2023年全國醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語試題

2023MD

全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一考試

英語試卷

答題須知

1.請考生首先將自己日勺姓名、所在考點、準(zhǔn)考證號在試卷一答題紙和試卷二原則答題卡上

認(rèn)真填寫清晰，并按“考場指令”規(guī)定，將準(zhǔn)考證號在原則答題卡上劃好。

2.試卷一(PaperOne)答案和試卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在原則答題卡上，不要做在試卷

上。

3.試卷一答題時必須使用2B鉛筆，將所選答案按規(guī)定在對應(yīng)位置涂黑；如要改正，先用橡

皮擦潔凈。書面體現(xiàn)一定要用黑色簽字筆或鋼筆寫在原則答題卡上指定區(qū)域。

4.原則答題卡不可折疊，同步答題卡須保持平整潔凈，以利評分。

5.聽力考試只放一遍錄音，每道題后有15秒左右日勺答題時間。

PAPERONE

Part1：Listeningcomprehension(30%)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers,At

theendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid,The

questionwillbereadonlyonce,Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossible

answersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswersandmarktheletterof

yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Listentothefollowingexample

Youwillhear

Woman:Ifeelfaint.

Man:Nowonder.Youhaven'thadabiteallday.

Question:Whafsthematterwiththewoman?

Youwillread:

A.Sheissick.

B.Shewasbittenbyanant.

C.Sheishungry.

D.Shespilledherpaint.

HereCistherightanswer.

SampleAnswer

ABCD

Nowlet5sbeginwithquestionNumber1.

1.A.About12pintsB.About3pints

C.About4pintsD.About7pints

2.A.Takeaholidayfromwork.B.Worrylessaboutwork.

C.Takesomesleepingpills.D.Workhardertoforgetallhertroubles.

3.A.Hehasnocomplaintsaboutthedoctor.

B.Hewon'tcomplainanything.

C.Heisingoodcondition.

D.Hecouldn'tbeworse.

4.A.Sheiskidding.

B.Shewillgetaraise.

C.Themanwillgetaraise.

D.Themanwillgetapromotion.

5.A.Herdaughterlikesballgames.

B.Herdaughterisanexcitingchild.

C.Sheandherdaughteraregoodfriends.

D.Sheandherdaughterdon'talwaysunderstandeachother.

6.A.Shehurtheruncle.

B.Shehurtherankle.

C.Shehasaswollentoe.

D.Sheneedsaminorsurgery.

7.A.Johnlikesgambling.

B.Johnisveryfondofhisnewboss.

C.Johnhasupsanddownsinthenewcompany.

D.Johnhasapromisingfutureinthenewcompany.

8.A.Shewillgetsomeadvicefromthefrontdesk.

B.Shewillundergosomelabtests.

C.Shewillarrangeanappointment.

D.Shewillgetthetestresults.

9.A.She'sanoddcharacter.

B.Sheisverypicky.

C.Sheiseasy-going.

D.Shelikesfashions.

10.A.Atastreetcorner.

B.Inalocalshop.

C.Inaward.

D.Inaclinic.

11.A.Seafood.B.Dairyproducts.

C.Vegetablesandfruits.D.Heavyfoods.

12.A.Heishavingagoodtime.

B.Heverymuchlikeshisoldbicycle.

C.Hewillbuyanewbicyclerightaway.

D.Hewouldratherbuyanewbicyclelater.

13.A.Itisonlyacough.

B.It'saminorillness.

C.Itstartedtwoweeksago.

D.It'sextremelyserious.

14.A.Thewomanistoooptimisticaboutthestockmarket.

B.Thewomanwillevenlosemoremoneyatthestockmarket.

C.Thestockmarketbubblewillcontinuetogrow.

D.Thestockmarketbubblewillsoonmeetitsdemise.

15.A.Thesmallpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesleep.

B.Theyellowpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesupper.

C.Thewhitepillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforebreakfast.

D.Thelargeroundpillsshouldbetakenthreetimesadayaftermeals.

SectionB

Direction:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,

youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswers

markedA,B,CandD,Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoice

ontheANSWERSHEET.

Dialogue

16.A.Becausehehaddifficultyswallowingit.

B.Becauseitwasupsettinghisstomach.

C.Becausehewasallergictoit.

D.Becauseitwastooexpensive.

17.A.Hecan'tplaysocceranymore.

