國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語(yǔ)教程(第四版)unit-01市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課微課金獎(jiǎng)

國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語(yǔ)教程

（第四版）(INTERNATIONALBusinessPractice)清華大學(xué)出版社1/48Chapter1

Abriefintroductionto

internationaltrade

2/48Internationaltrade,alsocalledworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Definition(P1)3/48

SectionOneReasonsforinternationaltrade(從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易動(dòng)機(jī))

1ResourceAcquisition(尋求資源)2BenefitsAcquisition(追求利潤(rùn))

3Diversification(各種經(jīng)營(yíng))

4Expandsales（擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)售）5.Internationalbalanceofpayments

(國(guó)際收支平衡)6.Otherreasons4/48ResourceAcquisition(尋求資源P2)Resourcedistributionaroundtheworldisuneven.Nonationhasalltheeconomicresourcesitneeds.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuythemfromothercountries.

5/48Naturalresources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Socialresources:laborforce,skillstechnology,equipmentsetc.Whatareresources?6/48

2.BenefitsAcquisition(追求利潤(rùn)P2)

Acountrycanbenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatalowercost.Question:Whycantradecreatebenefits?7/48TheoryofComparativeAdvantage

比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論Or:ComparativeCostTheory比較成本理論

（byAdamSmith,DavidRicardo,JohnStuartandothereconomistsinthe19thcentury）Question:Doyouthinkeverycountrycanproducethesametypeofproductatthesamecost?8/481.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcloth?2.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine?3.Whatshouldtheyspecializeinrespectively?HoursofLaborrequiredtoproduceCountryCloth(100bolts)Wine(100barrels)Scotland

30

120Portugal

100

20Example1

9/48Fact:Somecountrieshasnoabsoluteadvantageinproducinganyproducts.Question:Canthesecountriesmakeprofitsbydoingbusinesswiththosewhohasabsoluteadvantage?10/481)InwhichproductdoesU.S.Ahaveanabsoluteadvantage?2)InwhichproductdoesBrazilhaveacomparativeadvantage?3)Whatshouldthetwocountriesspecializein?unitsofPR(productiveresource)productU.S.ABrazil100cars

2

41000computers

3

4Example211/48Americanshaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingbothcarsandcomputers.UsingthreeunitsofPR(productiveresource)toproduce1,000computersintheUnitedStatesrequiressacrificingtheproductionof150cars.UsingfourunitsofPRtoproduce1,000computersinBrazilrequiressacrificingonly100cars.Conclusion:Brazilianshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingcomputers.12/48Conclusionforpoint2(P3)

Aslongasthereisminordifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrieshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.

Therefore,thecountrycanspecializeintheparticularproductsandmass-produce.13/483.Diversification多樣經(jīng)營(yíng)(P3)4.SalesExpansion擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)售(P4)

Salesarelimitedby1)thenumberofconsumers2)thecapacityofpurchaseofconsumer14/485.Internationalbalanceofpayments國(guó)際收支平衡(P4)

BOP---balanceofpaymentBOPaccount收支平衡賬戶(hù)BOPsheet收支平衡表15/48BalanceofpaymentTheinternationalbalanceofpaymentisthedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry.Afavorablebalanceofpayment(國(guó)際收支順差)meansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountry.Anunfavorablebalanceofpayment（國(guó)際收支逆差）

meansmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountry.16/48BalanceoftradeAfavorablebalanceoftrade(貿(mào)易順差)ortradesurplus(貿(mào)易出超)occurswhenthevalueofanation’sexportexceedsthatofitsimport.Whenthevalueofanation’simportexceedsthatofitsexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftrade

（貿(mào)易逆差）ortradedeficit(貿(mào)易入超)occurs.17/486.Otherreasons(P4)

