面壓痕——軋輥間隙的外形受工作輥和鋼帶接觸面間的彈性壓痕的不同而影響很大。軋輥壓痕模型是以小區(qū)域上的單位壓力引起的軋輥的撓度為影響因素?？傮w矯直取決于軋輥和鋼帶接觸面上的小區(qū)域的綜合影響?？估瓘?qiáng)度——平直度、抗拉強(qiáng)度和鋼帶壓力的相互影響導(dǎo)致從輪廓頂部到機(jī)架間產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)很大的負(fù)反饋。由于鋼帶拉伸引起的載荷的改變可以通過從軋輥壓縮到拉伸的靈敏度而得到。鋼帶壓力——由于帶鋼表面缺陷而引起從工作輥到鋼帶表面橫向的載荷分布。綜合軋制壓力/弧長模型提供精確的軋制力預(yù)報(bào)。對(duì)平直度模型來說，被使用的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的形式是建立在軋制力模型靈敏度的基礎(chǔ)上的。對(duì)Sidmar設(shè)備來說，對(duì)新來的帶鋼頭部的影響是根據(jù)每一個(gè)帶卷頭部在熱軋過程中的測(cè)量記錄來計(jì)算的，雖然不太重要，但增加的精確測(cè)量在提高頭部平直度模型精確度方面起了重要作用。鋼帶外形——在兩輥咬合的地方，帶鋼的的外形取決于縫隙的形狀。而外形取決于軋輥撓度、軋輥表面形狀和缺口，通過他們各自的幾何模型來描述。平直度——每個(gè)機(jī)架間材料的平直度很大程度上依賴于軋制過程中拉伸程度的不同。對(duì)冷軋來說，接下來的流程帶鋼被限制在一個(gè)局部的區(qū)域，除了這個(gè)小區(qū)域外，帶鋼的偏差可以假定為縱向的。出口平直度決定于帶鋼頭部變化和新來的帶鋼平直度的綜合影響。亞結(jié)構(gòu)——為減少構(gòu)造特殊軋制模型，一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件的子系統(tǒng)模型分別被構(gòu)造。對(duì)圖2中的軋輥來說，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的組件就可以定義作用力影響下的工作輥的撓度。用這個(gè)方法，通過軋輥軸向移動(dòng)和支撐輥的接觸長度的共同影響來計(jì)算幾何靈敏度。這個(gè)構(gòu)件的幾何靈敏度數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式如下：（1）另一個(gè)組件是用來定義工作輥和帶鋼接觸面間的作用力的，它是工作輥撓度、進(jìn)入帶鋼的外形和拉伸的函數(shù)。（2）這兩個(gè)組件后來被合成用于軋輥和鋼帶的復(fù)雜模型。六輥和四輥軋機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)——用幾何形狀和組件的知識(shí)，機(jī)架的大部分組件模型能夠被構(gòu)造，舉個(gè)例子，如四輥軋機(jī)的工作輥的彎曲和軸向移動(dòng)；六輥軋機(jī)的工作輥和中間輥的彎曲執(zhí)行裝置和中間輥的軸向移動(dòng)。四輥和六輥軋機(jī)的模型用相同的方法構(gòu)造但在六輥軋機(jī)的情況下，帶有支撐輥和工作輥的中間輥的影響必須被考慮，其平衡條件要和工作輥和支撐輥的一致。RowtandemcoldrollingmillmodelsandtheflatnesscontrolInthesecondhalfof1994,Sidmaronthe1stcolumnofcoldrollingmillwastransformedintoarowoffivefullmill,andequippedwithapicklingline.Thecompositionofitsmillequipment,including:Screwdownhydraulicrackonthebody;withthefirst-axialmovementtothemiddleofthesixrollrollermill;rackallthesupportroll;finalAxialontherackMobileworkroll.Thenewcold-rollingtechnologyandthisnewpicklinglinetoallowthepicklingprocess,theexportsizeandstripmillflatnessoftheclosed-control.Itcontainstwostraightmeasurementsystem:First,theexitofthemill,andtheotherisonarackbetweenthecracks.Flatnessthroughthetraditionalfirst-andlastafeedbackloopbetweenthemethodsusedstraight-linemodelinsupportoftherollandaxialmovementsetuptocontrolthepoint.On-linemodelusedtodescribe6,4rollermillaxialmovementofflatnessoflinearelements,parabolicandquarticequation.Apartfromthestraight-degreefeedbackcontrolandsetuponlinemodel,auniquefeedbacksystemthroughthestriptoconfirmthenewshapeofthetypeofrackwiththeflatnessmeasurementtoimprovethemillexportsstraightness.Thenewsystemallhavereachedtheobjectiveofimprovingtherangeofproductsofferedbytheflatnessqualityrequirements.FlatnessrequirementsSidmarrollingmill-650~1880mm,thick0.3~3.5mmandmaterialstrengthfromlow-carbonsteeltoHSLAandinthescopeofthecarbonsteelmaterials.Fromthecold-rolledflat-outgoodfortheworkpiececanincreaseproductionandproductivity,itiseasytomeettherequirementsofthefinalcustomer.Typically,theflatnessofrawmaterialsfromthechangeto±15unitstogothroughtheentrancetotheexportline,butaccordingtotheresidualerrorandpatternsofdifferentwavelengths,therollingoftheroughnessisstillgreatlychanged.Sidmarofthemill,inthestableoperationofthecircumstances,fromrawmaterialsto±8unitswithvolumeflatnessisthestandardperformance,betterthanfromrawmaterialsto±11units,weakerthanfromrawmaterialsto±5units.Inthenewonlinerolling,rollingwiththecompletionofthevolumewasshorter,anditsnewhot-rolledtothe12volumesbetweenWeld.Inthisregard,itistheflatnessofinterferenceisparticularlyimportant,butalsoforasinglefeedbacksystemoffeedbackcausedgreatdifficulties.DifferentsizesofthemillonlineflatnessrequirementsPhysicalmodelmakesuseofthemechanicalstructureofthemostcomplexflatnessmodeltoabasicmodelwasestablished.Thisbasicmodelofthephysicalprinciplesintomathematicsandasamoduleonthecodeofprocedure.Modulecodechangessettobesimulatedwithspecialmachinerytotherequirementsdescribedintheformofsoftware.Forexample,ifthesamemodelcanbesettoapproximateagraphicdescriptionofquadraticequationorlinear,quadraticequationandfourequations,orforamoredetailedsetaroundthestripof50units.Sidmarmill'sonlineneedsofthelinearmodelofthedevice,secondaryandfouroftheequation.Shapemodelincludesthefollowingmodules:RollthedeflectionRollofcontactstressRoll-indentationTensilestrengthCoilpressureNewlydesignsitselfcanhavethequestionoccurrencewhichmanyflawsandhasnotbeenabletoexpect,onlyhasaftertheseflawsandthequestionaresolved,canmanifestnewgoodscomeintothemarkettheproductsuperiority.Therefore,aperformancesuperiorproductisbornatthesametime,alsoisfollowingahigherrisk.Shouldemphasize,ifdesignsitselfdoesnotrequesttousethebrand-newmethod,isnotunnecessarymerelyforthegoalwhichtransformtousethenewmethod.Inthedesignpreliminarystage,shouldallowtodesignthepersonnelfullytodisplaythecreativity,noteachkindofrestraint.Evenifhashadmanyimpracticalideas,alsocaninthedesignearlytime,namelyinfrontoftheplanblueprintiscorrected.Onlythen,onlythendoesnotsendtostopsuptheinnovationthementality.Usually,mustproposeseveralsetsofdesignproposals,thenperformthecomparison.Hasthepossibilityverymuchintheplanwhichfinallydesignated,hasusedcertainnotinplansomeideaswhichaccepts.Howdoesthepsychologistfrequentlydiscusscausesthemachinewhichthepeopleadaptsthemtooperate.Designspersonnel''sbasicresponsibilityisdiligentlycausesthemachinetoadaptthepeople.Thiscertainlyisnotaneasywork,becausecertainlydoesnothavetoallpeopletosayinfactallisthemostsuperioroperatingareaandtheoperatingprocess.Anotherimportantquestion,projectengineermustbeabletocarryontheexchangeandtheconsultationwithotherconcernedpersonnel.Intheinitialstage,designsthepersonneltohavetocarryontheexchangeandtheconsultationonthepreliminarydesignwiththeadministrativepersonnel,andisapproved.Thisgenerallyisthroughtheoraldiscussion,theschematicdiagramandthewritingmaterialcarrieson.Inordertocarryontheeffectiveexchange,needstosolvethefollowingproblem:(1)designswhetherthisproducttrulydoesneedforthepeople?Whetherthereiscompetitiveability(2)doesthisproductcomparewithothercompanies''existingsimilarproducts?