第十章動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(思維導(dǎo)圖+知識(shí)梳理+好題精煉)

第十章動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

思維導(dǎo)圖

知識(shí)梳理

在英語(yǔ)中,不同時(shí)間里以不同方式發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示,動(dòng)詞的這種不

同形式稱為動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).

英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)從時(shí)間上劃分，可以分為現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí);從行為方式上劃分，每一類又

可以分為一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和完成進(jìn)行式.這樣，英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞合起來(lái)共有16種時(shí)態(tài).現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞work為例,

將16種時(shí)態(tài)形式列表如下：

現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

Slldll、onuuiu

work

一般式worked人work"work

works

Will一S11OU1U

am\was、

lbkLk

進(jìn)行式are>—workingAworking>beworking>beworking

:cJwereJ

has、shall]should、

^worked

hadworked>haveworkedhaveworked

willJ

have一wouldJ

have、hadbeenshallAshould、

l

完成進(jìn)bk

>beenworkingworking?havebeenworkinghavebeenworking

J

,

行式haswillwould

這些時(shí)態(tài)中常用的有:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、

過(guò)去完成時(shí)以及過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)8種.

一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式、否定疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式，以work為例，列表如下:

否定式疑問(wèn)式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答

Idonotwork.DoIwork?DoInotwork?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't.

Youdonotwork.Doyouwork?Doyounotwork?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't.

Yes,he/she/itdoes.

He/She/Itdoesnotwork.Doeshe/she/itwork?Doeshe/she/itnotwork?

No,he/she/itdoesn't.

Wedonotwork.Dowework?Dowenotwork?Yes,youdo.No,youdon't.

Youdonotwork.Doyouwork?Doyounotwork?Yes,wedo.No,wedon't.

Theydonotwork.Dotheywork?Dotheynotwork?Yes,theydo.No,theydon't.

（二）動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化

當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需加-s或-es（見(jiàn)下表）:

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)形式

playplays

一般在詞尾加-sworkworks

leaveleaves

swimswims

passpasses

以字母S,X,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的詞加-esfixfixes

teachteaches

wishwishes

dodoes

studystudies

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，先變y為i,再加-escarrycarries

flyflies

crycries

動(dòng)詞have的第三人稱單數(shù)形式為has.

（三）動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)加s或es后的讀音

1.在清輔音/p/,/k/,/t,/f/后讀/s/

stops/stDps/jumps/djAmps/likes/laiks/picks/piks/

visits/vizits/laughs/la:fs/coughs/kDfs/posts/psusts/

2.在/s/,/z/,/J/,/tf/,/d3/之后讀/工z/

passes/pa:siz/guesses/gesiz/rises/raiziz/refuses/rifju:ziz/

wishes/wiJIz/washes/wDfIz/teaches/ti:tjIz/watches/wDtfIz/

changes/tfelndjIz/manages/msenidjIz/

3.除以上兩種讀音外，其余的均讀/z/

（四）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

L表示經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作

常與often,always,sometimes,everyday,onSundays/Mondays等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.

Myfatheroftengetsupearlyinthemorning.我父親早晨經(jīng)常早起.

Hehasbreakfastat7:00everymorning.他每天早晨七點(diǎn)吃早飯.

2.表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)

Myfatherisatwork.Heisverybusy.我父親在工作，他很忙.

Theboyistwelve.這個(gè)男孩兒12歲.

3.表示主語(yǔ)具備的性格、能力和特征

Iliketolistentomusic.我喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè).

TheyspeakEnglishverywell.他們英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得非常好.

ThistaxidriverknowsthecityofBeijinglikethebackofhishand.這位出租車司機(jī)對(duì)北京城了如指掌.

4.表示客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理

Twoplustwoisfour.2力口2等于4.

Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太陽(yáng)從東方升起,從西方落下.

5.表示計(jì)劃安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，只限于:go,come,leave,start,begin,arrive,be等動(dòng)

Theplanetakesoffat11a.m.飛機(jī)上午11點(diǎn)起飛.

WeleaveBeijingnextmonth.下月我們離開(kāi)北京.

Hecomesbacktonight他今晚回來(lái).

6.在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)

IllwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.我一到上海就給你寫信.

Turnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.走前關(guān)燈.

Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wellgotothepark.如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園.

Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon*tgotothepark.如果明天下雨，我們就不去公園.

7.表示（書、信、報(bào)紙、通知、牌示.廣播等）“說(shuō)”“報(bào)導(dǎo)”，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主要是動(dòng)詞say

Thenoticesays,“NoParking.”通知說(shuō):“不準(zhǔn)停放車輛

Theradiosaysheavyrainintheafternoon.廣播預(yù)報(bào)下午有大雨.

