中成藥臨床應用指導原則2

中成藥臨床應用指導原則

2010年6月

iofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datapoints,andsetaside

reserve.Logarithmiccoppercableusedforvoicecommunications,

verticalTrunkcoppercableshouldmeet1voiceatleast1setof

twistedandmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjury

rehabilitationfloorofcablefromintegratedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,themonomerfirstlayerweakbetween

respectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,networkswitchdolevel

jointHourespectivelywiringtobuildingsofOfficeregional,wiring

alongthelayershaftpointslineboxHoualongslotlayinginthelayer

ceiling,toendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BD)locatedin

themedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcentermachineroom,complete

internalLANconnectionandexternalbroadbandnetworkconnections,

providingavarietyofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedevice

asawholehospitalnetworkandexternalnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformationoutletmoduleidentifiesandrecords

accordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,tofacilitatecommunication

completetheconnectionlines,linemanagementoflocalizationand

translocation.6)cablelayingtheverticaltrunkcablesalongacable

trayinweakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelaying

inthehallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcablesintothe

room,intheceilingandputalongthewallgalvanizedpipeunderground

toinformationoutlets.Arrangementofinformationrequirementsareas

follows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:eachbed

目錄

前

s.........................................................................

...2第一部分中成藥概

述..............................................................3—、中成

藥的劑型................................................................3

二、中成藥分

類..................................................................7三、

中成藥安全

性...............................................................9第二部

分中成藥臨床應用原則....................................................11

一、中成藥臨床應用基本原

則....................................................11二、聯(lián)合用藥原

則..............................................................12三、孕

婦使用中成藥的基本原則...................................................13

四、兒童使用中成藥的基本原

則..................................................14第三部分各

論..................................................................16一、

解表

劑.....................................................................16

二、瀉下

劑.....................................................................17

三、和解

劑.....................................................................18

四、清熱

劑.....................................................................19

五、祛暑

劑.....................................................................20

六、溫里

劑.....................................................................21

七、表里雙解

劑................................................................22八、

補益

劑.....................................................................23

九、安神

劑.....................................................................24

十、開竅

劑.....................................................................25

十一、固澀

劑...................................................................25+

二、理氣

劑...................................................................26+

三、理血

劑...................................................................27+

四、治風

劑...................................................................28+

五、治燥

劑...................................................................29+

六、祛濕

劑...................................................................30+

七、祛痰

劑...................................................................31+

八、止咳平喘

劑..............................................................32十九、

消導化積劑...............................................................33

二十、殺蟲

劑...................................................................34第

四部分中成藥臨床應用的管

理..................................................35—、含毒性中藥材的

中成藥臨床應用的管理.......................................35二、中成藥

不良反應的監(jiān)測.......................................................36

三、開展中成藥臨床應用監(jiān)測、建立中成藥應用點評制

度...........................37

quirementsareasfollows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:each

bedroom,intheceilingandputalongthewallgalvanizedpipe

undergroundtoinformationoutlets.Arrangementofinformationreo

theakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthe

hallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcablesintlines,line

managementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)cablelayingthe

verticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayinweectionnoutletmodule

identifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,to

facilitatecommunicationcompletetheconnnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformatioernalorkconnections,providingavariety

ofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospital

networkandextinthemedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcenter

machineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionandexternalbroadband

netwcatedoendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BD)logto

buildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointsline

boxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceiling,twirinnomerfirstlayer

weakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,network

switchdoleveljointHourespectivelyedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,themotegratlvoiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefrominints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

meetiofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datapol

前_X4.百—s—

為加強中成藥臨床應用管理?提高中成藥應用水平?保證臨床用藥安全?國家

中醫(yī)藥管理局會同有關部門組織專家制定了《中成藥臨床應用指導原則》，以下簡

稱《指導原則》…《指導原則》由四部分組成?第一部分為中成藥概述，第二部分

為中成藥臨床應用基本原則，第三部分為各類中成藥的特點、適應證及注意事項,第

四部分為中成藥臨床應用的管理。

《指導原則》是為適應中成藥臨床應用管理需要而制定的?是臨床應用中成藥

的基本原則。每種中成藥臨床應用的具體要求?還應以藥品說明書、最新版本的

《中華人民共和國藥典》、《中華人民共和國藥典-臨床用藥須知-中藥卷》為準。

在醫(yī)療工作中?臨床醫(yī)師應遵循中醫(yī)基礎理論?根據(jù)患者實際情況?選用適宜的藥

物?辨證辨病施治。

第三部分各論中為更好地說明各類中成藥的特點?列舉了部分中成藥?列舉的

藥物是《國家基本藥物目錄》中的藥物和《國家基本藥物目錄》未包括但又屬臨床

常用的中成藥。

中藥注射劑的臨床應用及使用管理?《指導原則》提出了具體要求?同時還應

遵照《衛(wèi)生部關于進一步加強中藥注射劑生產(chǎn)和臨床使用管理的通知》，衛(wèi)醫(yī)政發(fā)

?2008?71號,執(zhí)行。

nrequirementsareasfollows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:each

bedtheroom,intheceilingandputalongthewallgalvanizedpipe

undergroundtoinformationoutlets.Arrangementofinformatiosintoin

weakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthe

hallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcabletionlines,line

managementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)cablelayingthe

verticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayconnecationoutletmodule

identifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,to

facilitatecommunicationcompletethenalnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformexternetworkconnections,providingavariety

ofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospital

networkandtedinthemedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcenter

machineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionandexternalbroadband)

locag,toendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BDiringto

buildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointsline

boxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceilinvelywemonomerfirstlayer

weakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,network

switchdoleveljointHourespectigratedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,thminteeet1voiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefroapoints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

miofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24dat2

第一部分中成藥概述

中成藥是在中醫(yī)藥理論指導下?以中藥飲片為原料?按規(guī)定的處方和標準制成

具有一定規(guī)格的劑型?可直接用于防治疾病的制劑。中成藥有著悠久的歷史?應用

廣泛?在防病治病、保障人民群眾健康方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。

中成藥的處方是根據(jù)中醫(yī)理論?針對某種病證或癥狀制定的?因此使用時要依

據(jù)中醫(yī)理論辨證選藥?或辨病辨證結合選藥。

中成藥具有特定的名稱和劑型?在標簽和說明書上注明了批準文號、品名、規(guī)

格、處方成分、功效和適應證、用法用量、禁忌、注意事項、生產(chǎn)批號、有效期等

內容。相對于中藥湯劑來說?中成藥無需煎煮?可直接使用?尤其方便急危病癥患

者的治療及需要長期治療的患者使用?且體積小?有特定的包裝?存貯、攜帶方

便。

一、中成藥的常用劑型

中成藥劑型種類繁多?是我國歷代醫(yī)藥學家長期實踐的經(jīng)驗總結?近幾十年?

中成藥劑型的基礎研究取得了較大進展?研制開發(fā)了大量新劑型?進一步擴大了中

成藥的使用范圍。

中成藥的劑型不同?使用后產(chǎn)生的療效、持續(xù)的時間、作用的特點會有所不

同。因此?正確選用中成藥應首先了解中成藥的常用劑型。

,一,固體制劑

固體劑型是中成藥的常用劑型?其制劑穩(wěn)定?攜帶和使用方便。

L散劑系指藥材或藥材提取物經(jīng)粉碎、均勻混合而制成的粉末

ernalorkconnections,providingavarietyofinformationservices

tothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospitalnetworkandextinthe

medicalbuildinginformationnetworkcentermachineroom,complete

internalLANconnectionandexternalbroadbandnetwcatedoendsocket

linewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwallBoardwithin.4)main

distributionframebetweendevices(BD)logtobuildingsofOffice

regional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointslineboxHoualongslot

layinginthelayerceiling,twirinnomerfirstlayerweakbetween

respectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,networkswitchdolevel

jointHourespectivelyedmedicalfloor,byrehabilitationcenterweak

tuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomeroffirstlayerweakbetween,

themotegratlvoiceatleast1setoftwistedandmustbereserved.1,

and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitationfloorofcablefrominints,

andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccoppercableusedforvoice

communications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshouldmeetiofoptical

fiberintranet,extranet24datapoquirementsareasfollows:regional

nursingunit:1unit:eachbedroom,intheceilingandputalongthe

wallgalvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformationoutlets.Arrangementof

informationreotheakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunk

cablelayinginthehallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontal

cablesintlines,linemanagementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)

cablelayingtheverticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayinweectionn

outletmoduleidentifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,

suchas,tofacilitatecommunicationcompletetheconnnetworkcore

switch.5)managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetween

thewiringdevices,cableandinformatio3

狀制劑?分為內服散劑和外用散劑。散劑粉末顆粒的粒徑小?容易分散?起效

快。外用散劑的覆蓋面積大?可同時發(fā)揮保護和收斂作用。散劑制備工藝簡單?劑

量易于控制?便于嬰幼兒服用。但也應注意散劑由于分散度大而造成的吸濕性、化

學活性、氣味、刺激性等方面的影響。

2.顆粒劑系指藥材的提取物與適宜的輔料或藥材細粉制成具有一定粒度的顆

粒狀劑型。顆粒劑既保持了湯劑作用迅速的特點?又克服了湯劑臨用時煎煮不便的

缺點?且口味較好、體積小?但易吸潮。根據(jù)輔料不同，可分為無糖顆粒劑型和有

糖顆粒劑型?近年來無糖顆粒劑型的品種逐漸增多。

3.膠囊劑系指將藥材用適宜方法加工后?加入適宜輔料填充于空心膠囊或密

封于軟質囊材中的制劑?可分為硬膠囊、軟膠囊，膠丸,和腸溶膠囊等?主要供口

服。膠囊劑可掩蓋藥物的不良氣味?易于吞服,能提高藥物的穩(wěn)定性及生物利用度，

對藥物顆粒進行不同程度包衣后?還能定時定位釋放藥物。

4.丸劑系指將藥材細粉或藥材提取物加適宜的粘合劑或其他輔料制成的球形

或類球形制劑?分為蜜丸、水蜜丸、水丸、糊丸、蠟丸、濃縮丸等類型。其中?蜜

丸分為大蜜丸、小蜜丸?水蜜丸的含蜜量較少，水丸崩解較蜜丸快?便于吸收,糊丸

釋藥緩慢?適用于含毒性成分或藥性劇烈成分的處方,蠟丸緩釋、長效?且可達到

腸溶效果?適合毒性和刺激性較大藥物的處方，濃縮丸服用劑量較小。

5.滴丸劑系指藥材經(jīng)適宜的方法提取、純化、濃縮?并與適宜

nalnetworkcoreswitch.5)managementonworkareas,equipment,

intothelinebetweenthewiringdevices,cableandinformexternetwork

connections,providingavarietyofinformationservicestothehospital.

Thedeviceasawholehospitalnetworkandtedinthemedicalbuilding

informationnetworkcentermachineroom,completeinternalLAN

connectionandexternalbroadband)locag,toendsocketlinewear

platingzinctubedarkenoughYuwallBoardwithin.4)maindistribution

framebetweendevices(BDiringtobuildingsofOfficeregional,wiring

alongthelayershaftpointslineboxHoualongslotlayinginthelayer

ceilinvelywemonomerfirstlayerweakbetweenrespectivelyasthis

monomerofequipmentroom,networkswitchdoleveljointHou

respectigratedmedicalfloor,byrehabilitationcenterweaktube

respectivelyintroductiontomonomeroffirstlayerweakbetween,thm

inteeet1voiceatleast1setoftwistedandmustbereserved.1,and

2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitationfloorofcablefroapoints,and

setasidereserve.Logarithmiccoppercableusedforvoice

communications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshouldmiofopticalfiber

intranet,extranet24datnrequirementsareasfollows:regionalnursing

unit:1unit:eachbedtheroom,intheceilingandputalongthewall

galvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformationoutlets.Arrangementof

informatiosintoinweakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunk

cablelayinginthehallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontal

cabletionlines,linemanagementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)

cablelayingtheverticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayconnecation

outletmoduleidentifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,

suchas,tofacilitatecommunicationcompletethe4

的基質加熱熔融混勻后?滴入不相混溶的冷凝液中?收縮冷凝而制成的球形或

類球形制劑。滴丸劑服用方便?可含化或吞服?起效迅速。

6.片劑系指將藥材提取物、或藥材提取物加藥材細粉、或藥材細粉與適宜輔

料混勻壓制成的片狀制劑。主要供內服?也有外用或其它特殊用途者。其質量較穩(wěn)

定?便于攜帶和使用。按藥材的處理過程可分為全粉末片、半浸膏片、浸膏片、提

純片。

7.膠劑系指以動物的皮、骨、甲、角等為原料?水煎取膠質?經(jīng)濃縮干燥制

成的固體塊狀內服制劑?含豐富的動物水解蛋白類等營養(yǎng)物質。作為傳統(tǒng)的補益

藥?多爛化兌服。

8.栓劑系由藥材提取物或藥材細粉與適宜基質混合制成供腔道給藥的制劑。

既可作為局部用藥劑型又可作為全身用藥劑型?用于全身用藥時?不經(jīng)過胃?且無

肝臟首過效應?因此生物利用度優(yōu)于口服?對胃的刺激性和肝的副作用小?同時適

合不宜或不能口服藥物的患者。

9.丹劑系指由汞及某些礦物藥?在高溫條件下燒煉制成的不同結晶形狀的無

機化合物?如紅升丹、白降丹等。此劑型含汞?毒性較強?只能外用。

10.貼膏劑系指將藥材提取物、藥材和/或化學藥物與適宜的基質和基材制成

的供皮膚貼敷?可產(chǎn)生局部或全身作用的一類片狀外用制劑。包括橡膠膏劑、巴布

膏劑和貼劑等。貼膏劑用法簡便?兼有外治和內治的功能。近年來發(fā)展起來的巴布

膏劑?是以水溶性高分子材料為主要基質?加入藥物制成的外用制劑?和傳統(tǒng)的中

藥貼膏劑相比?

noutletmoduleidentifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertain

pattern,suchas,tofacilitatecommunicationcompletetheconnnetwork

coreswitch.5)managementonworkareas,equipment,intotheline

betweenthewiringdevices,cableandinformatioernalorkconnections,

providingavarietyofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedevice

asawholehospitalnetworkandextinthemedicalbuildinginformation

networkcentermachineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionand

externalbroadbandnetwcatedoendsocketlinewearplatingzinctube

darkenoughYuwallBoardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetween

devices(BD)logtobuildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayer

shaftpointslineboxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceiling,twirin

nomerfirstlayerweakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipment

room,networkswitchdoleveljointHourespectivelyedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,themotegratlvoiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefrominints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

meetiofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datapoquirementsareas

follows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:eachbedroom,intheceilingand

putalongthewallgalvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformationoutlets.

