宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2

宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2

TheCircularFlow2020/12/182通過(guò)閱讀文學(xué)作品，我們能提高文學(xué)鑒賞水平，培養(yǎng)文學(xué)情趣；宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA課件2宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA1

TheCircularFlow

Households

GovernmentFirms

MarketsforFactorofProduction

FinancialMarketsMarketsforGoodsandServices

ForeignCountryFirmRevenueIncomeFactorPaymentsPrivateSavingTaxesGovernmentDeficitConsumptionGovernmentPurchasesInvestmentImportExportInternationalCapitalFlow2020/12/182

TheCircularFlowHouseholdRichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。二戰(zhàn)期間，完成《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)財(cái)源分析及1938和1940國(guó)民收入和支出估計(jì)》白皮書(shū)。時(shí)任英國(guó)財(cái)政部顧問(wèn)的凱恩斯感動(dòng)地說(shuō)：“我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)的快樂(lè)時(shí)代中”。1945年任劍橋大學(xué)新成立的應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系的第一任主任。1950年，受聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)委員會(huì)委托，出版《國(guó)民帳戶(hù)體系》（SNA），1968年修訂后正式出版。1975年出版《社會(huì)和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)系統(tǒng)》（SSDS,Towardsasystemofsocialanddemographicstatistics）。2020/12/183RichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年獲諾貝爾WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中國(guó)鐵道部顧問(wèn)，1931年進(jìn)入美國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局（NBER），1946年哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。1941年出版《美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)：1919-1929》，第一次用投入產(chǎn)出法進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析。1966年出版《投入產(chǎn)出經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》。2020/12/184WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973

●國(guó)民收入帳戶(hù)●投入產(chǎn)出表●資金循環(huán)表●國(guó)際收支表●國(guó)民資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表國(guó)民帳戶(hù)體系A(chǔ)SYSTEMOFNATIONALACCOUNTS2020/12/185國(guó)民帳戶(hù)體系2020/12/185Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagiventimeperiod.GrossDomesticProduct2020/12/186Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)iImportantFeaturesofGDPOutputisvaluedatmarketprices.Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).2020/12/187ImportantFeaturesofGDPOutpuImportantFeaturesofGDPItincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.

2020/12/188ImportantFeaturesofGDPItinImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).2020/12/189ImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeWhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.2020/12/1810WhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincWhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.2020/12/1811WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPGrossNationalProductGrossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodoftimebyanation’spermanentresidents,regardlessofwheretheyare.2020/12/1812GrossNationalProductGrossnaThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)PersonalIncomeDisposablePersonalIncome2020/12/1813ThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)Thetotalincomeoftheresidentsofanationaftersubtractinglossesfromdepreciation.2020/12/1814NetNationalProduct(NNP)ThePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.2020/12/1815PersonalIncomeTheincomethatDisposablePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingtheirobligationstothegovernment.2020/12/1816DisposablePersonalIncomeTheGrossNationalProductFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1817GrossNationalProductFromStaGNP—NationalandPerCapitaIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1818GNP—NationalandPerCapitaNationalIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1819NationalIncomeFromStatisticaTheFourComponentsofGDPGDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing: ?Consumption(C) ?Investment(I) ?GovernmentPurchases(G) ?NetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NX2020/12/1820TheFourComponentsofGDPGDPTheFourComponentsofGDPConsumption(C): ?Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoods andservices,withtheexceptionof purchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I): ?Thespendingoncapitalequipment, inventories,andstructures,including newhousing.2020/12/1821TheFourComponentsofGDPConTheFourComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G): ?Thespendingongoodsandservicesby local,state,andfederalgovernments. ?Doesnotincludetransferpayments becausetheyarenotmadeinexchangefor currentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports

(NX): ?Exportsminusimports.2020/12/1822TheFourComponentsofGDPGoveBreakdownofU.S.GDP:20002020/12/1823BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000202BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption69%2020/12/1824BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000ConInvestment15%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%2020/12/1825InvestmentBreakdownofU.S.GDConsumption68%GovernmentPurchases19%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Investment15%2020/12/1826ConsumptionGovernmentBreakdowNetExports-1%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Investment15%GovernmentPurchases19%2020/12/1827NetExportsBreakdownofU.S.GRealversusNominalGDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.

2020/12/1828RealversusNominalGDPNominalRealversusNominalGDPAnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.2020/12/1829RealversusNominalGDPAnaccu價(jià)格指數(shù)(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(Laspeyres)指數(shù)：帕斯卡(Pascke)指數(shù)：2020/12/1830價(jià)格指數(shù)(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(LaspeyrGDPDeflatorTheGDP

deflator

measuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.2020/12/1831GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatormGDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:2020/12/1832GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriGDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:2020/12/1833GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:2020/12/1834ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:2020/12/1835ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumerpriceindex

(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.Itreportsthemovementofpricesusinganindexnumber.

2020/12/1836ConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.2020/12/1837ConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorEconomistsandpolicymakersuseboththeGDPdeflatorandtheconsumerpriceindextogaugehowquicklypricesarerising.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.2020/12/1838TheConsumerPriceIndex

verTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheCPI... ...includesonlyconsumergoods. ...includesimports. ...ismeasuredusingafixedbasketofgoodsandservices.2020/12/1839TheConsumerPriceIndex

verTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheGDPPriceDeflator... ...includesallgoodsandservicesproduceddomestically. ...excludesimports. ...ismeasuredusingcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices.2020/12/1840TheConsumerPriceIndex

verGDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDPperperson

tellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.2020/12/1841GDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPGDPandEconomicWell-BeingHigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthe happinessorqualityoflife,however.2020/12/1842GDPandEconomicWell-BeingH