英國(guó)文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料

BritishWritersandWorksI.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:1.UsingalliterationDefinitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（頭韻）

SomeexamplesonP52.UsingmetaphorandunderstatementDefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideasGeofferyChaucer杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)~1400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫(xiě)作。約翰·德萊頓（JohnDryden）稱其為“英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish②<TroilusandCriseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德③<TheHouseofFame>聲譽(yù)之宮MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(傳奇故事)Famousthree：KingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulfIITheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:1.newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology2.thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansion3.rediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.1.EdmundSpenser埃德蒙?斯賓塞1552~1599（后人稱之為“詩(shī)人的詩(shī)人”。）Thepoets’poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey①<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.Artisticfeatures:1.UsingSpenserianStanzaDefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.②<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日歷ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.③<Amoretti>愛(ài)情小唱2.ThomasMore托馬斯?莫爾1478~1535OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists①<Utopia>烏托邦3.FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯?培根1561~1626（哲學(xué)家、散文家；在論述探究知識(shí)的著作中提出了知識(shí)就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.①<TheAdvancementofLearning>學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)②<Essays>隨筆(famousquotas:<Ofstudies>)ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.4.BenJonson①<ComedyofHumours>②<Volpone,orthefox>狐貍5.ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗?馬洛1564~1595“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。）Blankverse:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.①<TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus>浮士德博士的悲劇（根據(jù)德國(guó)民間故事書(shū)寫(xiě)成）②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<TheJewofMalta>馬耳他的猶太人6.WilliamShakespeare威廉?莎士比亞1564~1616①Historicalplays:HenryVI;HenryIV:RichardIII;HenryV；RichardII；HenryVIII②FourComedies:<AsYouLikeIt>皆大歡喜;<TwelfthNight>第十二夜;<AMidsummerNight’SDream>仲夏夜之夢(mèng);<MerchantOfVenice>威尼斯商人③FourTragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆萊特;<Othello>奧賽羅;<KingLear>李爾王;<Macbeth>麥克白④ShakespeareSonnet:154<TheSonnets>Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.IIIThe17thCentury

1.JohnMilton約翰?彌爾頓1608~1674（詩(shī)人、政論家;失明后寫(xiě)《失樂(lè)園》、《復(fù)樂(lè)園》、《力士參孫》。）①Epics:<ParadiseLost>失樂(lè)園<ParadiseRegained>復(fù)樂(lè)園

②Dramaticpoem:<SamsonAgonistes>力士參孫③<Areopagitica>論出版自由<TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople>為英國(guó)人民聲辯④<OnHisBlindness>我的失明Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestshocanendurethesufferingbest.2.JohnBunyan約翰?班揚(yáng)1628~1688（代表作《天路歷程》，宗教寓言，被譽(yù)為“具有永恒意義的百科全書(shū)”，是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）Puritanpoet(清教徒派詩(shī)人)①ReligionaryAllegory:<ThePilgrim’sProgress>天路歷程3.JohnDonnetheMetaphysicalpoet(玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人).MetaphysicalPoetry(玄學(xué)詩(shī))：（用語(yǔ)）thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,(形式)theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主題：love,religious,thought）Artisticfeatures:1.conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻2.syllogism三段論①M(fèi)editations沉思錄TheFlea虱子②SongsAndSonnetsHolySonnets③Valediction:<ForbiddingMourning>IVThe18thCenturyArevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracyTheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)小說(shuō)崛起：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised(realisticnovel現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō))Gothicnovel(哥特式小說(shuō))：mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)1.AlexanderPope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688~1744（18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人，其詩(shī)多用“英雄雙韻體”/“heroiccouplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）OneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.①<AnEssayonCriticism>批評(píng)論Artisticfeatures:1.Using“heroiccouplets”②<TheRapeoftheLock>卷發(fā)遇劫記③<MoralEssays>道德論

<EssayonMan>人論<TheDunciad>愚人記2.SamuelJohnson塞繆爾?約翰遜1709~1784①Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage>英語(yǔ)大詞典3.JonathanSwift喬納森?斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世紀(jì)杰出的政論家和諷刺小說(shuō)家amastersatirist。）

①<Gulliver’sTravels>格列佛游記(fictionalwork)Fourparts:Lilliput小人國(guó)Brobdingnag大人國(guó)FlyingIsland飛島Houyhnhnm馬島<AModestProposal>一個(gè)小小的建議②<TheBattleofBooks>書(shū)戰(zhàn)③<ATaleofaTub>木桶的故事④<TheDrapper’sLetters>一個(gè)麻布商的書(shū)信4.DanielDefoe丹尼爾?笛福1660~1731（小說(shuō)家，新聞?dòng)浾撸?cè)子作者；十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.①<RobinsonCrusoe>魯賓遜漂流記ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.②<MollFlanders>③<ColonelJacque>④<Captainsingleton>5.HenryFielding亨利?菲爾丁1707~1754（英國(guó)小說(shuō)家，戲劇家，被譽(yù)為“英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文體史詩(shī)),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.①novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>約瑟夫?安德魯<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大詩(shī)人江奈生?威爾德<Amelia>愛(ài)米利亞②plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年歷史記事<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英國(guó)6.OliverGoldsmith奧利弗?格爾德斯密斯1730~1774①poems:<TheTraveller>旅游人<TheDesertedVillage>荒村②novel:<TheVicarofWakefield>威克菲爾德牧師傳7.RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德?布林斯利?施萊登1751~1816①<TheRivals>情敵②<TheSchoolforScandal>造謠學(xué)校8.WilliamBlake威廉?布萊克1757~1827①<SongsofInnocence>天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.②<SongsofExperience>經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper><London><TheTyger>LambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolence③<TheMarriageofHeavenandHell>天堂與地獄的婚姻9.RobertBurns羅伯特?彭斯1759~1796ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫(xiě)的詩(shī)①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>約翰?安德生，我的愛(ài)人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔時(shí)光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>VTheRomanticPeriodTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人應(yīng)該是獨(dú)立自由的個(gè)體)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).“TheLakePoets”湖畔詩(shī)人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey1.WilliamWordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770~1850（與柯?tīng)柭芍?、騷塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩(shī)人。TheLakePoets）①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey④TheSolitaryReaper孤獨(dú)的割麥女②<ThePrelude>序曲2.SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾?泰勒?科爾律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子頌②<Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>憂郁頌⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withWilliamWordsworth)3.GeorgeGordonByron喬治?戈登?拜倫1788~1824（拜倫式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨(dú)與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩(shī)歌中第一個(gè)“拜倫式英雄”。）“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.①<DonJuan>唐?璜<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰爾德?哈羅德?tīng)栍斡?lt;Cain>該隱②<WhenWeTwoParted>當(dāng)初我們倆分別<SheWalksInBeauty>4.PersyByssheShelley波西?比希?雪萊1792~1822①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普羅米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression②<QueenMab>麥布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯蘭的反叛<TheCenci>欽契一家<ADefenceofPoetry>詩(shī)辯<TheNecessityofAtheism>無(wú)神論的必要性③Lyrics:<OdetotheWestWind>西風(fēng)頌Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima(三行詩(shī)ababcbcdcdedefe…)<ToaSkylark>致云雀5.JohnKeats約翰?濟(jì)慈1795~1821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩(shī)句。)①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希臘古甕頌<OdetoaNightingale>夜鶯頌<OdetoPsyche>心靈頌<OdeOnMelancholy>憂郁頌②<ToAutumn>秋頌Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.6.JaneAusten簡(jiǎn)?奧斯丁1775~1817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.①<SenseandSensibility>理智與感情<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢與偏見(jiàn)(chapterI)【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲爾德莊園<Emma>愛(ài)瑪<NorthangerAbbey>諾桑覺(jué)寺<Persuasion>勸導(dǎo)7.WalterScott沃爾特?斯科特1771~1832(歷史小說(shuō)之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels①<RobRoy>羅伯?羅伊②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫..VITheVictorianPeriodCommonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.1.CharlesDickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812~1870（批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)家）criticalrealistwriter①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外傳②<OliverTwist>奧利弗?特維斯特（霧都孤兒）③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店④<AChristmasCarol>圣誕頌歌⑤<DombeyandSon>董貝父子⑥<DavidCopperfield>大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾⑦<BleakHouse>荒涼山莊<HardTimes>艱難時(shí)世⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>雙城記(London&Paris)⑨<GreatExpectations>遠(yuǎn)大前程⑩<OurMutualFriend>我們共同的朋友2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷1811~1863①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利場(chǎng)(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)②<TheBookOfSnobs>3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855①<JaneEyre>簡(jiǎn)?愛(ài)JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.②<Shirley>雪莉③<Professor>教師4.EmilyBronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854①<WutheringHeights>呼嘯山莊Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella②<OldStoic>5.GeorgeEliot喬治?艾略特1819~1880①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊②<AdamBede>亞當(dāng)?比德③<SilasMarner>織工馬南④<Middlemarch>米德?tīng)栺R契6.AlfredTennyson阿爾弗萊德?丁尼生1809~1892（維多利亞時(shí)代最具代表性的偉大詩(shī)人）PoetLaureate（桂冠詩(shī)人）①<InMemoriam>悼念Tomemorializehisfriend②<Break,Break,Break>沖擊、沖擊、沖擊③<IdyllsoftheKing>國(guó)王敘事詩(shī)7.RobertBrowning羅伯特?白朗寧1812~1889①<MyLastDutchess>我已故的公爵夫人②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外鄉(xiāng)思ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行詩(shī)8.RobertLouisStevenson①<TreasureIsland>金銀島9.ThomasHardy托馬斯?哈代1840~1928（小說(shuō)多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說(shuō)家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）