8.敘述歷史，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，以使其生動(dòng)

Jeanneissittinginthepark.Mathildewalkstowardsher,andshestopsandspeakstoJeanne.

珍妮在公園里坐著.瑪?shù)贍柕孪蛩邅?lái)，停下來(lái)和珍妮談話.

二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

（一）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成（以動(dòng)詞work為例）

否定式疑問(wèn)式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答

Yes,Idid.

Ididnotwork.DidIwork?DidInotwork?

No,Ididn't.

Yes,Idid.

Youdidnotwork.Didyouwork?Didyounotwork?

No,Ididn't.

Yes,he/she/itdid.

He/She/Itdidnotwork.Didhe/she/itwork?Didhe/she/itnotwork?

No,he/she/itdidn't.

Yes,youdid.

Wedidnotwork.Didwework?Didwenotwork?

No,youdidn't.

Yes,wedid.

Youdidnotwork.Didyouwork?Didyounotwork?

No,wedidn't.

Yes,theydid.

Theydidnotwork.Didtheywork?Didtheynotwork?

No,theydidn't.

（二）動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的詞尾變化（規(guī)則變化）

構(gòu)成規(guī)則原形過(guò)去式

workworked

-般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-edplantplanted

playplayed

likeliked

結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞在末尾加-dlivelived

changechanged

planplanned

末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-edstopstopped

dropdropped

carrycarried

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，先變y為i再加-ed

studystudied

crycried

點(diǎn)撥

（l）prefer的過(guò)去式要先雙寫末尾輔音字母r再加-ed:preferred.

（2）travel的過(guò)去式可雙寫1再加-ed;travelled（英式英語(yǔ)）;也可以直接加-ed;traveled（美式英語(yǔ)）.

（三）動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞的讀音

L清輔音后面的-ed讀W音

stopped/stDpt/停止laughed/la：ft/笑asked/a：skt/提問(wèn)

hoped/hsupt/希望dressed/drest/穿衣marched/ma：tft/行軍

watched/wDtft/看pushed/puft/推

2.濁輔音及元音后面的-ed讀/d/音

rubbed/rAbd/擦tried/traid/試圖，努力lived/livd/生活

begged/begd/請(qǐng)求named/neimd/取名agreed/ngri:d/同意

rained/reind/下雨moved/mu:vd/移動(dòng)

3.t,d后面加?ed讀/d/音

united/ju:naitid/聯(lián)合heated/hi:tid/加熱ended/endid/結(jié)束

needed/ni:did/需要wanted/wDntid/想要guided/'gaidid/指弓|

4.以結(jié)尾的過(guò)去分詞作形容詞用時(shí)讀/工d/音

aged/eidjId/年老的learned/13:nid/有學(xué)問(wèn)的

wicked/wikid/罪惡的interested/intrsstid/感興趣的

（四）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞

原形過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞詞義

Costcostcost花費(fèi)

Cutcutcut

削、砍

Hithithit

Hurthurthurt打擊

Letletlet傷害、使受傷

Putputput

讓

Readreadread

放

讀

Becomebecamebecome成為

Comecamecome

來(lái)

Runranrun

跑

Bringbroughtbrought帶來(lái)

Buyboughtbought

買

Fightfoughtfought

Thinkthoughtthought打架

Catchcaughtcaught想

Teachtaughttaught

抓住

教

Buildbuiltbuilt建筑

Lendlentlent

借給

Sendsentsent

Spendspentspent送，寄

Loselostlost花（錢、時(shí)間）

Smellsmelt/smelledsmelt/smelled

丟失

聞

Feelfeltfelt感覺(jué)

Keepkeptkept

保持

Sleepsleptslept

Sweepsweptswept睡覺(jué)

Leaveleftleft掃

Meetmetmet

離開(kāi)

遇見(jiàn)

Burnburnt/bumedburnt/burned燃燒

Learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned

學(xué)會(huì)

Meanmeantmeant

意思是

Sellsoldsold賣

Telltoldtold

告訴

Holdheldheld抓住、握住

Shineshone/shinedshone/shined照耀,使光亮

Winwonwon

贏

Getgotgot

Standstoodstood彳導(dǎo)至1」

Understandunderstoodunderstood站

Digdugdug

理解、懂得

Hanghung/hangedhung/hanged

have(has)hadhad挖

hearheardheard掛/絞死

makemademade

有

paypaidpaid

聽(tīng)見(jiàn)