B.Hehasaseriousfootproblem.

C.Heneedsanoperation.

D.Hehascancer.

18.A.Abloodtransfusion.

B.Anallergytest.

C.Aurinetest.

D.Abiopsy.

19.A.Toseeifhehascancer.B.Toseeifhehasdepression.

C.Toseeifherequiressurgery.D.Toseeifhehasafoodallergyproblem.

20.A.Relieved.

B.Anxious.

C.Angry.

D.Depressed.

PassageOne

21.A.ThecauseofCOPD.

B.Harmfuleffectsofsmoking.

C.Menmoresusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.

D.Womenmoresusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.

22.A.954.

B.955.

C.1909.

D.1955.

23.A.OnMay18inSanDiego.B.OnMay25inSanDiego.

C.OnMay18inSanFrancisco.D.OnMay25inSanFrancisco.

24.A.Whensmokingexposureishigh.

B.Whensmokingexposureislow.

C.Whenthesubjectsreceivedmedication.

D.Whenthesubjectsstoppedsmoking.

25.A.Hormonedifferencesinmenandwomen.

B.Geneticdifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.

C.Women'sactivemetabolicrate.

D.Women9ssmallerairways.

PassageTwo

26.A.About90,000.

B.About100,000.

C.Severalhundreds.

D.About5,000.

27.A.WarningfromGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.

B.WarningfromtheKenyanhealthministry.

C.Experiencegainedfromthe1997outbreak.

D.ProperandpromptAidfromNASA.

28.A.Distributingmosquitonets.

B.Persuadingpeoplenottoslaughteranimals.

C.Urgingpeoplenottoeatanimals.

D.Dispatchingdoctorstotheepidemic-strickenarea.

29.A.ThehighersurfacetemperaturesintheequatorialpartoftheIndianOcean.

B.Theshort-livedmosquitoesthatwerethehostsoftheviruses.

C.ThewarmanddryweatherintheHomofAfrica.

D.Theheavybutintermittentrains.

30.A.WarningfromNASA.

B.HowtotreatRiftValleyfever.

C.ThedisastrouseffectsofRiftValleyfever.

D.Satellitesandglobalhealth-remotediagnosis.

PartIIVocabulary(10%)

SectionA

Direction:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.Fourwordsorphrases,markedAB

CandD.aregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethat

bestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

31.Agoodnight'ssleepisbelievedtohelpslowthestomach'semptying,produceasmoother,

lessabruptabsorptionofsugar,andwillbetterbrainmetabolism.

A.regulateB.activateC.retainD.consolidate

32.TheexplosionandtheoilspillbelowthesurfaceoftheGulfofMexicoleftmymindinsucha

thatIcouldn'tgettosleep.

A.catastropheB.boycottC.turmoilD.mentality

33.Coronaryheartattacksoccurmorecommonlyinthosewithhighbloodpressure,intheobese,

incigarettesmokers,andinthosetoprolongedemotionalandmentalstrain.

A.sympatheticB.ascribedC.preferableD.subjected

34.Mostcoldsareacquiredbychildreninschoolandthentoadults.

A.conveyedB.transmittedC.attributedD.relayed

35.Severalofthemostpopulousnationsintheworldatthelowerendofthetableof

realGDPpercapitalastyear.

A.fluctuatedB.languishedC.retardedD.vibrated

36.Presentlythiskindofanti-depressantisstillinclinical,eventhoughtheconcepthas

beenaroundsince1900s.

A.trialsB.applicationsC.implicationsD.endeavors

37.Studiesrevealedthatexposuretolow-levelradiationforalongtimemayweakentheimmune

system,aging,andcausecancer.

A.haltB.postponeC.retardD.accelerate

38.Themayorcandidate'spersonalitytraits,beingmodestandgenerous,peopleinhis

favorbeforetheelection.

A.predisposedB.presumedC.presidedD.pressured

39.Withitsgracefulmovementsandsalubriouseffectsonhealth,TaiChihasastrong

toavastmultitudeofpeople.

A.flavorB.thrillC.appealD.implication

40.Ifyouarecatchingatrain,itisalwaysbettertobeearlythanevenafractionofa

minutetoolate.

A.infinitelyB.temporarilyC.comfortablyD.favorably

SectionB

Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefour

wordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence,Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbest

keepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,

MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

41.AllNobelPrizewinners'successisaprocessoflong-termaccumulation,inwhichlasting

effortsareindispensable.