⑴Novels①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔絲Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration②<JudeTheObscure>無(wú)名的裘德③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>綠蔭下④<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>遠(yuǎn)離塵囂⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)⑥<TheReturnoftheNative>還鄉(xiāng)⑵PoemsWessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列國(guó)VII1900~1950The20thCenturyPlaywrights①OscarWilde②GeorgeBernardShaw1.OscarWilde奧斯卡?王爾德1856~1900（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）①4Comedies:<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>認(rèn)真的重要<LadyWindermere’sFan>溫德米爾夫人的扇子<AWomanOfNoImportance>一個(gè)無(wú)足輕重的女人<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫②Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安?格雷的畫(huà)像③FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>快樂(lè)王子故事集2.GeorgeBernardShaw喬治?伯納?蕭1856~1950(英國(guó)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義劇作家）criticalrealisticdramatist⑴Plays①PlaysUnpleasant<MrsWarren’SProfession>華倫夫人的職業(yè)<Widowers’Houses>鰥夫的房產(chǎn)②PlaysPleasant<ArmsAndMan>武器與人<TheManOfDestiny>左右命運(yùn)的人③Plays<ManAndSuperman>人與超人<Pygmalion>匹格瑪利翁<TheAppleCart>蘋(píng)果車<SaintJoan>圣女貞德Novelists(Realists)1.JosephConcrad①<LordJim>吉姆爺②<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗的心1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilizedMiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.【W(wǎng)hite/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt3.CommentThebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.4.Character【Kurtz】representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.【Marlow】representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.5.NarrativeStructureInHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz’sstory.2.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage>人性的枷鎖3.EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)<APassageToIndia>印度之行<HawardsEnd>霍華茲別墅Modernists⑴3Novelists①JamesJoyce②DavidHerbertLawrence③VirgirniaWoolf1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴維?赫伯特?勞倫斯1885~1930①<SonsAndLovers>兒子與情人(autobiographical)【Mrs.Morel】,daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcharacterandrefinement",astrong-w