英語詞匯學(xué)省公開課一等獎(jiǎng)全國示范課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabulary

nothingcanbeconveyed.”EnglishLexicology(II)1EnglishLexicology(II)1/113Contents5.Word-FormationI:theMajorProcesses6.Word-FormationII:theMinorProcesses7.MotivationTobecontinued2EnglishLexicology(II)2/113Chapter5Word-FormationI:

TheMajorProcesses5.1GeneralRemarks5.2Prefixation5.3Suffixation5.4Conversion5.5Compounding3EnglishLexicology(II)3/1135.1GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%)4EnglishLexicology(II)4/1135.2PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair

Class-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege

5EnglishLexicology(II)5/1135.2PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:6EnglishLexicology(II)6/1135.2Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,

un-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrest7EnglishLexicology(II)7/1135.2PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature8EnglishLexicology(II)8/1135.2Prefixation2)Reversativeorprivativede-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterested9EnglishLexicology(II)9/1135.2PrefixationCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepollute10EnglishLexicology(II)10/1135.2Prefixation3)Pejorativeprefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friend11EnglishLexicology(II)11/1135.2Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatom12EnglishLexicology(II)12/1135.2PrefixationComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture13EnglishLexicology(II)13/1135.2Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslavery14EnglishLexicology(II)14/1135.2Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplanttele-telephone,telegram,telecommunication15EnglishLexicology(II)15/1135.2PrefixationViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastPacificRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTranspacificTransracialForeshore16EnglishLexicology(II)16/1135.2Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoral17EnglishLexicology(II)17/1135.2Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologuebi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide,dialogue,dichotomy,disyllabletri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular,multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal,polygamysemi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomatic18EnglishLexicology(II)18/1135.2PrefixationLingualLateralPolarDimensionalUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional19EnglishLexicology(II)19/1135.2Prefixation9)Conversionprefixesa-aloud,asleep,aglow,awashbe-belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitchen-endanger,enforce,enable,embody,embitter,empower20EnglishLexicology(II)20/1135.2Prefixation10)MiscellaneousprefixesExtra-Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrialNeo-Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,NeolithicPan-Pan-Pacific,Pan-Arabism,Pan-Africanism……………..21EnglishLexicology(II)21/1135.3SuffixationThedefinitionofsuffixationSuffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.22EnglishLexicology(II)22/1135.3SuffixationTheclassificationofsuffixesSincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes23EnglishLexicology(II)23/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.Denominalnouns(concreteorabstract)DeverbalnounsDe-adjectivalnounsNounandadjectivesuffixes24EnglishLexicology(II)24/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(concrete)-eerauctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer,profiteer,racketeer-erLondoner,teenager,villager-essactress,waitress,stewardess,hostess,lioness-letbooklet,leaflet,piglet,starlet25EnglishLexicology(II)25/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(abstract)-agebaggage,luggage,mileage,percentage-domfreedom,kingdom,stardom,officialdom-ery/-rydrudgery,slavery,nunnery,nursery,machinery-ismidealism,optimism,individualism,consumerism-shipdictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship-ocracyaristocracy,democracy,meritocracy-hoodboyhood,brotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood-fulhandful,mouthful,plateful,tubful26EnglishLexicology(II)26/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDeverbalnouns-antcontestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant-eeinterviewee,addressee,appointee,nominee,employee-er/-ordriver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper-ationfoundation,exploration,nomination,starvation-ingbuilding,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing-alrefusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal-mentamazement,arrangement,movement,government-agebreakage,coverage,shrinkage,drainage27EnglishLexicology(II)27/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDe-adjectivalnouns-itydiversity,equality,rapidity,verbosity,responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability-nessaccurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thickness,goodness28EnglishLexicology(II)28/1135.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsandadjectivesuffixes

-eseBurmese,Chinese,Cantonese,officialese,journalese-(i)anDarwinian,republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian-istcommunist,pianist,specialist,socialist29EnglishLexicology(II)29/1135.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-eddogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored-fuldelightful,successful,faithful,meaningful-ishchildish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish-lesshomeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless-likechildlike,ladylike,statesmanlike-lyfriendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly-ymilky,sandy,hairy,meaty30EnglishLexicology(II)30/1135.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-ic(-atic)ethnic,economic,historic,problematic-ous(-ious,-eous)ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous-al(-ial,-ical)accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophical31EnglishLexicology(II)31/1135.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDeverbalsuffixes-able(-ible,-uble)debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishable,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble-ive(-ative,-sive)attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisive32EnglishLexicology(II)32/1135.3Suffixation3)AdverbSuffixes-lysmoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally-ward(s)downward,eastward,homeward,forward-wiseclockwise,lengthwise,weatherwise,educationwise,taxwise,moneywise33EnglishLexicology(II)33/1135.3Suffixation4)Verbsuffixes-ateOriginate,hyphenate-enDeepen,harden,strengthen,hasten-ifySolidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify-ize(-ise)Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specialize34EnglishLexicology(II)34/1135.3SuffixationFalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApologyFalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologize35EnglishLexicology(II)35/1135.4ConversionThedefinitionofconversionConversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).36EnglishLexicology(II)36/1135.4ConversionMajortypesofconversionNoun-verbconversionVerb-nounconversionAdjective-nounconversion37EnglishLexicology(II)37/1135.4ConversionNoun-verbconversionHeelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Problemssnowballedbythehour.Thenewspaperheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.KissingergottheplansandhelicopteredtoCampDavid.38EnglishLexicology(II)38/1135.4ConversionAbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouthAbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouthChangesofpronunciationandspelling39EnglishLexicology(II)39/1135.4ConversionVerb-nounconversionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.Itisagoodbuy.Hetookacloselookatthemachine.doubt,smell,desire,want,attempt,hit,reply,divide40EnglishLexicology(II)40/1135.4ConversionVerb-nounconversionPhrasalverb-nounconversionRightbranchingLeftbranchingBreakdownBreakdownBreakoutOutbreakPickupPick-upSpilloverOverspillTakeoverTake-overStartupUpstartGettogetherGet-togetherPutinInputBreakthroughBreakthroughKeepupupkeep41EnglishLexicology(II)41/1135.4ConversionConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebelPermitProgressProtestTransferTransplantSurveyTormentShiftofstress42EnglishLexicology(II)42/1135.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionCompleteconversion43EnglishLexicology(II)43/1135.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endingin–sh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemned44EnglishLexicology(II)44/1135.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionCompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment.45EnglishLexicology(II)45/1135.5CompoundingThedefinitionofcompoundingCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.

46EnglishLexicology(II)46/1135.5CompoundingFormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotline47EnglishLexicology(II)47/1135.5CompoundingTypesofcompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompounds48EnglishLexicology(II)48/1135.5CompoundingNouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis49EnglishLexicology(II)49/1135.5CompoundingAdjectivecompoundsWeather-beaten

rocks,peacelovingpeople,

everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespot

inspection,taxfree

products,fire-proof

dress50EnglishLexicology(II)50/1135.5CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

windowshopfromwindow-shopping

massproducefrommassproduction

hen-peckfromhen-pecked

spoon-feedfromspoon-fed.51EnglishLexicology(II)51/1135.5CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.52EnglishLexicology(II)52/113Chapter6Word-FormationII:

TheMinorProcesses6.1Blending6.2Backformation6.3Shortening6.4Analogy53EnglishLexicology(II)53/1136.1BlendingThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼綴法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.54EnglishLexicology(II)54/1136.1BlendingExamplesnewscast(news＋broadcast)

brunch(breakfast＋lunch)

smog(smoke＋fog)

talkathon(talk＋marathon)

slimnastics(slim＋gymnastics)

videophone(video＋telephone)55EnglishLexicology(II)55/1136.1Blendingsci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawkscience＋fictionhigh＋fidelitywork＋alcoholicstagnation＋inflationUnited＋Communicationssituation＋comedymotor＋hoteldove＋hawk56EnglishLexicology(II)56/1136.2BackformationThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）

isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.