A.irresistibleB.cherishedC.inseparableD.requisite

42.TheQueen9spresenceimpartedanairofelegancetothedrinksreceptionatBuckingham

PalaceinLondon.

A.bestowedB.exhibitedC.imposedD.emitted

43.Physiciansareclearthatthyroiddysfunctionismanifestingrowingchildrenintheformof

mentalandphysicalretardation.

A.intensifiedB.apparentC.representativeD.insidious

44.Themechanismthattheeyecanaccommodatnitselftodifferentdistanceshasbeenappliedto

automaticcamera,whichmarksarevolutionarytechniqueadvance.

A.yieldB.amplify

C.adaptD.cast

45.Differencesamongbelieversarecommon;however,itwasthepressureofreligious

persecutionthatexacerbatedtheirconflictsandcreatedthesplitoftheunion.

A.eradicatedB.deterioratedC.vanquishedD.averted

46.WhenPicassowasparticularlypoor,hemighthavetriedtoobliteratetheoriginalcomposition

bypaintingoveritoncanvases.

A.duplicateB.eliminateC.substituteD.compile

47.Forthesakeofanimalprotection,environmentalistsdeploredtheconstructionprogramofa

nuclearpowerstation.

A.disapprovedB.despisedC.demolishedD.decomposed

48.Politicalfiguresinparticularareheldtoverystrictstandardsofmaritalfidelity.

A.loyaltyB.moralityC.qualityD.stability

49.Thepatientcomplainedthathisdoctorhadbeennegligentinnotgivinghimafullexamination.

A.prudentB.ardentC.carelessD.brutal

50.Shehasbeenhandlingallthecomplaintswithoutwrathforawholemorning.

A.furyB.chaosC.despairD.agony

PartIIICloze(10%)

Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,there

arefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDontherightside.Choosethebestanswer

andmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Foryears,scientistshavebeenwarningusthattheradiationfrommobilephonesisdetrimentaltoour

health,withoutactuallyhavinganyevidencetobackthese_51—up.However,researchnowsuggeststhat

mobilephoneradiationhasatleastonepositivesideeffect:itcanhelppreventAlzheimer's,—52—inthe

micethatactedastestsubjects.

It'sbeensuspected,thoughneverproven,thatheavyuseofmobilephonesisbadforyourhealth.It's

thoughtthatwalkingaroundwithacellphonepermanentlyattachedtothesideofyourheadisalmostsure

tobe_53_yourbrain.Andthatmaywellbetrue,butI'dratherwaituntilit'sprovenbeforegivingup

thatpartofmydailylife.

Butwhathasnowbeenproven,inaveryperfunctorymanner,isthatmobilephoneradiationcanhave

aneffectonyourbrain.—54—inthiscaseitwasapositiveratherthannegativeeffect.

AccordingtoBBCnews,theFloridaAlzheimer'sDiseaseResearchCenterconductedastudyon96

micetoseeiftheradiationgivenoffbymobilephonescouldaffecttheonsetofAlzheimer5s.

Someofthemicewere“geneticallyalteredtodevelopbeta-amyloidplaquesintheirbrains”-55—

theyaged.TheseareamarkerofAlzheimer's,all96micewerethen“exposedtotheelectro-magnetic

—56—generatedbyastandardphonefortwoone-hourperiodseachdayforseventoninemonths."The

luckythings.

—57—theexperimentshowedthatthemicealteredtobepredisposedtodementiawereprotectedfrom

thediseaseifexposedbeforetheonsetoftheillness.Theircognitiveabilitiesweresounimpairedastobe

virtually_58—tothemicenotgeneticallyalteredinanyway.

Unfortunately,althoughtheresultsarepositive,thescientistsdon'tactuallyknowwhyexposureto

mobilephoneradiationhasthiseffect.Butit'shopedthatfurtherstudyandtestingcouldresultina

non-invasive_59—forpreventingandtreatingAlzheimer5sdisease.

Autopsiescarriedoutonthemicealsoconcludednoill-effectsoftheirexposuretotheradiation.

However,thefactthattheradiationpreventedAlzheimer'smeansmobilephones_60—ourbrainsand

bodiesinwaysnotyetexplored.Andit'ssuretherearenegativeaswellasthisonepositive.

