專(zhuān)題04 閱讀理解 (說(shuō)明文議論文)-【好題匯編】2024年高考英語(yǔ)一模試題分類(lèi)匯編北京專(zhuān)用解析版

專(zhuān)題04閱讀理解(說(shuō)明文&議論文)Part1閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文（一）（204屆.北京海淀區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）Withallthedietaryinformationonline,itcanbehardtoknowwhattipstofollow.Watchoutforthesewordsandexpressions.FatIsGoodItdoesn'tmatterifyouarepartofthefatisGOODforyouorBADforyougroup,theimportantquestiontoaskisthesourceofthefat.Ifitcomesfromaland-basedanimal,andislikelytobesolidatroomtemperature,thenitissaturated(飽和的)fatwhereasifitcomesfromfishorplants,anditislikelytobeliquidatroomtemperature,thenitisunsaturatedfat.Alltheevidenceindicatesthateatingmoreunsaturatedfatthansaturatedfatlowersyourriskofdyingearly.NaturalSugarIsBetterThevastmajorityofsugarweconsumeissucrose（蔗糖）.Itisthewhitepowderedstuffwecookwithandismadeupofglucoseandfructose.Howaboutsugarfromhoney?Itisoftenmarketedasnaturalandbetterforyou.Actually,itjusthasitsowndistinctflavour,butisassweetbecauseofglucoseandfructose.High-pHWaterSomepeoplethinkweneedtoeatalkali（堿）foodtomaintainourbloodatapHof7.4.Buteverythingweeatordrinkpassesthroughthestomach,which,atapHof1.5,isthemostacidicpartofthebody.ItisthenneutralisedtoapHof7.So,nothingweeatwillchangethepHofourblood.Don’tEatAnythingThatYouCan'tPronounceWhetherfoodsarenaturalorhighlyprocessed,theyareallfullofchemicals.Areyousupposedtofear“phenylthiocarbamide”,becauseyoucan'tpronounceit?Thisissimplythechemicalresponsibleforthebittertastefoundinbrassicas,theplantsinthecabbageandmustardfamily.Don'tEatFoodWithMoreThanFiveIngredients（佐料）Simplefoodsarenotnecessarilyhealthierforyou.IfI,forinstance,useChinesefivespicepowderinarecipe,thatwouldcountasoneofthefiveingredients.However,whatifIaddedthetypicalcomponentsoffivespicepowderseparatelyintoadish?Doesthatmeanmyrecipesuddenlybecomesbadbecauseithasmorethanfiveingredients?21. Accordingtothepassage,healthierfat______.A.canbefoundinfishandplants B.comesfromland-basedanimalsC.remainssolidatroomtemperature D.canlowerthedeathrateofelders22.Thepassagesuggeststhat________.A.dietscanhelpadjustthepHofourbloodB.honeysugarcandomoregoodthansucroseC.foodswithmoreingredientsmaybeashealthyD.chemicalswecanrecognizearesafertotakein23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tocomparetipsonfoodchoices.B.Tointroducedifferenthealthconcepts.C.Torecommendfitnessrecipestoreaders.D.Towarnusofsomedietarymisunderstandings.【答案】21.A22.C23.D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要是對(duì)一些常見(jiàn)的飲食相關(guān)的說(shuō)法進(jìn)行了分析和解釋?zhuān)詭椭藗兏玫乩斫夂瓦x擇飲食。【21題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的“Ifitcomesfromaland-based

animal,andislikelytobesolidatroomtemperature,thenitissaturated(飽和的)fatwhereasifitcomesfromfishorplants,anditislikelytobe

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atroomtemperature,thenitisunsaturatedfat.Alltheevidenceindicatesthateatingmoreunsaturatedfatthansaturatedfatlowersyourriskofdyingearly.”可知，來(lái)自魚(yú)類(lèi)和植物的脂肪是更健康的，吃更多不飽和脂肪比飽和脂肪降低早逝的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以更健康的脂肪來(lái)自魚(yú)類(lèi)和植物。故選A?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。