制造

付（錢）

saysaidsaid說(shuō)

sitsatsat

坐

findfoundfound

發(fā)現(xiàn)

am,iswasbeen是

arewerebeen

是

dodiddone

做

gowentgone

wearworeworn去

lielaylain

牙看

seesawseen

躺

看見(jiàn)

beginbeganbegun開(kāi)始

drinkdrankdrunk

喝

ringrangrung

singsangsung打電話,（鈴）響

swimswamswum唱

游泳

drivedrovedriven駕駛

riseroserisen

升起

rideroderidden

騎（馬、自行車）

writewrotewritten

寫

blowblewblown吹

growgrewgrown

生長(zhǎng)

knowknewknown

throwthrewthrown知道

flyflewflown投擲

飛

drawdrewdrawn畫、拉

showshowedshown

出示

breakbrokebroken打斷，打破

speakspokespoken

講

choosechosechosen

taketooktaken選擇

mistakemistookmistaken拿走

wakewaked/wokewaked/woken

弄錯(cuò)

喚醒

beatbeatbeaten打

eatateeaten

吃

fallfellfallen

givegavegiven落下

forgetforgotforgotten給

忘記

（五）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

L表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

這時(shí)常與yesterday,lastweek,amomentago,in1949等表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用.

Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfastthismorning?今天早飯吃的什么？

Ihadtwoeggsandaglassofmilk.早飯吃了兩個(gè)雞蛋和一杯牛奶.

Thepolicestoppedhimonhiswayhomelastnight.昨晚在回家的路上警察攔住了他.

Mysisterpassedherexaminationbecauseshestudiedveryhard.我妹妹通過(guò)了考武因?yàn)樗龑W(xué)習(xí)非常努力.

2.表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這時(shí)常和表示頻度的狀語(yǔ)連用

Lasttermweoftendidexperiments.上學(xué)期我們經(jīng)常做試驗(yàn).

Healwayswenttoworkbybus.他過(guò)去總是乘車去上班.

ShegaveherteacherpresentseveryChristmas.她每年都給她的老師送圣誕禮物.

點(diǎn)撥

usedtodo的否定式和疑問(wèn)式有兩種構(gòu)成法.

⑴借助did,即:didn'tusetodo

Hedidn'tusetodoit,didhe?他過(guò)去不經(jīng)常這么做，是嗎？

Didyouusetoplayfootball?你過(guò)去經(jīng)常踢足球嗎？

(2)不用did,即:usednltodo

Sheusedn'ttomakethosemistakes.她以前并不經(jīng)常出那些錯(cuò)的.

Usedyoutoplayfootball?你過(guò)去經(jīng)常踢足球嗎？

3.在時(shí)間.條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

Hesaidhewouldnotgoifitrained.他說(shuō)如果天下雨就不去了.

Theytoldusthattheywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.他們告訴我們直到她回來(lái)他們才會(huì)離開(kāi)

4.常用“would+do”表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

Iwouldaskyoutothinkcarefullybeforeyouspoke.我勸你在講話之前要認(rèn)真考慮一下.

Wewouldturntohimforhelpwhenwewereintrouble.我們一遇麻煩，就向他請(qǐng)求幫助.

三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

(一)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成

般將來(lái)時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式、否定疑問(wèn)句式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式，以study為例:

否定式疑問(wèn)式否定疑問(wèn)句式簡(jiǎn)單回答

ShallInotstudy?Yes,youwill.

Ishall/willnotstudy.ShallIstudy?

(Shan'tIstudy?)No,youwon't.

Willyoustudy?Yes,Ishall/will.

Youwillnotstudy.Willyounotstudy?

(Won'tyoustudy?)No,Ishan't/won^.

Willhe/she/itstudy?Yes,he/she/itwill.

He/She/Itwillnotstudy.Willhe/she/itnotstudy?

(Won'the/she/itstudy?)No,he/she/itwon't.

Shallwenotstudy?Yes,youwill.

Weshall/willnotstudy.Shallwestudy?

(Shan'twestudy?)No,youwon't.

Willyounotstudy?Yes,weshall/will.

YouwillnotstudyWillyoustudy?

(Won'tyoustudy?)No,weshan't/won't.

Willtheynotstudy?Yes,theywill.

Theywillnotstudy.Willtheystudy?

(Won'ttheystudy?)No,theywon't.

shall用于第一人稱I（we）shall;will可用于各人稱.美式英語(yǔ)中，不論什么人稱和數(shù)，一律用will+動(dòng)詞原形.

在口語(yǔ)中,will?？s寫為［與主語(yǔ)連寫在一起.

如:Fil,you'll,he*l1和she'llwe'll,theyll,shallnot常縮寫為shan't,willnot?？s寫為won't.

在疑問(wèn)中，主語(yǔ)為第一人稱（I和We）時(shí)，常用助動(dòng)詞shall.