51.A.devices

B.risks

C.phenomena

D.claims

52.A.atleast

B.atmost

C.asif

D.aswell

53.A.blocking

B.cooking

C.exhausting

D.cooling

54.A.Except

B.Even

C.Despite

D.Besides

55.A.until

B.when

C.as

D.unless

56.A.range

B.continuum

C.spectrum

D.field

57.A.Reasonably

B.Consequently

C.Amazingly

D.Undoubtedly

58.A.identical

B.beneficial

C.preferable

D.susceptible

59.A.effort

B.method

C.hunt

D.account

60.A.doaffect

B.didaffect

C.isaffecting

D.couldhaveaffected

PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)

Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfive

questions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,

C,andD.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceon

theANSWERSHEET.

Passageone

IhavejustreturnedfromMexico,whereIvisitedafactorymakingmedicalmasks.

Facedwithfiercecompetition,theownerhascuthiscostsbyoutsourcingsomeofhis

production.Scoresofpeopleworkforhimintheirhomes,threadingelasticintomasks

byhand.Theyarepaidbelowtheminimumwage,withnojobsecurityandno

healthcareprovision.

Usersofmedicalmasksandotherlaboratorygearprobablygivelittlethoughtto

wheretheirequipmentcomesfrom.Thatneedstochange.Asignificantproportionof

theseproductsaremadeinthedevelopingworldbylow-paidpeoplewithinadequate

laborrights.Thisleadstohumanmiseryonatremendousscale.

Takelabcoats.ManyaremadeinIndia,wheremostcottonfarmersarepaidan

unfairpricefortheircropsandfactoryemployeesworkillegalhoursforpoorpay.

One-fifthoftheworld'ssurgicalinstrumentsaremadeinnorthernPakistan.WhenI

visitedtheareaacoupleofyearsagoIfoundmostworkerstoiling12hoursaday,seven

daysaweek,forlessthanadollaraday,exposedtonoise,metaldustandtoxic

chemicals.Thousandsofchildren,someasyoungas7,workintheindustry.

Towininternationalcontracts,factoryownersmustofferrock-bottomprices,and

consequentlydrivedownwagesandlaborconditionsasfarastheycan.Welaboratory

scientistsinthedevelopedworldmayunwittinglybeencouragingthis:weaskhow

muchourequipmentwillcost,butwhichofusaskswhomadeitandhowmuchthey

werepaid?

Thisisnosmallmatter.Scienceissupposedtobenefithumanity,butbecauseofthe

conditionsunderwhichtheirtoolsaremade,mayscientistsmayactuallybecausing

harm.

Whatcanbedone?Aknee-jerkboycottofunethicalgoodsisnottheanswer;it

wouldjustmakethingsworseforworkersinthosemanufacturingzones.Whatweneed

istostartaskingsupplierstobetransparentaboutwhereandhowtheirproductsare

manufacturedandurgethemtoimprovetheirmanufacturingpractices.

Itcanbedone.Manyuniversitiesarecommittedtofairtradeintheformof

ethicallysourcedtea,coffeeorbananas.Thatmodelshouldbeextendedtolaboratory

goods.

Therearesignsthatthingsaremoving.OverthepastfewyearsIhaveworkedwith

healthservicesintheUKandinSweden.Bothhaverecentlyinstitutedethical

procurementpractices.Ifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit.

61.Fromthemedicalmaskstolabcoats,theauthoristryingtotellus?

A.thepracticeofoccupationalprotectioninthedevelopingworld

B.thedevelopingcountriesplaguedbypovertyanddisease.

C.thecheapestlaborinthedevelopingcountries.

D.thehumanmiserybehindthem.

62.Theconcerningphenomenontheauthorhasobserved,accordingtothepassage,

A.isnothingbuttherepetitionofthemiserablehistory.

B.couldhavebeenevenexaggerated.

C.isunfamiliartothewealthywest.

D.isprevailingacrosstheworld.

63.Theauthorarguesthatwhenresearchersinthewealthywestbuythetoolsof

theirtrade,theyshould?

A.havethesameconcernwiththedevelopingcountries.

B.beblindtotheirsourcesforthesakeofhumanity

C.pursuegoodbargainsintheinternationalmarket.

D.spareathoughtforhowtheyweremade.

64.Apropercourseofactionsuggestedbytheauthoris?