文章提到“Don’tEatAnythingThatYouCan'tPronounce”時(shí)說(shuō)明不要因?yàn)槭澄锩植粫?huì)讀就認(rèn)為它不健康，同時(shí)提到“Don'tEatFoodWithMoreThanFiveIngredients（佐料）”時(shí)說(shuō)明食物成分多不一定就不健康，即食物含有更多成分可能也一樣健康，C選項(xiàng)正確；A選項(xiàng)文章說(shuō)的是胃的pH值，不是血液的pH值，排除；B選項(xiàng)文章未提及蜂蜜糖比蔗糖更好，排除；D選項(xiàng)文章說(shuō)的是認(rèn)識(shí)不認(rèn)識(shí)化學(xué)物質(zhì)和食物是否健康沒(méi)有關(guān)系，排除。故選C。【23題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章主要講了一些關(guān)于飲食的常見(jiàn)誤解，如脂肪的好壞、天然糖是否更好、高pH值水以及食物成分等方面，目的是提醒人們注意這些飲食方面的誤解，D選項(xiàng)正確；A選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有比較不同的食物選擇建議，排除；B選項(xiàng)不是文章的主要目的，文章只是舉例說(shuō)明一些飲食誤解，排除；C選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有推薦健身食譜，排除。故選D。（二）（2024屆.北京海淀區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）Researchershopebrainimplantswillonedayhelppeoplewithaphasia（失語(yǔ)癥）togettheirvoiceback—andmaybeeventosing.Now,forthefirsttime,scientistshavedemonstratedthatthebrain'selectricalactivitycanbedecodedandusedtoreconstructmusic.Anewstudyanalyzeddatafrom29peoplemonitoredforepilepticseizures（癲癇發(fā)作），usingelectrodes（電極）onthesurfaceoftheirbrain.Asparticipantslistenedtoaselectedsong,electrodescapturedbrainactivityrelatedtomusicalelements,suchastone,rhythm,andlyrics.Employingmachinelearning,RobertKnightfromUCBerkeleyandhiscolleaguesreconstructedwhattheparticipantswerehearingandpublishedtheirstudyresults.Thepaperisthefirsttosuggestthatscientistscan“l(fā)istensecretlyto”thebraintosynthesize（合成）music.Toturnbrainactivitydataintomusicalsound,researcherstrainedanartificialintelligence（AI）modeltodecodedatacapturedfromthousandsofelectrodesthatwereattachedtotheparticipantsastheylistenedtothesongwhileundergoingsurgery.Oncethebraindatawerefedthroughthemodel,themusicreturned.Themodelalsorevealedsomebrainpartsrespondingtodifferentmusicalfeaturesofthesong.Althoughthefindingsfocusedonmusic,theresearchersexpecttheirresultstobemostusefulfortranslatingbrainwavesintohumanspeech.LudovicBellier,thestudy'sleadauthor,explainsthatspeech,regardlessoflanguage,hassmallmelodicdifferences—tempo,stress,accents,andintonation—knownasprosody（韻律）.Theseelementscarrymeaningthatwecan'tcommunicatewithwordsalone.Hehopesthemodelwillimprovebrain-computerinterfaces（BCI）,assistivedevicesthatrecordspeech-associatedbrainwavesandusealgorithmstoreconstructintendedmessages.Thistechnology,stillinitsinfancy,couldhelppeoplewhohavelosttheabilitytospeakbecauseofaphasia.Futureresearchshouldinvestigatewhetherthesemodelscanbeexpandedfrommusicthatparticipantshaveheardtoimaginedinternalspeech.Ifabrain-computerinterfacecouldrecreatesomeone'sspeechwiththeprosodyandemotionalweightfoundinmusic,itcouldofferarichercommunicationexperiencebeyondmerewords.Severalbarriersremainbeforewecanputthistechnologyinthehands—orbrains—ofpatients.Thecurrentmodelreliesonsurgicalimplants.Asrecordingtechniquesimprove,thehopeistogatherdatanon-invasively,possiblyusingultrasensitiveelectrodes.However,undercurrenttechnologies,thisapproachmightresultinalowerspeedofdecodingintonaturalspeech.Theresearchersalsohopetoimprovetheplaybackclaritybypackingtheelectrodesclosertogetheronthebrain’ssurface,enablinganevenmoredetailedlookattheelectricalsymphonythebrainproduces.28.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?A.Electrodescananalyzemusicalelements.B.Thedecodingofbraindatahelpsrecreatemusic.C.Machinelearninggreatlyenhancesbrainactivity.D.TheAImodelmonitorsmusic-responsivebrainregions.29.Whathopefullymakesitpossibletoexpandthemodeltospeech?A.Theprosodyofspeech. B.Thecollectionofbrainwaves.C.Theemotionalweightofmusic. D.Thereconstructionofinformation.