時態(tài)、語態(tài)與句型

PAGEPAGE9動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)英語動詞在使用時有時態(tài)與語態(tài)的區(qū)別。初中英語時態(tài)有8種：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時。語態(tài)有主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)。時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時定義：表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作。標(biāo)志：always、usually、sometimes、often、every(day、week、year…)構(gòu)成：1、Be動詞：am、is、are肯定式：主語+am/is/are+….否定式：主語+amnot/isn’t/aren’t+….疑問式：Am(Is、Are)+主語+…?2、行為動詞（V）：肯定式：1、主語+V原+….2﹑主語(單三)+Vs(es)+….否定式：1﹑主語+don’t+V原+….2﹑主語(單三)+doesn’t+V原+….疑問式：1﹑Do+主語+V原+…?2﹑Does+主語+V原+…?注:=1\*GB3①V原為動詞原形=2\*GB3②主語(單三)是指單數(shù)第三人稱=3\*GB3③Vs(es)是指動詞單數(shù)第三人稱形式,其變化形式與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則一樣=4\*GB3④Do﹑Does﹑don’t﹑doesn’t為助動詞,使用助動詞后,句中謂語動詞一律用原形提示:=1\*GB3①表示客觀現(xiàn)象,真理一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。=2\*GB3②條件狀語從句、時間狀語從句，主句是一般將來時，從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時。一般過去時定義：表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。標(biāo)志：yesterday、thedaybeforeyesterday、last(week、year…)、…ago、thismorning、justnow、amomentago、thosedays、in2006構(gòu)成：1、Be動詞：was、were肯定式：主語+was/were+….否定式：主語+wasn’t/weren’t+….疑問式：Was/Were+主語+…?2、行為動詞（V）肯定式：主語+Vd(ed)+….否定式：主語+didn’t+V原+….疑問式：Did+主語+V原+…?注：Vd(ed)是動詞的過去式，變化規(guī)則如下：=1\*GB3①一般在詞尾+ed=2\*GB3②詞尾是e+d=3\*GB3③輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，改y為i+ed=4\*GB3④重讀閉音節(jié)詞雙寫+ed=5\*GB3⑤不規(guī)則變化要記憶：Did、didn’t為助動詞，使用助動詞后，動詞還原用原形。提示：在賓語從句中，若從句所表示的是一般過去時，它不受主句影響。一般將來時定義：表示在將來某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。標(biāo)志：tomorrow、next(month、year…)、inayear、soon、lateron、thisevening、in2010構(gòu)成：1、Begoingto+V原:肯定式：主語+be(am/is/are)goingto+V原+…否定式：主語+be(amnot/isn’t/aren’t)goingto+V原+…疑問式：Be(Am/Is/Are)+goingto+V原+…2、Will/Shall+V原肯定式：主語+will/shall+V原+…否定式：主語won’t/shan’t+V原+…疑問式：Will/shall+主語+V原+…注：助動詞will用于全部人稱，shall只用于I/We3、Be+Ving也可以表示一般將來時肯定式：主語+be+Ving…?否定式：主語+benot+Ving…疑問式：Be+主語+Ving+…如：go、come、learn、start、arrive等瞬間動詞的進(jìn)行時表示將來的意思提示：=1\*GB3①Willyou…?表示請求ShallI/We…?表示提建議=2\*GB3②在條件狀語從句，時間狀語從句中。主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。過去將來時定義：表示從過去某一時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。用法：常用于主句是過去時態(tài)的賓語從句中。構(gòu)成：1、主語+should/would+V原肯定式：主語+should/would+V原….否定式：主語+should/wouldnot+V原….疑問式：Should/Would+主語+V原….?注：助動詞would用于全部人稱，should只用于I/We2、主語+was/weregoingto+V原肯定式：主語+was/weregoingto+V原….否定式：主語+was/were+not+goingto+V原….疑問式：Was/Were+主語+goingto+V原…?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時定義：表示說話人說話時正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。標(biāo)志：now、Look!Listen!atthemoment、rightnow構(gòu)成：主語+be+Ving肯定式：主語+am/is/are+Ving+…否定式：主語+am/is/are+not+Ving+…疑問式：Am/Is/Are+主語+Ving+…注：Ving是動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，變化規(guī)則如下：=1\*GB3①一般在詞尾+ing=2\*GB3②詞尾是e,去+ing=3\*GB3③重讀閉音節(jié)詞雙寫+ing=4\*GB3④特殊：lie——lyingdie——dyingtie——tying提示：有些現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時無明顯標(biāo)志可根據(jù)上文提示。Whereis/are…?