A.torefusetoimporttheunethicalgoodsfromthedevelopingworld.

B.toaskscientiststotellthetruthastheprimevalueoftheirwork.

C.tourgethemanufacturerstoaddresstheimmoralissues.

D.toimprovethetransparencyofinternationalcontracts.

65.Bysayingattheendofthepassagethatifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,

itneedstofollowsuit,theauthormeansthat.

A.thescientificcommunityshouldstandupforallhumanity

B.theprimevalueofscientists9workistotellthetruth.

C.laboratorygoodsalsoneedtobeethicallysourced.

D.becauseofscience,thereishopeforhumanity.

Passagetwo

Alittleinformationisadangerousthing.Alotofinformation,ifit'sinaccurateor

confusing,evenmoreso.Thisisaproblemforanyonetryingtospendorinvestinan

environmentallysustainableway.Investorsarebarragedwithindexespurportingto

describecompanies9eco-credentials,someofdubiousquality.Greenlabelson

consumerproductsareubiquitous,buttheirclaimsarehardtoverify.

TheconfusionisevidentformNewScientistfsanalysisofwhetherpublic

perceptionsofcompanies9greencredentialsreflectreality.Itshowsthatmany

companiesconsidered"green“havedonelittletoearnthatreputation,whileothersdo

notgetsufficientcreditfortheireffortstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpact.Obtaining

betterinformationiscrucial,becausedecisionsbyconsumersandbiginvestorswillhelp

propelustowardsagreeneconomy.

Atpresent,itistooeasytomakeunverifiedclaims.Takedisclosureofgreenhouse

gasemissions,forexample.TherearevoluntaryschemessuchastheCarbonDisclosure

Project,butlittlescrutinyofthefigurescompaniessubmit,whichmeansinvestorsmay

bemisled.

Measurementscanbedifficulttointerpret,too,likethoseforwatersue.Inthiscase,

contextiscrucial:alittlefromrain-soakedIrelandisnotthesameasalittledrawnfrom

theArizonadesert.

Similarproblemsbedevilatgreen^^labelsattachedtoindividualproducts.Here,the

computerequipmentratingsystemdevelopedbytheGreenElectronicsCouncilshows

thewayforward.ItscriteriacomefromtheIEEE,theworld'sleadingprofessional

associationfortechnology/

Otherschemes,suchasthe"sustainabilityindex“plannedbyUSretailgiant

Walmart,arebroader.Developingrigorousstandardsforalargenumberofdifferent

typesofproductwillbetough,placingahugeburdenontheacademic-ledconsortium

thatisdoingtheunderlyingscientificwork.

Ourinvestigationalsorevealsthatmanycompanieschoosenottodisclosedata.

Somewillwanttokeepitthatway.Thisiswhyweneedlegalrequirementsforfull

disclosureofenvironmentalinformation,withtheclearmessagethatthepolluterwill

eventuallyberequiredtopay.Thenmarketforceswilldrivecompaniestocleanuptheir

acts.

Let'shopewecanrisetothischallenge.Beforewecanhaveagreeneconomywe

needagreeninformationeconomy-andit'sthequalityofinformation,aswellasits

quantity,thatwillcount.

66.66Theconfusion^atthebeginningofthe2ndparagraphrefersto,

A.wheretospendorinvestinasustainableway

B.anarrayofconsumerproductstochoose

C.afogofunreliablegreeninformation

D.littleinformationoneco-credibility

67.FromtheNewScientistsanalysisitcanbeinferredthatinmanycases

A.eco-credibilityisabused

B.agreeneconomyiscrucial

C.anenvironmentalimpactislessened

D.greencredentialspromotegreeneconomy

68.Fromunverifiedclaimstodifficultmeasurementsandthentoindividual

products,theauthorarguesthat?

A.eco-credibilityisagamebetweenscientistsandmanufactures

B.neitherscientistsnormanufacturesarehonest

C.itisvitaltobuildagreeneconomy

D.betterinformationiscritical

69.Toaddresstheissue,theauthoriscryingfor?

A.transparentcorporatemanagement

B.establishingsustainabilityindexes

C.toughacademic-ledsurveillance

D.strictlegalweapons

70.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestinferencefromthelastparagraph?

A.Thetoughestchallengeisthebestopportunity.

B.Itistimeforanothergreenrevolution.

C.Informationshouldbefreeforall.