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.UnlockingtheSecretsofMelodicMind B.BrainSymphony:SynthesizedHumanSpeechC.BCIBringsHopetoPeoplewithAphasia D.RemarkableJourney:DecodingBrainwithAI【答案】28.B29.A30.B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講科學(xué)家首次證明大腦電活動(dòng)可解碼并用于重構(gòu)音樂(lè)，他們還期望該研究成果能助失語(yǔ)癥患者恢復(fù)說(shuō)話(huà)能力，未來(lái)需克服一些障礙才能將此技術(shù)應(yīng)用于患者?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文“To

turn

brainactivitydataintomusicalsound,researcherstrainedanartificialintelligence(AI)modeltodecode

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capturedfromthousandsofelectrodesthatwereattachedtotheparticipantsastheylistenedtothesongwhileundergoingsurgery.”可知，解碼大腦數(shù)據(jù)有助于重新創(chuàng)造音樂(lè)。故選B?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文“Theseelementscarrymeaningthatwecan'tcommunicatewithwordsalone.Hehopesthemodelwillimprovebrain-computerinterfaces(BCI),assistivedevicesthatrecordspeech-associatedbrainwavesandusealgorithmstoreconstructintendedmessages.”可知，是語(yǔ)音的韻律使得將模型擴(kuò)展到語(yǔ)音成為可能。故選A?！?0題詳解】主旨大意題。文章主要講述了科學(xué)家通過(guò)解碼大腦的電活動(dòng)來(lái)合成音樂(lè)，并且希望這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以用于轉(zhuǎn)化人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言，幫助失語(yǔ)癥患者，B選項(xiàng)能夠很好地概括文章主旨。故選B。（三）（2024屆.北京西城區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）EvanSelinger,professorinRIT’sDepartmentofPhilosophy,hastakenaninterestintheethics(倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn))ofAlandthepolicygapsthatneedtobefilledin.Throughahumanitiesviewpoint,Selingerasksthequestions,“HowcanAIcauseharm,andwhatcangovernmentsandcompaniescreatingAlprogramsdotoaddressandmanageit?”Answeringthem,heexplained,requiresaninterdisciplinaryapproach.“AIethicsgobeyondtechnicalfixes.Philosophersandotherhumanitiesexpertsareuniquelyskilledtoaddressthenuanced(微妙的)principles,valueconflicts,andpowerdynamics.Theseskillsaren’tjustcrucialforaddressingcurrentissues.Wedesperatelyneedthemtopromoteanticipatory(先行的)governance,”saidSelinger.Oneexamplethatillustrateshowphilosophyandhumanitiesexpertscanhelpguidethesenew,rapidlygrowingtechnologiesisSelinger’sworkcollaboratingwithaspecialAIproject.“OneoftheskillsIbringtothetableisidentifyingcoreethicalissuesinemergingtechnologiesthathaven’tbeenbuiltorusedbythepublic.Wecantakepreventativestepstolimitrisk,includingchanginghowthetechnologyisdesigned,”saidSelinger.TakingthesepreventativestepsandregularlyreassessingwhatrisksneedaddressingispartoftheongoingjourneyinpursuitofcreatingresponsibleAI.Selingerexplainsthatthereisn’tastep-by-stepapproachforgoodgovernance.“AIethicshavecorevaluesandprinciples,butthere’sendlessdisagreementaboutinterpretingandapplyingthemandcreatingmeaningfulaccountabilitymechanisms,”saidSelinger.“SomepeoplearerightlyworriedthatAIcanbecomeintegratedinto‘ethicswashing’-weakchecklists,flowerymissionstatements,andemptyrhetoricthatcoversoverabusesofpower.Fortunately,I’vehadgreatconversationsaboutthisissue,includingwithsomeexperts,onwhyitisimportanttoconsiderarangeofpositions.”SomeofSelinger’srecentresearchhasfocusedontheback-endissueswithdevelopingAIsuchasthehumanimpactthatcomeswithtestingAIchatbotsbeforethey’rereleasedtothepublic.Otherissuesfocusonpolicy,suchaswhattodoaboutthedangersposedbyfacialrecognitionandotherautomatedsurveillance(監(jiān)視)approaches.SelingerismakingsurehisstudentsareinformedabouttheongoingindustryconversationsonAIethicsandresponsibleAI.