1)Satisfyingalargedomesticdemand滿(mǎn)足國(guó)內(nèi)大量需求

2)Preferenceforinnovationandstyle對(duì)創(chuàng)新和款式追求

3)Forpoliticalreasons

政治原因18/48Termtranslation自給自足2.經(jīng)濟(jì)資源3.直接投資國(guó)際收支5.商品交換6.傾銷(xiāo)7.貿(mào)易順差8.貿(mào)易逆差9.歐盟10.國(guó)際收支順差11.國(guó)際收支逆差12.有形貿(mào)易13.無(wú)形貿(mào)易14.貨物貿(mào)易15.服務(wù)貿(mào)易Exercises19/48self-sufficient2.economicresources3.directinvestment4.Balanceofpayment5.Commodityexchange6.dumping7.favorablebalanceoftrade8.unfavorablebalanceoftradeKeys20/489.EuropeanUnion10.favorablebalanceofpayment11.unfavorablebalanceofpayment12.visible(tangible)trade13.invisible(intangible)trade14.tradeingoods15.tradeinserviceKeys21/48ProblemsCultureDifferences文化差異MonetaryConversion貨幣兌換TradeBarriers貿(mào)易壁壘SectionTwoProblems

Concerning

InternationalTrade22/481.Culturaldifferences

文化差異問(wèn)題(P5)

Ininternationaltrade,businesspeoplemustpaycloseattentiontodifferentlocalcustomsandBusinessnorms

(商業(yè)準(zhǔn)則).23/482.MoneyConversion

貨幣兌換問(wèn)題

(fluctuationinexchangerate)French

francs(法郎)USdollars(美元)Britishpounds(英鎊)DeutscheMark(馬克)Japaneseyen(日元)Danishkrone(克朗)Euro(歐元)

24/483.TradeBarriers

（貿(mào)易壁壘P6）

Isthereacompletelyfreetradingsysteminanycountry?Tradepoliciescomeinmanyforms-----tariffsorsubsidies,quantitativerestrictionorencouragementsonimportedorexportedgoods,servicesandassets.25/48TradeBarriers

（貿(mào)易壁壘）1)Tocorrectabalance-of–paymentdeficit;2)Inviewofnationalsecurity;3)Toprotecttheirindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.ReasonsfortradebarriersP626/48TradeBarriers

（貿(mào)易壁壘）1）Tariffbarriers

關(guān)稅壁壘2）Non-tariffBarriers

---NTBs

非關(guān)稅壁壘27/481)Tariffbarriers

關(guān)稅壁壘Tariffsorimporttariffs(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅)aretaxesleviedongoodsorservicesbeingimportedintothecountry.Thesetariffscanbeoftwotypes:1)ProtectiveTariff保護(hù)關(guān)稅2)RevenueTariff財(cái)政關(guān)稅

28/48Differentratesofcustomsdutiesareappliedtodifferentcategoriesofgoods.1)SpecificDuty

從量稅2)AdvaloremDuty

從價(jià)稅(P7)3)CompoundDuty

混合稅29/482)Non-tariffbarriersAnon-tariffbarrierisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,ratherthanasimpletariff.NTBscantakemanyforms,includingimportquotas,productstandards,buy-at-homerulesforGovernmentpurchases,andsoon.30/482)Non-tariffbarriers

(1)Importquota

進(jìn)口配額

Aquantitativerestriction

（數(shù)量限制）orupperlimitonthetotalquantityofimportofaproductallowedintoacountryduringaperiodoftime.

Aquantitativerestrictionisexpressedintermsofphysicalquantityorvalue.

Aquotarequireslowornodutiesbelowthelimitbuthighdutiesorpenaltyabovethelimit.31/48(2)VoluntaryExportRestraints

（VER）自愿出口約束/限制VERenablesonecountrytoforceontoanothercountryalowrateofincreaseinexportvolumethroughbilateralagreement---voluntaryrestraintagreement（VRA,自愿約束協(xié)定）出口國(guó)在進(jìn)口國(guó)同意不訴諸配額、關(guān)稅或其他進(jìn)口管制條件下，同意降低或限制出口雙邊協(xié)定。

It’sameasuretoavoidpunitive

[pju:n?tiv]actions(反對(duì)行動(dòng))takenbytheimportingcountry.32/48(3)ImportLicense進(jìn)口許可證

(4)Productstandard產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TBT---TechnicalBarrierstoTrade貿(mào)易技術(shù)壁壘exhaustemissionstandardsHealthstandardsSafetystandardssanitary

standardsnationalsecuritystandards33/48(5)GovernmentProcurementPolicy

政府采購(gòu)政策Example

BuyAmericanAct(購(gòu)置美國(guó)產(chǎn)品法案1933)stipulatesthattheUSgovernmentmustbuyAmericanproductsunlessthedomesticpriceisonaverage25%higherthanforeignprices.34/481.按商品移動(dòng)方向