D.Noquantity,noquality.

PassageThree

Peopleareextraordinarilyskilledatspottingcheats-muchbetterthantheyare

detectingrule-breakingthatdoesnotinvolvecheating.Astudyshowingjusthowgood

weareatthisaddsweighttothetheorythatourexceptionalbrainpowerarosethrough

evolutionarypressurestoacquirespecificcognitiveskills.

Thestill-controversialideathathumanshavespecializeddecision-makingsystems

inadditiontogeneralizedreasoninghasbeenaroundfordecades.Itsadvocatespoint

outthattheabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionarily,

sincecheatsriskunderminingthesocialinteractionsinwhichpeopletradegoodsor

servicesformutualbenefit.

Thetestwhetherwehaveaspecialabilitytoreasonaboutcheating,LedaCosmides,

anevolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andher

colleaguesusedastandardpsychologicaltestcalledtheWasonselectiontask,which

testsvolunteers9abilitytoreasonabout"if/then“statements.

Theresearcherssetupscenariosinwhichtheyaskedundergraduatevolunteersto

imaginetheyweresupervisingworkerssortingappliancesforadmissiontotwoschools;

agoodoneinadistrictwhereschooltaxesarehigh,andapooroneinanequally

wealthy,butlightlytaxeddistrict.Thehypotheticalworkersweresupposedtofollowa

rulethatspecified"ifastudentisadmittedtothegoodschool”,theymustliveinthe

highlytaxeddistrict.

Halfthetime,thetestsubjectsweretoldthattheworkershadchildrenoftheirown

applyingtotheschools,thushavingamotivetocheat;therestofthetimetheywere

toldtheworkersweremerelyabsent-mindedandsometimesmadeinnocenterrors.Then

thetestsubjectswereaskedhowtheywouldverifythattheworkerswerenotbreaking

therule.

Cosmidesfoundthatwhenthe66supervisors^^thoughttheywerecheckingfor

innocenterrors,just9of33,or27percent,gottherightanswer-lookingforastudent

admittedtothegoodschoolwhodidnotliveinthehighlytaxeddistrict.Incontrast,

whenthesupervisorsthoughttheywerewatchingforcheats,theydidmuchbetter,with

23of34,or68percent,gettingtherightanswer.

Thissuggeststhatpeopleare,indeed,moreadeptatspottingcheatthanatdetecting

mererule-breaking,Cosmidessaid.“Anycuesthatit'sjustaninnocentmistakeactually

inactivatethedetectionmechanism.,9

Otherpsychologistsremainskepticalofthisconclusion.ccIfyouwanttoconclude

thatthereforethere9samoduleinthemindfordetectingcheaters,Iseezeroevidence

forthat,“saysStevenSloman,acognitivescientistsatBrownUniversityinProvince,

RhodeIsland."It'scertainlypossiblethatit'ssomethingwelearnedthroughexperience.

There9snoevidentthatit'sanythinginnate.

71.Thefindingsofthestudywereinfavorof.

A.thehighlydevelopedskillsofcheatingatschool

B.therelationbetweenintelligenceandevolution

C.thephenomenonofcheatingatschool

D.thehumaninnateabilitytocheat

72.Thetest“supervisors”appearedtobemoreadeptat?

A.spottingcheatsthandetectingmererule-breaking

B.detectingmererule-breakingthanspottingcheats

C.spottingtheirownchildrencheatingthanothersdoingit

D.detectingcheatsinthehighlytaxeddistrictthaninthelightlytaxedone

73.Whenshesaysthat...thatcan'tbetheonlythinggoingoninthemind,

Cosmidesmostprobablyimpliesthat.

A.cheatingishighlymotivatedinthesocialinteractions

B.ourspecificcognitiveskillscanserveanevolutionarypurpose

C.thereisnosuchamentalthingasaspecializeddecision-makingsystem

D.theabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionary

74.InresponsetoCosmides5claim,Slomanwouldsaythat?

A.itwasofgreatpossibility

B.itcouldbemisleading

C.itwasunbelievable

D.it'sacquired

75.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.CheatingatSchool

B.CheatingastheHumanNature

C.ImaginaryIntelligenceandCheating

D.IntelligenceEvolvedtoRootOutCheats

PassageFour

Formanyenvironmentalists,allhumaninfluenceontheplanetisbad.M