“Studentsaregoingtobefuturetechleaders.Nowisthetimetohelpthemthinkaboutwhatgoalstheircompaniesshouldhaveandthecostsofminimizingethicalconcerns.Beyondsocialcosts,downplayingethicscannegativelyimpactcorporatecultureandhiring,”saidSelinger.“Toattracttoptalent,youneedtoconsiderwhetheryourcompanymatchestheirinterestsandhopesforthefuture.”28.Selingeradvocatesaninterdisciplinaryapproachbecause________.A.humanitiesexpertspossessskillsessentialforAIethicsB.itdemonstratesthepowerofanticipatorygovernanceC.AIethicsheavilydependsontechnologicalsolutionsD.itcanavoidsocialconflictsandpressingissues29.TopromoteresponsibleAI,Selingerbelievesweshould________.A.adoptasystematicapproach B.applyinnovativetechnologiesC.anticipateethicalrisksbeforehand D.establishaccountabilitymechanisms30.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.MorecompanieswilluseAItoattracttoptalent.B.UnderstandingAIethicswillhelpstudentsinthefuture.C.Selingerfavorscompaniesthatmatchhisstudents’values.D.Selingerislikelytofocusonback-endissuessuchaspolicy.【答案】28.A29.C30.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了RIT哲學(xué)系教授EvanSelinger對(duì)于對(duì)人工智能的倫理的一些看法和建議。【28題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段““AIethicsgobeyondtechnicalfixes.Philosophersandotherhumanitiesexpertsareuniquelyskilledtoaddressthenuanced(微妙的)principles,valueconflicts,andpowerdynamics.Theseskillsaren’tjustcrucialforaddressingcurrentissues.Wedesperatelyneedthemtopromoteanticipatory(先行的)governance,”saidSelinger.(Selinger說(shuō)：“人工智能倫理超越了技術(shù)修復(fù)。哲學(xué)家和其他人文專(zhuān)家在處理微妙的原則、價(jià)值沖突和權(quán)力動(dòng)態(tài)方面具有獨(dú)特的技能。這些技能不僅對(duì)解決當(dāng)前問(wèn)題至關(guān)重要。我們迫切需要他們來(lái)促進(jìn)預(yù)見(jiàn)性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主張跨學(xué)科的方法，因?yàn)槿宋膶W(xué)科專(zhuān)家擁有人工智能倫理所必需的技能。故選A?！?9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“TakingthesepreventativestepsandregularlyreassessingwhatrisksneedaddressingispartoftheongoingjourneyinpursuitofcreatingresponsibleAI.(采取這些預(yù)防措施并定期重新評(píng)估需要解決的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，是追求創(chuàng)造負(fù)責(zé)任的人工智能的持續(xù)旅程的一部分)”可知，為了促進(jìn)負(fù)責(zé)任的人工智能，塞林格認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該事先預(yù)測(cè)道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故選C?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““Studentsaregoingtobefuturetechleaders.Nowisthetimetohelpthemthinkaboutwhatgoalstheircompaniesshouldhaveandthecostsofminimizingethicalconcerns.Beyondsocialcosts,downplayingethicscannegativelyimpactcorporatecultureandhiring,”saidSelinger.“Toattracttoptalent,youneedtoconsiderwhetheryourcompanymatchestheirinterestsandhopesforthefuture.”(“學(xué)生們將成為未來(lái)的科技領(lǐng)袖。現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候幫助他們思考他們的公司應(yīng)該有什么樣的目標(biāo)，以及最小化道德問(wèn)題的成本。除了社會(huì)成本之外，輕視道德還會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)文化和招聘產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響?！薄盀榱宋敿馊瞬?，你需要考慮你的公司是否符合他們的興趣和對(duì)未來(lái)的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能倫理對(duì)學(xué)生未來(lái)有幫助。故選B。