1）Export2)ImportSectionThreeFormsofInternational

Trade(國(guó)際貿(mào)易形式)35/482.按商品形態(tài)

1)Tangible(visible)trade

MerchandiseExportsandImports(商品進(jìn)出口)2)Intangible(invisible)trade

service,knowledgeandskills,invisibleassets,suchaspatent,trademark,copyrightetc.36/483.按貿(mào)易內(nèi)容可分為:1)Generaltrade普通貿(mào)易

2)Processingtrade加工貿(mào)易

3)Compensationtrade賠償貿(mào)易

37/48三來(lái)一補(bǔ)Processingwithsuppliedmaterials來(lái)料加工Processingaccordingtosuppliedsamples來(lái)樣加工Assemblingwithsuppliedparts來(lái)件裝配Compensationtrade賠償貿(mào)易38/481.產(chǎn)品返銷(xiāo)回購(gòu)貿(mào)易或返銷(xiāo)

在賠償貿(mào)易中,用進(jìn)口設(shè)備或其它物資生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品,通稱(chēng)為直接產(chǎn)品,用直接產(chǎn)品支付,叫產(chǎn)品返銷(xiāo)。普通適合用于設(shè)備和技術(shù)貿(mào)易,在國(guó)際上稱(chēng)為“工業(yè)賠償”。在我國(guó),普通稱(chēng)為“直接賠償”。補(bǔ)充知識(shí)：

Compensationtrade賠償貿(mào)易39/482.商品換購(gòu)買(mǎi)方不用生產(chǎn)出來(lái)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行還款，而是用雙方約定其它產(chǎn)品或勞務(wù)來(lái)償付貨款，統(tǒng)稱(chēng)互購(gòu)。首次進(jìn)口一方用于支付進(jìn)口貨款商品,不是由進(jìn)口物質(zhì)直接生產(chǎn)出來(lái)產(chǎn)品,而是雙方約定其它商品,即間接產(chǎn)品。因?yàn)檫@種貿(mào)易有時(shí)候并不直接與其它生產(chǎn)相聯(lián)絡(luò),故在發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家有些人稱(chēng)之為“商業(yè)性”賠償貿(mào)易。因?yàn)檫@種賠償貿(mào)易用間接產(chǎn)品償還,在我國(guó)普通稱(chēng)之為間接賠償貿(mào)易。3.多邊賠償或叫轉(zhuǎn)手賠償

這種形式賠償貿(mào)易形式比較復(fù)雜。由第三國(guó)替換首次進(jìn)口一方負(fù)擔(dān)或提供賠償產(chǎn)品義務(wù)。

40/484.按交易雙方關(guān)系1)Licensing(許可證貿(mào)易)

2)Franchising(特許經(jīng)營(yíng))3)JointVentures(合資企業(yè))4)Soledistribution(獨(dú)家代理)

Soleagent5)Consignment(寄售)41/48

在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中，采取獨(dú)家代理方式時(shí)，作為委托人出口商即給予國(guó)外代理人在要求地域和期限內(nèi)推銷(xiāo)指定商品專(zhuān)營(yíng)權(quán)。按照通例，委托人在代理區(qū)域內(nèi)達(dá)成交易，凡屬獨(dú)家代理人專(zhuān)營(yíng)商品，不論其是否經(jīng)過(guò)該獨(dú)家代理人，委托人都要向他支付約定百分比傭金。

補(bǔ)充知識(shí)：

Soleagent(獨(dú)家代理)

42/48Termtranslation關(guān)稅壁壘2.非關(guān)稅壁壘3.從量稅4.配額5.保護(hù)性關(guān)稅6.幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)7.許可證制度8.財(cái)政關(guān)稅9.政府采購(gòu)10.貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義11.從價(jià)稅12.出口補(bǔ)助13.寄售Exercises43/481.Tariffbarriers2.non-tariffbarriers3.Specificduties4.quota5.Protectivetariff6.infantindustry7.Licensingsystem8.Revenuetariff9.governmentprocurement10.Tradeprotectionism11.AdvaloremDuties12.Exportsubsidies13.ConsignmentKeys44/48Foreignexchangecontrolisatariffbarrierthatcanrestri