2024屆江西省九江市高三下學(xué)期二模英語試題（含答案解析）

九江市2024年第二次高考模擬統(tǒng)一考試英語本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分；滿分150分，考試時間120分鐘。第Ⅰ卷（選擇題，滿分95分）考生注意：1.答題前，考生務(wù)必將自己的準(zhǔn)考證號、姓名填寫在答題卡上?？忌J(rèn)真核對答題卡上粘貼的條形碼的“準(zhǔn)考證號、姓名、考試科目”與考生本人準(zhǔn)考證號、姓名是否一致。2.回答選擇題時，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案標(biāo)號。回答非選擇題時，將答案寫在答題卡上，寫在本試卷上無效。3.考試結(jié)束，監(jiān)考員將試題卷、答題卡一并收回。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時，請先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話，你將有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.Whatwilltheweatherbelikelaterthatafternoon?A.Sunny.B.Rainy.C.Cloudy.2.Wheredidtheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Atthelibrary.B.Atthehospital.C.Atthemuseum.3.Whattimeisitnow?A.18:25.B.18:45.C.19:15.4.Howwillthemanpay?A.Incash.B.Bycreditcard.C.ByWeChatpay.5Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?A.Husbandandwife.B.Teacherandstudent.C.Shopassistantandcustomer.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘，聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whichjacketdoesthemanprefer?ATheblueone.B.Thecottonone.C.Theleatherone.7.Howmuchwillthemanpay?A.95dollars.B.100dollars.C.105dollars.聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。8.WhatdoesthemanthinkofMr.Henry’slectures?A.Boring.B.Exciting.C.Interesting.9.WhatdoesthewomandoduringMr.Henry’slectures?A.Shefallsasleep.B.Shetakesnotes.C.Shetakesphotos.聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。10.Whatisthewomancallingabout?A.Inquiringabouttheprice.B.Complainingabouttheservice.C.Gettingarefundforacomputer.11.Whenwasthepaymentactuallymadebythecompany?A.OnTuesday.B.OnFriday.C.OnWednesday.12.Whatdoesthemanadvisethewomantodo?A.Getanewbankcard.B.Waituntilthepaymentismade.C.Updateherbankcardinformation.聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。13.Whyisn’tthemangoingtocook?A.Heistiredofcooking.B.Heisfeelingexhausted.C.Hewantstotrydifferentfoods.14.Whatdoesthemansayhe’lldoonhisphone?A.Bookatable.B.Orderadelivery.C.Downloadanapp.15.WhatdoesthewomanthinkofIndianfood?A.Itistoospicy.B.Itisnothealthy.C.Itisabitmild.16.Whatdoesthemanthinkofthewoman?A.Sheisinterestedinfood.B.Sheiscasualaboutfood.C.Sheistoopickyaboutfood.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.WhendidChenLijunbegintolearnopera?A.1992.B.2005.C.2008.18.WhatmadeherteacheradvisehertoswitchtoXiaosheng?A.Herheight.B.Hertalent.C.Herhardwork.19.Whydidshehaveasenseofcrisis?A.Shewasn’tinterestedinitatall.B.Shewasconstantlymakingmistakes.C.Shewasn’tsureabouthercompetence.20.Whatcontributedtohersuccessaccordingtothetext?A.Perseverance.B.Optimism.C.Intelligence.第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題，每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。ATheMasterofArtsProgramintheHumanities(MAPH)attheUniversityofChicagoisdesignedtoallowyouthefreedomtoeitherfocusononeacademicdisciplineorexploreinterdisciplinary(跨學(xué)科的)intereststhatmaynotfitwellwithinatraditionalMAprogram.Thisadvantage,combinedwithourstrongsupport,canhelpyoutakethenextstepinyourprofessionalandacademiclifeinashortamountoftime—morethan90%ofourstudentsgraduatein9months.TheValueofThisMAProgramMaster’sdegrees,obtainedafterfinishingMAprograms,havebecomeincreasinglycommonforadmissiontoPhDprogramsanditisnotunusualforanMAdegreetoserveasarequirementforentryintomanyprofessionalfields.MAPHalsoallowsstudentstocompleteintensiveacademicworkandpreparesthemtocontinueintofurthergraduatestudyoracareerthatmuchfaster.AcademicSupportMAPHstudentsareprovidedwithacademicguidancefromthemomenttheyarriveoncampus.Mostoftenthissupportcomesfromthefollowingsources:·AllMAPHstudentstakearequiredfallquartercoursetaughtbytheMAPHDirector.·Studentsareplacedingroupsof10-12andworkcloselywithanassignedpost-doctoralInstructionalProfessororTeachingFellowthroughouttheyear.