（四）（2024屆.北京西城區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）Whilesomeallergies(過(guò)敏癥)disappearovertimeorwithtreatment,otherslastalifetime.Fordecades,scientistshavebeensearchingforthesourceoftheselifetimeallergies.Recently,researchersfoundthatmemoryBcellsmaybeinvolved.ThesecellsproduceadifferentclassofantibodiesknownasIgG,whichwardoffviralinfections.ButnoonehadidentifiedexactlywhichofthosecellswererecallingallergensorhowtheyswitchedtomakingtheIgEantibodiesresponsibleforallergies.Touncoverthemysteriouscells,tworesearchteamstookadeepdiveintotheimmune(免疫的)cellsofpeoplewithallergiesandsomewithout.ImmunologistJoshuaKoenigandcolleaguesexaminedmorethan90,000memoryBcellsfromsixpeoplewithbirchallergies,fourpeopleallergictodustmitesandfivepeoplewithnoallergies.UsingatechniquecalledRNAsequencing,theteamidentifiedspecificmemoryBcells,whichtheynamedMBC2sthatmakeantibodiesandproteinsassociatedwiththeimmuneresponsethatcausesallergies.Inanotherexperiment,KoenigandcolleaguesusedapeanutproteintogofishingformemoryBcellsfrompeoplewithpeanutallergies.Theteampulledoutthesametypeofcellsfoundinpeoplewithbirchanddustmiteallergies.Inpeoplewithpeanutallergies,thosecellsincreasedinnumberandproducedIgEantibodiesasthepeoplestartedtreatmenttodesensitizethemtopeanutallergens.AnothergroupledbyMariaCurottodeLafaille,animmunologistattheIcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinaiinNewYorkCity,alsofoundthatsimilarcellsweremoreplentifulin58childrenallergictopeanutsthanin13kidswithoutallergies.TheteamfoundthatthecellsarereadytoswitchfrommakingprotectiveIgGantibodiestoallergy-causingIgEantibodies.Evenbeforetheswitch,thecellsweremakingRNAforIgEbutdidn’tproducetheprotein.MakingthatRNAenablesthecellstoswitchthetypeofantibodiestheymakewhentheyencounterallergens.ThesignaltoswitchpartiallydependsonaproteincalledJAK,thegroupdiscovered.“StoppingJAKfromsendingthesignalcouldhelppreventthememorycellsfromswitchingtoIgEproduction,”Lafaillesays.Shealsopredictsthatallergistsmaybeabletoexamineaspectsofthesememorycellstoforecastwhetherapatient'sallergyislikelytolastordisappearwithtimeortreatment.“Knowingwhichpopulationofcellsstoreallergiesinlong-termmemorymayeventuallyhelpscientistsidentifyotherwaystokilltheallergycells,”saysCeciliaBerin,animmunologistatNorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine.“Youcouldpotentiallygetridofnotonlyyourpeanutallergybutalsoallofyourallergies.”31.Whydidscientistsinvestigatetheimmunecellsofindividualswithandwithoutallergies?A.ToexplorethedistinctionsbetweenIgGandIgE.B.TouncovernewantibodiesknownasIgGandIgE.C.Toidentifycellsresponsiblefordefendingagainstallergies.D.Torevealcellsassociatedwiththedevelopmentofallergies.32.Whatdoestheword“desensitize”underlinedinParagraph4mostprobablymean?AMake...lessdestructive. B.Make...lessresponsive.C.Make...lessprotective. D.Make...lesseffective.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthetworesearchteams’work?A.MBC2smakeantibodiesandproteinsthatpreventallergies.B.MemoryBcellsgeneratebothRNAforIgEandthecorrespondingprotein.C.JAKplaysaroleincontrollingantibodyproductionwhenexposedtoallergens.DAllergistsarecapableofpredictingwhetheranallergywilllastordisappear.34.