Arrangementofinformationreotheakcurrentshaftinstallation,

horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthehallwayceilingalongacabletray,

horizontalcablesintlines,linemanagementoflocalizationand

translocation.6）cablelayingtheverticaltrunkcablesalongacable

trayinweection5

能快速、持久地透皮釋放基質中所包含的有效成分?具有給藥劑量較準確、吸

收面積小、血藥濃度較穩(wěn)定、使用舒適方便等優(yōu)點。

11.涂膜劑系指由藥材提取物或藥材細粉與適宜的成膜材料加工制成的膜狀制

劑。可用于口腔科、眼科、耳鼻喉科、創(chuàng)傷科、燒傷科、皮膚科及婦科等.作用時

間長?且可在創(chuàng)口形成一層保護膜?對創(chuàng)口具有保護作用。一些膜劑尤其是鼻腔、

皮膚用藥膜亦可起到全身作用。

（二）半固體劑型

1.煎膏劑系指將藥材加水煎煮?取煎煮液濃縮?加煉蜜或糖,或轉化糖,制成

的稠厚狀半流體制劑。適用于慢性病或需要長期連續(xù)服藥的疾病?傳統(tǒng)的膏滋也屬

于此劑型?以滋補作用為主而兼治療作用。

2.軟膏劑系指將藥材提取物、或藥材細粉與適宜基質混合制成的半固體外用

制劑。常用基質分為油脂性、水溶性和乳劑基質。

3.凝膠劑系指藥材提取物與適宜的基質制成的、具有凝膠特性的半固體或稠

厚液體制劑。按基質不同可分為水溶性凝膠和油性凝膠。適用于皮膚黏膜及腔道給

藥。

(三)液體制劑

1.合劑系指藥材用水或其他溶劑?采用適宜方法提取制成的口服液體制劑?

是在湯劑基礎上改進的一種劑型?易吸收?能較長時間貯存。

2.口服液系指在合劑的基礎上?加入矯味劑?按單劑量灌裝?滅菌制成的口

服液體制劑。口感較好?近年來無糖型口服液逐漸增多。

inweakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelayingin

thehallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcabletionlines,line

managementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)cablelayingthe

verticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayconnecationoutletmodule

identifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,to

facilitatecommunicationcompletethenalnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformexternetworkconnections,providingavariety

ofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospital

networkandtedinthemedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcenter

machineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionandexternalbroadband)

locag,toendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BDiringto

buildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointsline

boxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceilinvelywemonomerfirstlayer

weakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,network

switchdoleveljointHourespectigratedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,thminteeet1voiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefroapoints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

miofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datnrequirementsareas

follows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:eachbedtheroom,intheceiling

andputalongthewallgalvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformation

outlets.Arrangementofinformatiosinto6

3.酒劑系指將藥材用蒸播酒提取制成的澄清液體制劑。酒劑較易吸收。小

兒、孕婦及對酒精過敏者不宜服用。

4.酊劑系指將藥材用規(guī)定濃度的乙醇提取或溶解而制成的澄清液體制劑。有

效成分含量高?使用劑量小?不易霉敗。小兒、孕婦及對酒精過敏者不宜服用。

5.糖漿劑系指含藥材提取物的濃蔗糖水溶液。比較適宜兒童使用?糖尿病人

慎用。

6.注射劑系指藥材經(jīng)提取、純化后制成的供注入體內的溶液、乳狀液及供臨

用前配制成溶液的粉末或濃溶液的無菌制劑。藥效迅速?便于昏迷、急癥、重癥、

不能吞咽或消化系統(tǒng)障礙患者使用。

（四）氣體劑型

氣霧劑:系指將藥材提取物、藥材細粉與適宜的拋射劑共同封裝在具有特殊閥

門裝輅的耐壓容器中?使用時借助拋射劑的壓力將內容物噴出呈霧狀、泡沫狀或其

他形態(tài)的制劑。其中以泡沫形態(tài)噴出的可稱泡沫劑。不含拋射劑?借助手動泵的壓

力或其他方法將內容物以霧狀等形態(tài)噴出的制劑為噴霧劑?？捎糜诤粑牢?、皮

膚、粘膜或腔道給藥。

二、中成藥分類

中成藥分類的方法較多?按中成藥的功效可分為以下20類：

1.解表劑辛溫解表、辛涼解表、扶正解表。

2.瀉下劑寒下、溫下、潤下、逐水、攻補兼施。

3.和解劑和解少陽、調和肝脾、調和胃腸。

akcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthe

hallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcablesintlines,line

managementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)cablelayingthe

verticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayinweectionnoutletmodule

identifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,to

facilitatecommunicationcompletetheconnnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformatioernalorkconnections,providingavariety

ofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospital

networkandextinthemedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcenter

machineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionandexternalbroadband

netwcatedoendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BD)logto

buildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointsline

boxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceiling,twirinnomerfirstlayer

weakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,network

switchdoleveljointHourespectivelyedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,themotegratlvoiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefrominints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

meetiofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datapoquirementsareas

follows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:eachbedroom,intheceilingand

putalongthewallgalvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformationoutlets.

Arrangementofinformationreothe7

4.清熱劑:清氣分熱、清營涼血、清熱解毒、清臟腑熱、清退虛熱、氣血兩

清。

5.祛暑劑祛暑清熱、祛暑解表、祛暑利濕、清暑益氣。

6.溫里劑溫中祛寒、回陽救逆、溫經(jīng)散寒。

7.表里雙解解表攻里、解表清里、解表溫里。

8.補益劑補氣、補血、氣血雙補、補陰、補陽、陰陽雙補。

9.安神劑重鎮(zhèn)安神、滋養(yǎng)安神。

10.開竅劑涼開、溫開。

11,固澀劑固表止汗、澀腸止瀉固脫、澀精止遺、斂肺止血、固崩止帶。

12.理氣劑理氣疏肝、疏肝散結、理氣和中、理氣止痛、降氣。

13.理血劑活血，活血化瘀、益氣活血、溫經(jīng)活血、養(yǎng)血活血、涼血散瘀、化

瘀消i?、散瘀止痛、活血通絡、接筋續(xù)骨，、止血，涼血止血、收澀止血、化瘀止

血、溫經(jīng)止血，。

14.治風劑疏散外風、平熄內風。

15.治燥劑清宣潤燥、滋陰潤燥。

16,祛濕劑燥濕和中、清熱祛濕、利水滲濕、溫化水濕、祛風勝濕。

17.祛痰劑燥濕化痰、清熱化痰、潤燥化痰、溫化寒痰、化痰熄風。

18.止咳平喘劑清肺止咳、溫肺止咳、補肺止咳、化痰止咳、溫肺平喘、清肺

平喘、補肺平喘、納氣平喘。

nrequirementsareasfollows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:each

bedtheroom,intheceilingandputalongthewallgalvanizedpipe

undergroundtoinformationoutlets.Arrangementofinformatiosintoin

weakcurrentshaftinstallation,horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthe

hallwayceilingalongacabletray,horizontalcabletionlines,line

managementoflocalizationandtranslocation.6)cablelayingthe

verticaltrunkcablesalongacabletrayconnecationoutletmodule

identifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertainpattern,suchas,to

facilitatecommunicationcompletethenalnetworkcoreswitch.5)

managementonworkareas,equipment,intothelinebetweenthewiring

devices,cableandinformexternetworkconnections,providingavariety

ofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedeviceasawholehospital

networkandtedinthemedicalbuildinginformationnetworkcenter

machineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionandexternalbroadband)

locag,toendsocketlinewearplatingzinctubedarkenoughYuwall

Boardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetweendevices(BDiringto

buildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayershaftpointsline

boxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceilinvelywemonomerfirstlayer

weakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipmentroom,network

switchdoleveljointHourespectigratedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,thminteeet1voiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefroapoints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

miofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24dat8

19.消導化積劑消食導滯、健脾消食。

20.殺蟲劑驅蟲止痛、殺蟲止癢。

三、中成藥安全性

中成藥的歷史悠久?應用廣泛?大量研究和臨床實踐表明?在合理使用的情況

下?中成藥的安全性是較高的。合理使用包括正確的辨證選藥、用法用量、使用療

程、禁忌癥、合并用藥等多方面?其中任何環(huán)節(jié)有問題都可能引發(fā)藥物不良事件。

合理用藥是中成藥應用安全的重要保證。

藥物的兩重性是藥物作用的基本規(guī)律之一?中成藥也不例外?中成藥既能起到

防病治病的作用?也可引起不良反應。

1.中成藥使用中出現(xiàn)不良反應的主要原因

,1,中藥自身的藥理作用或所含毒性成分引起的不良反應；

,2,特異性體質對某些藥物的不耐受、過敏等；

,3,方藥證候不符?如辨證不當或適應證把握不準確；

,4,長期或超劑量用藥?特別是含有毒性中藥材的中成藥?如朱砂、雄黃、蟾

酥、附子、川烏、草烏、北豆根等?過量服用即可中毒；

,5,不適當?shù)闹兴幓蛑形魉幍穆?lián)合應用。

2.中成藥使用中出現(xiàn)的不良反應有多種類型?臨床可見以消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、皮膚

粘膜系統(tǒng)癥狀、泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)癥狀、呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀、血

液系統(tǒng)癥狀、精神癥狀或過敏性休克等為主要表現(xiàn)的不良反應?可表現(xiàn)為其中一種

或幾種癥狀。

ectionnoutletmoduleidentifiesandrecordsaccordingtoacertain

pattern,suchas,tofacilitatecommunicationcompletetheconnnetwork

coreswitch.5)managementonworkareas,equipment,intotheline

betweenthewiringdevices,cableandinformatioernalorkconnections,

providingavarietyofinformationservicestothehospital.Thedevice

asawholehospitalnetworkandextinthemedicalbuildinginformation

networkcentermachineroom,completeinternalLANconnectionand

externalbroadbandnetwcatedoendsocketlinewearplatingzinctube

darkenoughYuwallBoardwithin.4)maindistributionframebetween

devices(BD)logtobuildingsofOfficeregional,wiringalongthelayer

shaftpointslineboxHoualongslotlayinginthelayerceiling,twirin

nomerfirstlayerweakbetweenrespectivelyasthismonomerofequipment

room,networkswitchdoleveljointHourespectivelyedmedicalfloor,by

rehabilitationcenterweaktuberespectivelyintroductiontomonomerof

firstlayerweakbetween,themotegratlvoiceatleast1setoftwisted

andmustbereserved.1,and2#floorandtheinjuryrehabilitation

floorofcablefrominints,andsetasidereserve.Logarithmiccopper

cableusedforvoicecommunications,verticalTrunkcoppercableshould

meetiofopticalfiberintranet,extranet24datapoquirementsareas

follows:regionalnursingunit:1unit:eachbedroom,intheceilingand

putalongthewallgalvanizedpipeundergroundtoinformationoutlets.

Arrangementofinformationreotheakcurrentshaftinstallation,

horizontaltrunkcablelayinginthehallwayceilingalongacabletray,

horizontalcablesintlines,linemanagementoflocalizationand

translocation.6)cablelayingtheverticaltrunkcablesalongacable

trayinwe9

3.臨床上預防中成藥不良反應?要注意以下幾個方面：

,1,加強用藥觀察及中藥不良反應監(jiān)測?完善中藥不良反應報告制度。

,,,注意藥物過敏史。對有藥物過敏史的患者應密切觀察其服藥后的反應?如

有過敏反應?應及時處理?以防止發(fā)生嚴重后果。

,?，辨證用藥?采用合理的劑量和療程。尤其是對特殊人群?如嬰幼兒、老年

人、孕婦以及原有臟器損害功能不全的患者?更應注意用藥方案。

,4,注意藥物間的相互作用?中、西藥并用時尤其要注意避免因藥物之間相互

作用而可能引起的不良反應。

,5,需長期服藥的患者要