過去進(jìn)行時定義：表示過去某一時刻或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。標(biāo)志：atthattime(moment)、atthistimeyesterday、ateightyesterday、fromseventotenlastnight.構(gòu)成：主語+be(was/were)+Ving肯定式：主語+be(was/were)+Ving+…否定式：主語+wasn’t/weren’t+Ving…疑問式：Was/Were+主語+Ving+…提示：when、while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句(從句用一般過去時或過去進(jìn)行時)?，F(xiàn)在完成時定義：=1\*GB3①過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)束。=2\*GB3②表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀況。標(biāo)志：=1\*GB3①五個時間副詞：already、just、yet、ever、never.=2\*GB3②一段時間：since…、for+一段時間、before(以前)。=3\*GB3③次數(shù)：once、twice、…times④sofar,inthelast/past+一段時間,overtheyears,bynow.構(gòu)成：肯定式：主語have/has+V過去分詞….否定式：主語+haven’t/hasn’t+V過去分詞….疑問式：Have/Has+主語+V過去分詞…?提示：=1\*GB3①動詞的過去分詞的規(guī)則變化與動詞過去式變化規(guī)則一樣，特殊變化必須記憶。=2\*GB3②助動詞has只用于單數(shù)第三人稱，其余人稱用have。注：have/hasbeento與have/hasgoneto的用法:have/hasbeento“已到過（某地）”表示說話人在這have/hasgoneto“已到（某地）去了”表示說話人不在這過去完成時定義：=1\*GB3①表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。=2\*GB3②表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直延續(xù)到過去的某一時刻結(jié)束。標(biāo)志：by+過去某一時間點,bytheendof+過去某一時間點,bofore+過去某一時間點,bythetime+從句(從句用一般過去時)構(gòu)成：主語+had+V過去分詞….肯定式：主語+had+V過去分詞….否定式：主語+hadn’t+V過去分詞….疑問式：Had+主語+V過去分詞…?主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)：主語是動作（謂語）的執(zhí)行者。構(gòu)成：主語+V+…被動語態(tài)：主語是動作（謂語）的承受者。(主語常是物)構(gòu)成：主語+be+V過去分詞+…一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：2、一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：主語+am/is/are(not)+V過去分詞….主語+was/were(not)+V過去分詞….３、含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：4、一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：主語+情態(tài)動詞(not)+be+V過去分詞….主語+will(not)+be+V過去分詞…注：以上各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的否定式|、疑問式直接在be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞上變化，即在后+not變否定句，提前變疑問句式。Exercise：1.Myparentsoftenawalkaftersupper.Theyarebothveryhealthy.(have)2.Thestudenttoschoolthreedayslastweek.(notgo)3.Thewomanrealizedsheherkeysintheofficewhenshegothome.(leave)4.Thestudentssaidthattheyfromschoolinoneandahalfyears.(graduate)5.Tomalways(think)ofhimself.Look!He(eat)twocakesalready.6.I(lose)threeumbrellassofar.7.People(have)robotsintheirhomesin100years.8.Assoonasshe(return)I(tell)you.9.I_______(sleep)atnineo’clocklastSundaymorning.10.Mysister(watch)TVwhenI(get)homeyesterday.11.Bythetimeshegottoclass,theteacherteaching.(start)12.—Whereisyourparents?--Mymother(cook)supperinthekitchenandmyfather(go)tothebookstore.13.Ithinksixteen-year-oldsshould(notallow)todrive.14.Thecar(invent)in1885.15.Canthework(finish)beforeyouleaveforBeijing?16.It(say)thatheisgoingtoShanghainextyear.17.English(speak)bymanypeople.中考句子種類專項訓(xùn)練賓語從句賓語從句：一個完整的句子放在主句謂語動詞后做賓語,叫賓語從句。句型：1、主句+（that）引導(dǎo)的從句2、主句+if(如果)引導(dǎo)的從句3、主句+疑問詞(when,where,whattime,howlong…)引導(dǎo)的從句。注意：1、賓語從句一律用陳述語序,即引導(dǎo)詞+主語+謂語+其它；2、主句用一般過去式，從句要用過去某種時態(tài)；3、主句用一現(xiàn)在時，從句可用各種時態(tài)；4、主句用一般過去時，從句表真理也用一般現(xiàn)在時。Exercise：1.—Couldyoutellme?