美國(guó)文學(xué)-海明威

ErnestHemingwayand

AFarewelltoArmsHemingway:lifeandwriting

Hemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandhislifewascolorful.Name:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingway

American1899

1961

oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury

novelistandshort-storywriter

HewasborninOakPark,Illinois.Hemingwaylovedsportsandoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfather,whichprovidedhimwithwritingmaterials.Afterhighschool,heworkedasareporter.DuringWorldWarIheservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918wasseverelywoundedinbothlegs.Afterthewar,hewenttoParisasaforeignreporter.InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson,StephenCraneandGertrudeSteinhebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention.SherwoodAndersonGertrudeSteinHemingwaywasmarriedfourtimes.HemingwayspenttimeinKeyWest,Florida,Spain,andAfricaafter1927.Hewasawarcorrespondentfrom1936-1939duringtheSpanishCivilWar.Afterthewar,HemingwaymovedtoHavana,Cuba,andin1958movedtoIdaho.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.Hemingwaybelievedthattowritewell,youshouldexperiencefirsthandthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrite.LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrize.HemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHismajorworksHisfirstbookInOurTime(1925)presentsaHemingwayherocalledNickAdams.Exposedtoandvictimizedbyviolenceinvariousforms,Nickbecomestheprototypeofthewoundedherowho,withallthedignityandcouragehecouldmuster,confrontssituationswhicharenotofhisownchoosingyetthreatenhisdestruction.HismajorworksTheSunAlsoRises(l926),Hemingway'sfirsttruenovel,castslighton"TheLostGeneration."Theyoungexpatriatesinthisnovelareagroupofwandering,amusing,butaimlesspeople,whoarecaughtinthewarandremovedfromthepathofordinarylife.HismajorworksHemingway'ssecondbigsuccess

AFarewelltoArms(1929)wrotetheepitaphtoadecadeandtothewholegenerationinthe1920s.IttellsusaboutthetragiclovestoryaboutawoundedAmericansoldierwithaBritishnurse.FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenation,whoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwiththeinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse.HismajorworksForWhomtheBellTollsconcernsavolunteerAmericanguerrillaRobertJordanfightingintheSpanishCivilWar.Althoughfullyawareofthedoomedfailureofhisstruggle,hekeepsonstrivingbecauseitisacauseoffreedomanddemocracy.Intheend,themannerofhisdyingconvincespeoplethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearecausesworthdyingfor.

HismajorworksTheOldManandtheSea,cappinghiscareerandleadingtohisreceiptoftheNobelPrize,isaboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhislosingbattlewithagiantmarlin.Inatragicsense,itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerablenaturalforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.Nevertheless,thereisafeelingofgreatrespectforthestruggleandmankind.TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人與?！稩n1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasfor"hismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle".HismajorworksHemingway'sotherimportantworksincludeMenWithoutWomen(1927),DeathintheAfternoon(l932),TheGreenHillsofAfrica(1935),TheSnowsOfKilimanjaro(1936)ToHaveandHaveNot(1937).

AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“l(fā)ostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,"youareallalostgeneration."TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬漢形象TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬漢形象ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.

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hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.

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Hedoesnottalktoomuch.

Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.

TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.

Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬漢形象TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.

Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyle

direct,terse,andoftenmonotonous

Theuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto

Whateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.

Theyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriortheicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoas"theoryofomission."

Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.

1932年，海明威在他的紀(jì)實(shí)性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文學(xué)創(chuàng)作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他說：“冰山運(yùn)動(dòng)之雄偉壯觀，是因?yàn)樗挥邪朔种辉谒嫔??！?/p>

簡(jiǎn)潔的文字、鮮明的形象、豐富的情感和深刻的思想是構(gòu)成”冰山原則”的四個(gè)基本要素。具體地說，文字和形象是所謂的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所謂的“八分之七”。

Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家對(duì)于他想寫的東西心里很有數(shù)，那么他可能省略他所知道的東西，讀者呢，只要作家寫得真實(shí)，會(huì)強(qiáng)烈的感覺到他所省略的地方，好象作者寫出來似的。”顯而易見，作家在這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是省略，主張水面下的的“八分之七”應(yīng)該留給讀者去感受。AFarewelltoArmsThenovelisaboutHemingway'sWorldWarIexperiencesandhisrelationshipwithAgnesvonKurowskyinMilan.Onthesurface,atragicromanceBelowthesurface,aboutthewarIndividualtragedywithinthelargerpictureofgreatertragedyThenovelisdividedintofivebooks.Inthefirstbook,HenrymeetsandattemptstoseduceCatherineBarkleyandtheirrelationshipbegins.WhileontheItalianfront,HenryiswoundedinthekneebyamortarshellandsenttoahospitalinMilan.ThesecondbookshowsthegrowthofHenryandCatherine'srelationshipastheyspendtimetogetherinMilanoverthesummer.HenryfallsinlovewithCatherineandbythetimeheishealed,Catherineisthreemonthspregnant.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthethirdbook,Henryreturnstohisunit,butnotlongafter,theAustro-GermansbreakthroughtheItalianlinesintheBattleofCaporetto,andtheItaliansretreat.Henrykillsanengineeringsergeantforinsubordination.Afterfallingbehindandcatchingupagain,Henryistakentoaplacebythe"battlepolice"whereofficersarebeinginterrogatedandexecutedforthe"treachery"thatsupposedlyledtotheItaliandefeat.However,afterhearingtheexecutionofaLt.Colonel,Henryescapesbyjumpingintoariver.

SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthefourthbook,CatherineandHenryreuniteandfleetoSwitzerlandinarowingboat.Inthefinalbook,HenryandCatherineliveaquietlifeinthemountainsuntilshegoesintolabour.Afteralongandpainfullabour,theirsonisstillborn.Catherinebeginstohaemorrhageandsoondies,leavingHenrytoreturntotheirhotelintherain.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsMajorThemesLoveasaresponsetothehorrorsofwarandtheworld

Hemingwayrepeatedlyemphasizesthehorrificdevastationwarhaswroughtoneveryoneinvolved.Fromtheopeningaccountofcholerathatkills"only"7,000mentothegraphicdescriptionoftheartillerybombardmenttothecorruptviolenceduringtheItalianretreat,AFarewelltoArmsisamongthemostfrankanti-warnovels.Loveisapleasurablediversionthatdistractslo