57EnglishLexicology(II)57/1136.2BackformationExampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep-walkfromsleep-walking58EnglishLexicology(II)58/1136.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）1)clippedwords（剪切詞）:thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.59EnglishLexicology(II)59/1136.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）2)initialisms（首字母連寫詞）:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.60EnglishLexicology(II)60/1136.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音詞）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.61EnglishLexicology(II)61/1136.3Shortening1)Clippedwordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheliorcopter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable62EnglishLexicology(II)62/1136.3ShorteninggymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabgymdormhankyGaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwords63EnglishLexicology(II)63/1136.3Shortening2)InitialismsIOC=InternationalOlympicCommitteeBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationISBN=InternationalStandardBookNumberCAD=computerassisteddesigncm=centimeterTB=tuberculosis64EnglishLexicology(II)64/1136.3ShorteningCPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipinternationaldirectdialGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialisms65EnglishLexicology(II)65/1136.3Shortening3)AcronymsBasic=Beginner’sAll-purposeSymbolicInstructionTEFL=teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageUNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationSars=SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome66EnglishLexicology(II)66/1136.3ShorteningTOFELROMNATOFIFAAidsradarTestofEnglishasaforeignlanguagereadonlymemoryTheNorthAtlanticTreatyorganizationFederationInternationaledeFootballAcquiredImmuneDeficiencysyndromeRadiodetectingandrangingWriteoutinfullthefollowingacronyms67EnglishLexicology(II)67/1136.4AnalogyThedefinitionofanalogy（類比）Theprocessbywhichwordsorphrasesarecreatedorre-formedaccordingtotheexistingpatternsinthelanguage68EnglishLexicology(II)68/1136.4AnalogyExamplesMarathon-----telethon,talkathonblue-collarworkers-----white-collarworkers,gray-collarworkers,pink-collarworkers,gold-collarworkersenvironmentalpollution-----visualoreyepollution,noisepollution,culturalpollution,graffitipollutionFirstFamily-----FirstLady,FirstDogLandscape-----moonscape,marscapeBird’seye------fish-eye,worm’s-eye,cat’s-eye69EnglishLexicology(II)69/113Chapter7Motivation7.1ConventionalityandMotivation7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation7.3Morphologicalmotivation7.4Semanticmotivation7.5Logicalmotivation7.6MotivationandCulture70EnglishLexicology(II)70/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationMeaning(Concept)WordTriangleofsignificance（詞義三角）FormReferent………….71EnglishLexicology(II)71/113MeaningasconceptOgdenandRichardssuggestedamodeltoillustratetheviewofmeaningasconcept.ThesemantictriangleproposedbyOgdanandRichardsThoughtReferent(theobject)Symbol(concept)

[tri:]symbolizereferto72EnglishLexicology(II)72/11373EnglishLexicology(II)73/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationThedebateovertheconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningThenaturalistsmaintainthereisanatural/intrinsicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.TheConventionalists,ontheotherhand,holdthattherelationsbetweensoundandmeaningareconventionalandarbitrary.Themeaningofawordisakindoflinguisticsocialcontract.

74EnglishLexicology(II)74/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality（約定俗成）