(3)producesthiskindofproductiswhethereconomical?(4)productserviceiswhetherconvenient?(5)productwhetherthereissale?Whethermaygain?Onlyhasthetimetobeabletoproducethecorrectanswertoabovequestion.But,theproductdesign,themanufactureandthesaleonlycanincarryontotheabovequestionpreliminaryaffirmationanswerfoundationin.Projectengineeralsoshouldthroughthedetaildrawingandtheassemblydrawing,carriesontheconsultationtogetherwiththebranchofmanufacturetothefinallydesignproposal.Usually,canhavesomeprobleminthemanufactureprocess.Possiblycanrequesttosomecomponentssizeorthecommondifferencemakessomechanges,causesthecomponentstheproductiontochangeeasily.But,intheprojectchangemusthavetopassthroughdesignsthepersonneltoauthorize,guaranteedcannotdamagetheproductthefunction.Sometimes,wheninfrontofproductassemblyorinthepackingforeignshipmentexperimentonlythendiscoversinthedesignsomekindofflaw.Theseinstancesexactlyshowedthedesignisadynamicprocess.Alwayshasabettermethodtocompletethedesignwork,designsthepersonneltobesupposedunceasinglydiligently,seeksthesebettermethod.Recentyear,theengineerigmaterialchoicealreadyappearedimportantly.Inaddition,thechoiceprocessshouldbetothematerialcontinuouslytheunceasingagainappraisalprocess.Thenewmaterialunceasinglyappears,butsomeoriginalmaterialscanobtainthequantitypossiblycanreduce.Theenvironmentalpollution,materialrecyclingaspectandsoonuse,worker''shealthandsecurityfrequentlycanattachthenewlimitingconditiontothechoiceofmaterial.Inordertoreducetheweightorsavestheenergy,possiblycanrequesttheusedifferentmaterial.Comesfromdomesticandinternationalcompetition,toproductservicemaintenanceconveniencerequestenhancementandcustomer''saspecttheandsoonfeedbackpressure,canurgethepeopletocarryontothematerialreappraises.Becausethematerialdoesnotselectwhencreatedtheproductresponsibilitylawsuit,hasalreadyhadtheprofoundinfluence.Inaddition,thematerialandbetweenthematerialprocessinginterdependenceisalreadyknownbythepeopleclearly.Therefore,inordertocanandguaranteesthequalityinthereasonablecostunderthepremisetoobtainsatisfactiontheresult,projectengineermakesengineersalltohaveearnestlycarefullytochoose,thedeterminationandtheusematerial.Makesanyproductthefirststepofworkallisdesigns.Designsusuallymaydivideintoseveralexplicitstages:(a)preliminarydesign;(b)functionaldesign;(c)productiondesign.Inthepreliminarydesignstage,thedesigneremphaticallyconsideredtheproductshouldhavefunction.Usuallymustconceiveandconsiderseveralplans,thendecidedthiskindofthoughtiswhetherfeasible;Ifisfeasible,thenshouldmakesthefurtherimprovementtoorseveralplans.Inthisstage,thequestionwhichonlymustconsideraboutthechoiceofmaterialis:Whetherhastheperformancetoconformtotherequestmaterialtobepossibletosupplythechoice;Ifno,whetherhasabiggerassuranceallpermitsinthecostandthetimeinthelimitdevelopsonekindofnewmaterial.Inthefunctionaldesignandtheengineeringdesignstage,needstomakeapracticalfeasibledesign.Mustdrawupthequitecompleteblueprintinthisstage,choosesanddetermineseachkindofcomponentsthematerial.Usuallymustmaketheprototypeortheworkingmodel,andcarriesontheexperimenttoit,theappraisalproductfunction,thereliability,theoutwardappearanceandtheservicemaintenanceandsoon.Althoughthiskindofexperimentpossiblycanindicate,entersintheproducttotheproductionbaseinfrontof,shouldreplacecertainmaterials,but,absolutelycannotthispointtakenotearnestlychoosesthematerialtheexcuse.Shouldunifytheproductthefunction,earnestlycarefullyconsiderstheproducttheoutwardappearance,thecostandthereliability.Hastheachievementverymuchthecompanywhenmanufactureallprototypes,selectsthematerialshouldthematerialwhichuseswithitsproductioninbesame,andusesthesimilarmanufacturetechnologyasfaraspossible.Likethishastheadvantageverymuchtothecompany.Thefunctioncompleteprototypeifcannotactaccordingtotheanticipatedsalesvolumeeconomicallytomake,orisprototypicalandtheofficialproductioninstallmenthasinthequalityandthereliableaspectisverygreatlydifferent,thenthiskindofprototypedoesnothavethegreatvalue.Projectengineerisbestcancompletelycompletethematerialinthisstagetheanalysis,thechoiceandthedeterminationwork,butisnotremainsittotheproductiondesignstagedoes.Because,iscarriesonintheproductiondesignstagematerialreplacementbyotherpeople,thesepeopleareinferiortoprojectengineertotheproductallfunctionsunderstanding.Intheproductiondesignstage,isshouldcompletelydeterminewiththematerialrelatedmainquestionthematerial,causesthemtoadaptwiththeexistingequipment,canusetheexistingequipmenteconomicallytocarryontheprocessing,moreoverthematerialquantitycanquitebeeasytoguaranteethesupply.Inthemanufactureprocess,inevitablycanappeartousesthematerialtomakesomechangesthesituation.Theexperienceindicatedthat,mayusecertaincheapmaterialstotakethesubstitute.However,inthemajoritysituation,inwillcarryontheproductionlatertochangethematerialtohaveintostartbeforetheproductiontochangethepricewhichthematerialwillspendtohavetobehigherthan.Completesthechoiceofmaterialworkinthedesignstage,mayavoidthemostsuchsituations.Startedaftertheproductionmanufacturetoappearhasbeenpossibletosupplytheusethenewmaterialisreplacesthematerialthemostcommonreason.Certainly,thesenewmaterialspossiblyreducethecost,theimprovementproductperformance.But,mustcarryontheearnestappraisaltothenewmaterial,guaranteesitsallperformancealltoanswerthepurpose.Mustrememberthat,thenewmaterialperformanceandthereliableveryfewpicturesmaterialsonhandsuchunderstoodforthepeople.Themajorityofproductsexpirationandtheproductaccidentcausedbynegligencecaseisbecauseinselectsthenewmaterialtotakeinfrontofsubstitutionmaterial,nottrulyunderstoodtheirlong-termoperationalperformancecauses.Theproductresponsibilitylawsuitforcesdesignsthepersonnelandthecompanywhenthechoicematerial,usesthebestprocedure.Inthematerialprocess,fivemostcommonquestionsare:(a)didnotunderstandorcannotuseaboutthematerialapplicationaspectmostnewlythebestinformationpaper;(b)hasnotbeenabletoforeseeandtoconsidertheduskyearpossiblereasonableuse(forexampletohavethepossibility,designsthepersonnelalsotobesupposedfurthertoforecastandtheconsiderationbecauseproductapplicationmethodnotwhencreatesconsequence.Inrecentyearsmanyproductsresponsibilitieslawsuitcase,becausewronglyusestheplaintiffwhichtheproductreceivestheinjurytoaccuseproducesthefactory,andwinsthedecision);(c)usesthematerialdatanotentireperhapssomedataareindefinite,worksasitslong-termperformancedataisthelikethistimeinparticular;(d)thequalitycontrolmethodisnotsuitableandnotaftertheconfirmation;(e)thepersonnelwhichcompletelyisnotcompetentforthepostbysomechoosesthematerial.Throughtotheabovefivequestionsanalysis,mayobtainthesequestionsisdoesnothavethesufficientreasonexistencetheconclusion.Mayforavoidthesequestionstothesequestionsresearchanalysestheappearanceindicatingthedirection.Althoughusesthebestchoiceofmaterialmethodnottobeabletoavoidhavingtheproductresponsibilitylawsuit,designsthepersonnelandtheindustrycarriesonthechoiceofmaterialaccordingtothesuitableprocedure,maygreatlyreducethelawsuitthequantity.Mayseefromtheabovediscussion,thechoicematerialpeopleshouldtothematerialnature,thecharacteristicandtheprocessingmethodhavecomprehensiveandthebasicunderstanding.Rollthedeflection-Rollstrengthcalculationusingatypicalbeambendingtheory.Rollcanbeconsideredadistributionloadwiththebeam,ontheassumptionthattheCentreforrollerbearingsfulcrummainlybythedeflectionandbendingtorqueandshearstresscaused.Becausetherolldiameterandlengthoftherollratioisverylarge,shearstresscausedbydeflectionisalsocounting.Withshorttaperedroller,axialmovementcanreducesupporttheworkrollcontactlength.Inthisway,acrossthewidthofthestripworkrollcanreducethedeflection.Thisway,Rollasymmetricaxialmovementcansignificantlyreducethewidthofthestripflatnessofthesensitivity.Rollaxialmovementoftheresultscanrollaroundthesupportofthechangesinthedistributionofloadtosimulate.Rollofcontactstress-thesupportbetweenthetworollerpressureledtoalocalpointofcontactaroundthedefect,alongtheaxisofadistributionoftheload.Throughthe"Hertzpressure,"accordingtotwoofRollcontactsbetweenthedifferentdeflectiontosimulatethedistributionofload.Roll-indentation-Rollgapappearancebytheworkrollandstripcontactsbetweenthedifferentandflexibleindentationgreatimpact.Rollasmallindentationmodelregionalunitsonthepressurearisingfromtherollforthedeflectionfactor.Straighteningdependonthegeneralrollandstripcontactsurfaceofthecombinedeffectsofsmallarea.Tensilestrength-flat,tensilestrengthandstripthepressurecausedfromtheoutlineofeachotheratthetopoftherackhadalotofnegativefeedback.Asstripstretchingfromtheloadcanchangefromtherollcompressiontostretchandgetthesensitivity.Coilpressure-Asthestripsurfacedefectscausedbyworkrolltostripfromthehorizontalsurfaceoftheloaddistribution.Comprehensiverollingpressure/arc-lengthmodeloftherollingforcetoprovideaccurateforecasts.Theflatnessmodel,theuseofasimplifiedformisbuiltontherollingforcemodelonthebasisofthesensitivity.Sidmarofequipment,thenewheadofthestripisbasedontheimpactofeachvolumewithhisheadina