—Abouttwomonths.A.whenareyouleavingforShanghaiB.howoftenyougototheschoollibraryC.howmanyticketshaveyoubookedD.howlongyouhavebeenatthisschool2.Doyouknowthistimeyesterday?A.whatsheiscookingB.whatisshecookingC.whatshewascookingD.whatwasshecooking3.—Couldyoutellmetomorrowmorning?—Well,itwillstartat9:00o’clock.A.whenthemeetingwillstartB.wherewillthemeetingstartC.wherethemeetingstartD.whenthemeetingwouldstart4.—Couldyoupleasetellme?—IliveinYan’an.A.wheredoyouliveB.wherewereyoubornC.whereyouliveD.whereyouwereborn5.Hedidn’ttellmetomorrow.A.whenwillthetrainarriveB.whenwouldthetrainarriveC.whenthetrainarrivedD.whenthetrainwouldarrive6.Weknewthattheearth(move)aroundthesun.定語從句定語從句：是修飾、限制某一名詞、代詞，作為這個名詞、代詞定語的從句。結(jié)構(gòu)：1、先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞用who/whom/whose(whose+n.)。2、先行詞是物，關(guān)系代詞用that/which。3、先行詞是人+物，關(guān)系代詞用that。4、先行詞是復(fù)合不定代詞，指人的用who,指物的用that。5、先行詞表地點，關(guān)系副詞用where(作狀語),先行詞表時間，關(guān)系副詞用when(作狀語)。注意：１、定語從句的謂語動詞與先行詞一致。MrGreenoftengoestovisithisoldfriendwholivesinthecountry.2、who用作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞時，先行詞只能是指人，who可充當(dāng)主語，也可用作賓語，whom只能用作賓語。3、當(dāng)先行詞指人時，可用who，也可用thateg：1.TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.2.Doyouoftentalkwiththegirlwho/whomIsawjustnow?3.Thedoctorwho/that/whomMrZhangisspeakingtoisaboutfortyyearsold.Exercises:1.TheboywonthefirstprizeiscalledRoy.A.whoseB.whomC.whoD.which2.MrGreen,thereissomeoneatthefrontdeskwouldliketospeakwithyou.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whom3.IlikethemusicIcandanceto.A.thatB.whoseC.whenD.how4.IhavetoldeverythingIknowtoyou.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who5.Theboyandthedogarerunningontheroadlookveryhappy.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.which狀語從句狀語從句可分為時間、原因、條件、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較等幾種，狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，從屬連詞有一定意思，不能省去。時間狀語從句：常由when,while,since,until,not…until,after,before,assoonas(一……就……),whenever引導(dǎo)。原因狀語從句：常由because,since,as引導(dǎo)。(與so兩不碰頭)條件狀語從句：常由if,unless(=if…not…)引導(dǎo)。讓步狀語從句：常由though,although,eventhough引導(dǎo)。(與but兩不碰頭)目的和結(jié)果狀語從句：sothat,so…that…，such…that…引導(dǎo)。比較狀語從句：常由than,as…as…,notas/so…as…引導(dǎo)。要點:１、在if引導(dǎo)的真實條件句和assoonas引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。２、if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用：從句:If+主語＋動詞的過去式(be只能用were)+…主句:主語+would+動詞原形Exercise:1.Hedoesn’ttellmewhenhe.I’lltelephoneyouassoonashe.A.willcome,comesB.willcome,willcomeC.comes,willcomeD.comes,comes2.JameswiththeGreenstheWhiteTowerParkifittomorrow.A.aregoingto,isn’trainyB.aregoingto,doesn’trainC.isgoingto,won’trainD.isgoingto,isn’trainy3.Youwillbelateyouhurryup.A.afterB.whenC.unlessD.if4.TryyourbesttolearnEnglish.difficultitis,youshouldn’tgiveitup.A.NomatterwhatB.HowC.NomatterhowD.Whatever5.Johnisgoodatbasketballheisn’ttallenough.A.itB.sinceC.becauseD.though6.heisn’trichenough,heoftengivesawaymoneytosomepoorchildren.A.Though，butB.Though,/C.BecauseD.But,/7.You’lldomuchbetteryou’remorecarefulwithyourspelling.A.ifB.beforeC.althoughD.unless8.ThedrinkisdeliciousIenjoyitverymuch.A.too;toB.so;thatC.such;thatD.so;as9.