What’sinaname?ThatwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.-----Shakespeare:RomeoandJulietWordshavenomeaning,peoplehavemeaningforthem.------EricPartridge75EnglishLexicology(II)75/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality樹---Chinese木---Japanesearbre---Frenchbaun---Germany76EnglishLexicology(II)76/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationMotivation（理據(jù)）Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweenname(word-symbol)anditssense(meaning).Itistherelationshipbetweenthewordstructureanditsmeaning.77EnglishLexicology(II)77/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationNon-motivatedandmotivatedFromthepointofviewofmotivation,thegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarenonmotivated,sincetheyareconventional,arbitrarysymbols.However,thereisasmallgroupofwordsthatcanbedescribedasmotivated,thatis,adirectorsomewhatconnectionbetweenthesymbolanditssensecanbereadilyobserved.78EnglishLexicology(II)78/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationExamplesofmotivationThepigeoncoos.airmail,miniskirt,hopelessacoatofpaintHehasastonyheart.ThequestionwasliketheSphinx’sriddletothem.79EnglishLexicology(II)79/1137.1ConventionalityandMotivationTypesofmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivationMorphologicalmotivationSemanticmotivationLogicalmotivationMotivationandCulture80EnglishLexicology(II)80/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivation（擬聲理據(jù)）meansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledonomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Theyshowacloseconnectionbetweensoundandsense.81EnglishLexicology(II)81/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiaPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyan“echotothesense”.82EnglishLexicology(II)82/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiacatsmew,purrlionsroareaglesscreammicesqueakfrogscroakSnakeshisshenscluckwolveshowl83EnglishLexicology(II)83/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationSecondaryonomatopoeiaSecondaryonomatopoeiameansthatcertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsenses.Inotherwords,certainsoundsevokesymbolicconnotations,suggestingparticularsenses.84EnglishLexicology(II)84/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationSecondaryonomatopoeia-aresuggests“biglightornoise”Blare,flare,glare,stare-umpsuggests“protuberance”Plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mumpsk-suggests“touchingormovingonthesurface’Skate,skim,skin,ski,sketch,skidh-suggests“movingwithgreatspeed,force,orviolence”Heavy,haste,hurry,hit,hurl,hammer,hinder85EnglishLexicology(II)85/1137.2OnomatopoeicmotivationButithastobepointedoutthatonomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary;someonomatopoeicwordsarenotcompletelymotivatedphoneticallyandareconventionaltoquitealargeextent.Ifyouthrowastoneintowater,thesoundyouhearisbynomeansthesameaswhenyousaysplash.Fliesdonotexactlymakethesoundofbuzz.86EnglishLexicology(II)86/1137.3MorphologicalmotivationWesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Thisiscalledmorphologicalmotivation(形態(tài)理據(jù)）87EnglishLexicology(II)87/1137.3MorphologicalmotivationDerivationalwordsaremorphologicallymotivated.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenonecanimmediatelytellthemeaningoftheword.Compoundswordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningsofwordslikegood-looking,spaceman,moonscape,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.Onethingworthpointingoutisthatthemorphemes,thecomponentpartsofthesewordsarethemselvesconventional.88EnglishLexicology(II)88/1137.4SemanticmotivationSemanticmotivation（語義理據(jù)）referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.Hereitisthefigurativeusagethatprovidesthesemanticmotivation.89EnglishLexicology(II)89/1137.4SemanticmotivationExamples:Whenwespeakofastonyheartwearecomparingtheheartwithastone.whenwesaythelegofatable,wearecomparingthetable’slegwithoneofthelowerlimbsofahumanbeing.90EnglishLexicology(II)90/1137.4SemanticmotivationTypesofsemanticmotivationMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAnalogy91EnglishLexicology(II)91/1137.4SemanticmotivationMetaphorMetaphor（隱喻）isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.Itisasimilewithoutlikeoras.92EnglishLexicology(II)92/1137.4SemanticmotivationMetaphorTheworldisastage.

Aseaoftroubles;atideofpopularapplause.Thecityisajunglewherenobodyissafeafterthedark.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.-----BaconOfStudies93EnglishLexicology(II)93/1137.4SemanticmotivationMetonymyMetonymy（借代）

isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes.Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.94EnglishLexicology(II)94/1137.4SemanticmotivationMetonymyMetonymyusuallyincludesseveralclasses:containerforitscontent,athingcloselyassociatedforanother,toolforthedoerordeed,writerforhisworks,theconcretefortheabstractandsoon.95EnglishLexicology(II)95/1137.4SemanticmotivationMetonymy

Heistoofondofbottles.

Thehallapplauded.

IhaveneverreadLiBai.

Thepenismightierthanthesword.

Hesucceededtothecrown.

UncleSam;thePentagon;Hollywood;theWhiteHouse;Beijing96EnglishLexicology(II)96/113