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.RNASequencingIsAppliedinImmunologyResearchB.SpecificCellsRelatedtoPeanutAllergiesAreIdentifiedC.UnmaskingCells’IdentitiesHelpsDiagnoseandTreatAllergiesD.NewfoundImmuneCellsAreResponsibleforLong-lastingAllergies【答案】31.D32.B33.C34.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，本文主要講述兩個(gè)研究小組為了揭示與發(fā)生過(guò)敏有關(guān)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究，最終確定了特定的記憶B細(xì)胞?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“ButnoonehadidentifiedexactlywhichofthosecellswererecallingallergensorhowtheyswitchedtomakingtheIgEantibodiesresponsibleforallergies.Touncoverthemysteriouscells,tworesearchteamstookadeepdiveintotheimmune(免疫的)cellsofpeoplewithallergiesandsomewithout.(但是沒(méi)有人確切地確定哪些細(xì)胞會(huì)召回過(guò)敏原，或者它們是如何轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楫a(chǎn)生導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏的IgE抗體的。為了揭開(kāi)這些神秘的細(xì)胞，兩個(gè)研究小組深入研究了過(guò)敏人群和非過(guò)敏人群的免疫細(xì)胞)”可知，科學(xué)家研究過(guò)敏和沒(méi)有過(guò)敏的個(gè)體的免疫細(xì)胞是為了揭示與發(fā)生過(guò)敏有關(guān)的細(xì)胞，故選D?！?2題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中“UsingatechniquecalledRNAsequencing,theteamidentifiedspecificmemoryBcells,whichtheynamedMBC2sthatmakeantibodiesandproteinsassociatedwiththeimmuneresponsethatcausesallergies.(利用一種名為RNA測(cè)序的技術(shù)，研究小組確定了特定的記憶B細(xì)胞，他們將其命名為MBC2s，這些細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生與導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏的免疫反應(yīng)相關(guān)的抗體和蛋白質(zhì))”可知，記憶B細(xì)胞會(huì)產(chǎn)生與導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏的免疫反應(yīng)相關(guān)的抗體和蛋白質(zhì)，結(jié)合劃線(xiàn)詞前“thosecellsincreasedinnumberandproducedIgEantibodies(這些細(xì)胞的數(shù)量增加并產(chǎn)生IgE抗體)”可知，記憶B細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加并產(chǎn)生抗體，說(shuō)明不再過(guò)敏，desensitize意為“使……不再過(guò)敏”符合題意，故選B。【33題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“TheteamfoundthatthecellsarereadytoswitchfrommakingprotectiveIgGantibodiestoallergy-causingIgEantibodies.Evenbeforetheswitch,thecellsweremakingRNAforIgEbutdidn’tproducetheprotein.MakingthatRNAenablesthecellstoswitchthetypeofantibodiestheymakewhentheyencounterallergens.ThesignaltoswitchpartiallydependsonaproteincalledJAK,thegroupdiscovered.(研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些細(xì)胞已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好從產(chǎn)生保護(hù)性的IgG抗體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐疬^(guò)敏的IgE抗體。即使在轉(zhuǎn)換之前，細(xì)胞也在為IgE制造RNA，但不產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)。小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，制造這種RNA可以使細(xì)胞在遇到過(guò)敏原時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換抗體的類(lèi)型。轉(zhuǎn)換信號(hào)部分取決于一種叫做JAK的蛋白質(zhì))”可知，當(dāng)暴露于過(guò)敏原時(shí)，JAK在控制抗體產(chǎn)生中起作用，故選C?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，結(jié)合第一段中“Fordecades,scientistshavebeensearchingforthesourceoftheselifetimeallergies.(幾十年來(lái)，科學(xué)家們一直在尋找這些終生過(guò)敏的來(lái)源)”以及第二段中“Recently,researchersfoundthatmemoryBcellsmaybeinvolved.(最近，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)記憶B細(xì)胞可能參與其中)”可知，本文主要講述兩個(gè)研究小組為了揭示與發(fā)生過(guò)敏有關(guān)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究，最終確定了特定的記憶B細(xì)胞，D項(xiàng)“新發(fā)現(xiàn)的免疫細(xì)胞是造成長(zhǎng)期過(guò)敏的原因”為最佳標(biāo)題，故選D。（五）（2024屆.