—Theclassroomiscleanitwasyesterday.—Sorry,Iforgottocleanit.A.as;asB.so;asC.notso;asD.more;than10.IfInotsobusy,Iwithyou.A.was;wouldgoB.were;wouldgoC.was;shouldgoD.were;willgo11.We’llclimbXiangshanHillifittomorrow.A.won’trainB.rainC.rainyD.doesn’train12.IwillwritetoyouIgetthere.A.whileB.assoonasC.asD.since13.Ididn’tgotobedIfinishedmyhomework.A.afterB.tillC.sinceD.before14.Idon’tknowifhetomorrow.Ifhe,I’lltellhimaboutit.A.willcome;willcomeB.comes;comesC.comes;willcomeD.willcome;comes感嘆句感嘆句是表示喜怒哀樂及驚訝等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。重點掌握“what”和“how”引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。結(jié)構(gòu)：What+a/an+adj.+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語！What+adj.+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！How+adj./adv.+主語+謂語！Exercises:1.beautifultheskirtis!2.beautifulskirtitis!A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa3.thepieceofmusicsounds!A.WhatabeautifulB.WhatbeautifullyC.HowbeautifulD.Howbeautifully4.—thechildrenareplaying!A.WhathappyB.HowhappyC.WhathappilyD.Howhappily反意疑問句是指提問者有一定主見但沒有把握，提問者先陳述事實，再問是否如此，以希望對方進(jìn)一步證實的一種疑問句，常由兩部分構(gòu)成，前一部分是對事實的陳述，后一部分是簡短的提問。注意：1、前肯后否，前否后肯；人稱一致；時態(tài)一致。2、前一部分是祈使句（包括否定祈使句）的，后部分用“willyou?”但如果是“Let’sdosth.”形式的祈使句用“Shallwe?”Let與us分開寫時仍用“willyou?”。3、反意疑問句的回答根據(jù)事實而定。4、表否定的詞有：not,no,never,hardly,few,little,nothing,nobody,neither…nor…,seldom。5.含有賓語從句的反意疑問句，后部分的人稱、時態(tài)與賓語從句一致，肯、否定看主句。例：Idon’tthinkheisadoctor,ishe?Exercises:1.—Yourmotherdidn’tgotoworkyesterday,didshe?—.Thoughtshewasalittleill.A.Yes,shedid.B.Yes,shedidn’tC.No,shedidD.No,shedidn’t2.Thestudenthastolookafterherlittlesheeponthefarm,?A.hassheB.doessheC.hasn’tsheD.doesn’tshe3.—Haven’ttheyknowntheterriblerobbery,havethey?—.Itoldthemjustnow.A.Yes,theyhaveB.Yes,theyhaven’tC.No,theyhaveD.No,theyhaven’t4.He’sneverbeentoaforeigncountry,?A.hasheB.isn’theC.hasn’theD.ishe5.Hehardlyhastimeforconcerts,he?A.doesn’tB.doesC.doD.don’t6.Thebabycanhardlysayaword,?A.canheB.can’theC.canthebabyD.can’tthebaby7.Let’sgoouttoplayvolleyball,?8.Letuscleantheroomtogether,?Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)(就近原則)Therebe+某人/某物+某地表示某地有某人、某物Therebesth.wrongwithsb./sth.某人/物出問題或有差錯。Therebesb./sth.doing＋某地（在某地方）有某人/物在做某事。Thereisnotimetodosth.沒有時間去做某事。Therewillbe…Thereis/aregoingtobe…Thereusedtobe…Exercises:1.—Therenomilkinthefridge.Couldyougetsomeforme,Dick?—Allright,Mum.A.isB.areC.wasD.were2.apenandtwobooksonthedesk.A.ThereareB.ThereisC.TherehaveD.Therehas3.Theresomeoldpeopletakingawalkinthepark.A.isB.areC.hasD.have4.Thereisgoingtoasportsmeetingnextweek.A.haveB.beC.isD.hold5.Theremustbesomebirds(sing)inthetrees.含“it”句型的構(gòu)成It’stimeforsb.todosth.該某人去做某事了。It’sone’sturn/dutytodosth.輪到某人做某事了/做某事是某人的職責(zé)。Ittakessb.sometime/moneytodosth.It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.做某事對某人來說是……It’s+adj.+ofsb.todosth.某人做了某事真……（表感情）主語+find/think/make+it+adj.+todosth./that從句“It”常作句子主語、表示時間、日期、距離、天氣等。