（二）一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法

L一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如tomorrow,

nextweek/month/year等連用

I'llcometopickyouupat6:00onWednesdayevening.我星期三晚上6點(diǎn)來(lái)接您.

I'llhaveapartynextSaturday.Ihopeyoucancome.下周六我要舉行聚會(huì)，希望你能來(lái).

Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wearegoingtotheSummerPalace.如果明天不下雨，我們就去頤和園.

Mydaughterwillbetwentyyearsoldnextyear.我女JL明年就20歲了.

Hewillbehereintenminutes.他10分鐘后在這兒.

2.表示將來(lái)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

IllcomeandseeyoueverySundaynextyear.明年我將每個(gè)星期天來(lái)看你.

Weshallcomeandworkinthisfactoryeveryyear.我們將每年到這個(gè)工廠來(lái)勞動(dòng).

3.表示揣測(cè)

Thiswillbethedictionaryyou*relookingfor.這大概是你要找的那本詞典吧.

Thegamewillbefinishedbynow.球賽大概已經(jīng)結(jié)束了.

4.“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形"結(jié)構(gòu)

表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做的事,或表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為很可能要發(fā)生的事情.如：

Wearegoingtohaveanewsubjectthisyear.今年我們將學(xué)一門新學(xué)科.

It*sgoingtorainthisafternoon.今天下午天要下雨.

I'mnotgoingtowriteletters.我不打算寫信.

5.“be+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事,或用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)

Wherearewetostaytonight?今晚我們?cè)谀膬哼^(guò)夜？

Whatistodo?怎么辦？

6.“beabout+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示即將做某事

Ihaven'tgoneyet,I'maboutto.我還沒(méi)走，正要走呢.

TheSportsMeetingisabouttostartnow.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)即將開(kāi)始.

點(diǎn)撥

有些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要

發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.

HeisleavingforShanghaitomorrow他明天動(dòng)身去上海.

Theyarearrivingtomorrowafternoon.他們明天下午到達(dá).

（三）需注意的幾點(diǎn)

1.在回答Shall1??.問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)該說(shuō):Yes,please./Pleasedo.或No,pleasedon*t./Pleasedon't.不可說(shuō):Yes,you

shall.或No,youshallnot.

2.在回答Shallwe??.問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)該說(shuō):Yes,或No,Idon*tthinkweshall./No,lefsnot.

（四）will和begoingto的比較

l.will和begoingto都可表示某種意愿

但其含義和用法有所不同.

begoingto往往表示經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的打算，而will多表示意愿、決心.

Wearegoingtowatchthefootballgame我們打算觀看這場(chǎng)足球賽.

Iwilltellyouallaboutit.我將把全部情況告訴你.

2.will可用于條件從句表示將來(lái)的意愿，而begoingto用于條件從句，只是表示單純的將來(lái),試比較

MissGaowilltellyoutheanswerifyouaskher.如果你去問(wèn)高老師，她會(huì)告訴你答案的.

Ifyouaregoingtoattendthemeeting,you'dbetterleavenow.如果你要參加會(huì)議，最好現(xiàn)在就走.

四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

（一）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由"am/is/are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問(wèn)式及簡(jiǎn)單回答形式：（以動(dòng)詞work為例）

Iam/'mworking.

月XE式

He(She,It)is/isn*tworking.

We(You,They)are/*reworking.

Iamnot/*mnotworking.

否定式

He(She,It)isnot/isn'tworking.

We(You,They)arenot/aren*tworking.

AmIworking...?

疑問(wèn)式

Ishe(she,it)working...?

Areyou(we,they)working...?

Yes,youare.No,youaren't.

簡(jiǎn)單回答Yes,Iam.No,Tmnot.Yes,he(sheit)is.No,he(she,it)isn't.

Yes,we(you,they)are.No,we(you,they)aren*t.

（二）動(dòng)詞-ing形式的構(gòu)成及其讀音

L一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加?ing

stay-staying/*steiIg/do-doing/'du：]g/

listen-listening/lisnig/suffer-suffering/'sAforiq/

work-working/*w3：kig/spend-spending/'spendiq/

look-looking/*luki"

2.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,再加-ing

make-making/^eikig/take-taking/*teikig/

give-giving/'glvlq/ride-riding/'raidir）/

please-pleasing/'pli:zig/refuse-refusing/'n'fju:zig/

close-closing/'klouzig/operate-operating/'Dpsreitig/

3.以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ing

put-putting/*puti司/sit-sitting/'sitig/

run-running/'rAniq/win-winning/'winig/

begin-beginning/bi'ginig/

4.以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,把i變?yōu)閥,再力口-ing

lie-lying/laiI可/tie-tying/*taiIx]1die-dying/*daiIg/

5.以re結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,再加-ing

prepare-p