北京東城區(qū)等五區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）InThailand,human-elephantconflictisincreasing.Tolocalfarmers,elephantsthreatentheirsafetyandeconomiclivelihood.BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.BTEH’sprojectsrootinlocalcommunities.Theirworkischaracterisedbythreeprinciples:localinvolvement,ahealthyecology,andbenefitsforpeopleandelephantssimultaneously(同時(shí)地).Theyleadtoshareddecisionmaking,ownershipoflocalcommunities,sustainability,andapeacefulcoexistenceofpeopleandanimals.AgroupofBTEHresearchersandlocalfarmervolunteersareexperimentingwithhowtomaketheplantationslessappealingtoelephantsandpreventthemfromcomingintothefarms.AndtheTomYumProjectcomesintobeing.ThenameoftheTomYumProjectcomesfromtheThaisoup.Theingredients(原料)forthesouparechilli,garlic,lemongrass,andonion—noneofwhichareattractivetoelephants.Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.Theprojectworksinthefollowingsteps.TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.Now,somesimilarprojectswillbecarriedoutinSriLanka.21.Accordingtothepassage,BTEH’smissionistoA.developruralcommunities B.createhealthyenvironmentsC.improvelocaleconomiclivelihood D.promotehuman-elephantcoexistence22.IntheTomYumProject,researchersandlocalfarmers_______.A.formsomeguardingteams B.volunteertocollectingredientsC.experimentwithalternativecrops D.provideelephantswiththeThaisoup23.Inwhichstepdofarmersturntheharvestedcropsintoorganichoneyorteas?A.Step2. B.Step3. C.Step4. D.Step5.【答案】21D22.C23.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹泰國(guó)一個(gè)非盈利組織BTEH為了促進(jìn)人像和諧共存開(kāi)發(fā)了TomYumProject，鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民種植對(duì)大象吸引力小的替代作物，同時(shí)也讓農(nóng)民可以生產(chǎn)有機(jī)產(chǎn)品?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.(“把大象帶回家”(BTEH)是一個(gè)非營(yíng)利性組織，其使命是增加大象的生存機(jī)會(huì)，并努力建立一個(gè)人與大象和諧相處，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任務(wù)是促進(jìn)人和大象的和諧共處。故選D。【22題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.(這個(gè)項(xiàng)目為泰國(guó)解決人象沖突的替代作物帶來(lái)了希望)”和第五段中“TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.(TomYum項(xiàng)目是第一個(gè)以研究和社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)的替代作物種植倡議，以促進(jìn)人象共存)”可知，在TomYumProject項(xiàng)目中研究人員和當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民實(shí)驗(yàn)替代作物。故選C?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四張圖片中的敘述“Farmersharvestcropsandcreateorganicproductsineco-friendlypackaging.(農(nóng)民收割農(nóng)作物，生產(chǎn)環(huán)保包裝的有機(jī)產(chǎn)品)”可知，在這一步農(nóng)民把收獲的作物變成有機(jī)蜂蜜或茶葉。故選C。（六）（2024屆.北京東城區(qū)等五區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）Timeisoneofhumanity’sgreatestblindspots.Weexperienceitasdays,monthsoryears.Butnaturefunctionsonmuchgranderscales,measuredincenturies,andevenlongerphasesoftengroupedas“deeptime.”Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.Astheclimateandbiodiversitycrisesaccelerate,weareurgentlyworkingtoprotectandregenerateecosystemswithoutunderstandinghowtheyfunctionedwhentheyweretrulydoingwell.Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.Takeforestmanagement.Fordecades,ourpracticescalledforall-outpreventionofeventhemildestforestfires,believingthatfirewasbadforbothpeopleandnonhumannature.Untilrecentlyweignoredtheforestmanagementstrategiesindigenous(土著的)communitieshadsuccessfullyusedforcenturies,inparticulartheapplicationofsmall-scalecontrolledburns.Fire,itturnsout,hasalwaysbeenanintegralingredientinhealthyforestecosystems,promotingnewgrowthbythinningtheunderstory.Today,we’rebeginningtoseewidespreadapplicationofindigenousknowledgetoforestmanagement,tappingintothisancientwisdom.Buthowcanweknowwhatanecosystemlookedlikecenturiesago?Onepathwayisthroughmodernmathematicalmodeling.Wehavemarrieditwithstreamsoflong-termdataanddiscoveredapossiblewaytopreservetheecosystemofCalifornia’skelpforest.ByexamininghowNorthPacifickelpforestsexistedlongbeforethe19thcentury,wefoundthatwe’veignoredthepresenceofakeystonespecies—theSteller’sseacow,anditsroleinmaintainingtheharmonyofthisecosystem.Ourmodeldescribedtheinteractionsbetweengiantkelpandunderstoryalgaecompetingforlightandspaceontheseafloor.Thenweranthemodelagain,butthistimewiththeSteller’sseacowaddedin.Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.Inre-creatingthatvanishedhistoricalsystemthatincludedtheSteller’sseacow,wecouldseeamorediverseforestwheretheunderstorycompetedbetterwithkelpInshort,whatweassumeweknowaboutanecosystembasedontherecentpastmayimpedeourabilitytofullyunderstandandprotectit.Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.28.Accordingtothepassage,whatgetsinthewayofhuman’sconservationefforts?A.Lackofinsightsintodeeptime B.TheworseningofbiodiversitycrisesC.Theblindnesstomanagementstrategies. D.Resistancetotakingadeeptimeperspective.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.IgnoringtheSteller’sseacowledtoecologicalimbalance.B.Peoplenowprioritizefirepreventionovercontrolledburns.C.MathematicalmodelingmattersmorethanindigenousknowledgeD.Harvestingupperkelpleavesencouragesfreshgrowthintheunderstory.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impede”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Bringforth. B.Boostup. C.Shutdown. D.Holdback.【答案】28.A29.D30.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章指出人類(lèi)應(yīng)該以世紀(jì)為單位，從遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去尋求保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法?！?8題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.(人類(lèi)對(duì)時(shí)間短視造成了現(xiàn)代保護(hù)的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏對(duì)深層時(shí)間的洞察阻礙了人類(lèi)的保護(hù)努力。故選A?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.(這些哺乳動(dòng)物以上層海藻層的葉子為食。這使得光線(xiàn)能夠到達(dá)海底，這反過(guò)來(lái)不僅刺激了海帶的生長(zhǎng)，還刺激了其他生物的生長(zhǎng)。)”可知，食用上層的葉子，可以使光線(xiàn)到達(dá)海底，這能刺激海帶和其他物種的生長(zhǎng)。由此推知，收獲上部海帶的葉子可以促進(jìn)林下植被的生長(zhǎng)。故選D?！?0題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中“Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.(深入的時(shí)間視角可以幫助改變這一點(diǎn)。)”和最后一段中“Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.(為了確保我們最大膽的保護(hù)努力取得成功，我們必須開(kāi)始把時(shí)間視為一個(gè)必不可少的工具。)”可知，人類(lèi)基于最近生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的假設(shè)可能阻礙我們理解和保護(hù)它的能力，因此我們應(yīng)該以世紀(jì)為單位，從遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去尋求保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法。由此猜測(cè)impede意為“阻礙”，與holdback同義。故選D。（七）（2024屆.北京東城區(qū)等五區(qū).統(tǒng)考一模）SeveraldozengraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIhasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Optimiststalkofmachinesproducingreadablesummariesofcomplicatedareasofresearch;tirelesslyanalysingoceansofdatatosuggestnewdrugsandeven,oneday,comingupwithhypothesesof