Exercises:1.It’sverynicepicturesforme.A.ofyoutodrawB.foryoutodrawC.foryoudrawingD.ofyoudrawing2.It’sveryimportantforus(stay)awayfromthecomputergames.倒裝句1.So+助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞+另一主語“……也一樣”Neither+助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞+另一主語“……也不”如：a)TomwatchedTVlastnight,sodidAnn.b)Marydidn’twatchTVlastnight,neitherdidJim2.So+上句主語+助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞“……確實如此”（表示所陳述的確是事實）Exercises:1.—Mydaughteratealotoficecreaminschool.—Yes,.A.sodidsheB.soshedidC.shedidsoD.Neitherdidshe2.—Lily’snotvisitedmanyplacesofgreatinterestinChina.—.A.NeitherhashertwinsisterB.NeitherishertwinsisterC.NeitherhertwinsisterhasD.Neitherhertwinsisteris3.—You’veleftthelighton.—.A.SoIhaveB.SodoIC.SohaveID.SoIdo4.—Davidhasmadeprogressrecently.—,and.A.Sohehas,sohaveyou.B.Sohehas,soyouhaveC.Sohashe,soyouhaveD.Sohashe,sohaveyou.5.MrWastonwon’tbeherenextweek,and.A.neitherwillhiswifeB.neitherhiswifewillC.sowillhiswifeD.sowillhiswife6.JimworkshardonhisChineseand.A.soLucydoesB.SoitLucyC.sodoesLucyD.SoLucyis7.—Dear,you’vemadethefloordirty.—Oh,.I’mterriblysorry.A.IdosoB.sodoIC.sohaveID.soIhave祈使句祈使句表示命令、請求、建議或勸告等等,主語通常被省略。1、肯定的祈使句:句型：動詞原形+其它!Helpyourselftosomefish!(help)2、否定的祈使句:句型：Don’t＋動詞原形。Don’tcomeout.(notcome)3、祈使句的回答:肯定的祈使句,常用“Ok,Iwill.”回答否定的祈使句,常用“Sorry,Iwon’t.”回答Exercises:1.—Don’tsteponthegrassnexttime,Mike.—.A.ThankyoufortellingmeB.Don’tworryC.Idon’tknowD.Sorry,Iwon’t2.—Beearlynexttime,Mike.—.A.Yes,IdoB.Don’tworryC.Ok,IwillD.Idon’tknow3.—Letmehelpyoucarrytheheavybox.—.A.IthinksoB.NevermindC.It’sveryniceofyouD.Helpyourselfofyou4.yourbooks,Tom.Don’tleaveyourthingshereandthere.A.PutonB.PutoffC.PutawayD.Putdown5.late.It’syourfirstdaytowork.Yousee,wellbegunishalfdone.A.Don’ttobeB.Don’tbeC.NotbeD.Benot并列句1.—It’s9o’clocknow.Imustgo.—It’srainingoutside.Don’tleaveitstops.A.whenB.sinceC.whileD.until2.Whenyou’relearningEnglish,trytouseit,you’llloseit.A.butB.orC.thenD.and3.LilyLucymaygowithyoubecauseoneofthemmuststayathome.A.Notonly,butalsoB.Neither,norC.Both,andD.Either,or4.youheisabletoski,butIam.A.Neither,norB.Notonly,butalsoC.Either,orD.Both,and5.It’srainingheavilythefarmerskeeponworkinginthefield.A.butB.thoughC.tillD.because6.—Howdoyoulikethetwopairsofshoes?—Theydon’tfitmewell.Theyaretoobigtoosmall.A.notonly,butalsoB.both,andC.neither,norD.either,or7.—Howaboutgoingoutforawalkwithus?—IwishIcould,Ihavetofinishmyhomeworkfirst.A.andB.soC.butD.or8.Marygotupveryearlythismorning,shecaughtthefirstbus.A.Because,/B.Because,soC.so,/D.Though,but9.Marygotupveryearlythismorning,shecaughtthefirstbus.A.becauseB.forC.soD.or10.Thereisalotoftrafficinthiscity,lookbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet.A.soB.andC.butD.for11.Lookleftandrightbeforeyoucrosstheroad,youmaybehitbyacar.A.andB.soC.orD.but動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)1.have2.didn’tgo3.hadleft4.wouldgraduate5.thinks,iseating6.havelost7.willhave8.returns,willtell9.wassleeping10.waswatching,got11.hadstarted12.iscooking,hasgone13.notbeallowed14.wasinvented15.befinished16.issaid17.isspoken賓語從句1—5DCACD6.moves定語從句