·Overthewinterandspringquarters,MAPHstudentsworkcloselywithafacultymemberwhohasagreedtoserveastheirthesisadvisor.·ThreeMAPHMentors,recentMAPHgraduateswhoworkasstaffmembers,areavailabletomeetwithstudentstodiscusscourseselection.1.WhatisthehighlightoftheMAPH?A.Interest. B.Expertise.C.Discipline. D.Flexibility.2.WhatisthepotentialuseofobtainingtheMAPH?A.Pursuingaprofitablecareer. B.ApplyingforaPhDprogram.C.Publishingloadsofpaperwork. D.Choosingundergraduatestudy.3.WhatkindofsupportisavailableforallMAPHstudents?A.Coursebythedirectoroftheprogram. B.GroupworkwiththeMAPHdirector.C.Adviceonthesiswritinginfallquarter. D.HelpwithcoursebooksfromMentors.【答案】1.D2.B3.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇應(yīng)用文，介紹了芝加哥大學(xué)人文學(xué)科的藝術(shù)碩士課程（MAPH）的一些信息?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“TheMasterofArtsProgramintheHumanities(MAPH)attheUniversityofChicagoisdesignedtoallowyouthefreedomtoeitherfocusononeacademicdisciplineorexploreinterdisciplinaryintereststhatmaynotfitwellwithinatraditionalMAprogram.(芝加哥大學(xué)的人文藝術(shù)碩士課程(MAPH)旨在讓你自由地專注于一門學(xué)科，或者探索傳統(tǒng)碩士課程中可能不太適合的跨學(xué)科興趣)”可知，MAPH課程的亮點是，它具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)靈活性。故選D?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章TheValueofThisMAProgram中關(guān)鍵句“Master’sdegrees,obtainedafterfinishingMAprograms,havebecomeincreasinglycommonforadmissiontoPhDprogramsanditisnotunusualforanMAdegreetoserveasarequirementforentryintomanyprofessionalfields.(完成碩士課程后獲得的碩士學(xué)位在攻讀博士課程中變得越來越普遍，碩士學(xué)位作為進(jìn)入許多專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的要求并不罕見)”可知，獲得MAPH的潛在用處是可以用來申請博士課程。故選B。【3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章AcademicSupport中關(guān)鍵句“AllMAPHstudentstakearequiredfallquartercoursetaughtbytheMAPHDirector.(所有MAPH學(xué)生都參加由MAPH院長教授的必修秋季課程)”可知，對于所有的MAPH學(xué)生來說，他們會接受由MAPH院長教授的課程。故選A。BWhenphotographerChrisJordanfirststeppedontoMidwayAtoll(中途島)in2009todocument“overwhelming”levelsofoceanwaste,littledidheknowthathisstrikingimageofadeadalbatross(信天翁)chickwouldgoviralandchangetheworld’sresponsetotheplasticscrisis.Afterhearingaboutanislandcoveredinthousandsofdeadbirdswithstomachsfullofeverydayplasticitems,hewasdeterminedto“findauniquewaytophotographthesebirdsindicatingtheseverityofthisenvironmentaltragedy”.Thoughheneverexpectedhisimageswouldgoviral,hisphotossoonbeganappearinginmagazinesandnewspapersallovertheworld.“Manypeopleemailedme,expressingconcernsandwantingtogototheislandtosavethealbatrosses,buttheplasticisnotcomingfromthisisland.It’sasystemicproblem,”saysJordan.ArecentreportbyWWFprojectsthatplasticproductionisexpectedtomorethandoubleby2040,resultinginplasticwasteintheoceanfourtimesby2050.In2010,8milliontonnesofoceanplasticwastewerefromsourcesonland.Thatistheweightofsome650,000doubledeckerbuses.JoRuxton,themakerofthefilmAPlasticOcean,says,“WhatmakesJordan’sphotosresonate(共鳴)withpeopleisthattheyrecognizethingsintheirdailyuse,andit’swhenweseethingsthatweactuallyusethatmakespeoplerelate.”“EverytimeIwaswithbirdsastheyweredying,tearsjustpoured.Thegriefwasincrediblyintense.Happily,thingsareimproving—bansoneverythingfromplasticmicrobeadsintoothpastetocarrierbagshavesincecomeintoforceinvariouscountriesaroundtheworld.Butforsolutions,Ibelievetheheartofthiscrisisliesinsociety’sdisconnectionbetweenactionsandtheirimpactsontheenvironmentandthatare-connectionwithnatureandarawappreciationfortheworldaroundusiswhatreallydrivespositivechange.”saysJordan.4.WhatinitiallydrivesJordantoMidwayAtoll?A.Tosupportthebanonplasticitems. B.Torecordtheenvironmentaltragedy.C.Tocreateresonatingimagesofplasticwaste. D.Tophotographtheamazingsceneryoftheisland.5.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeChrisJordan?A.Reliableanddetermined. B.Generousandresponsible.C.Creativeandsympathetic. D.Adventurousandintelligent.6.WhatisthekeytosolvingtheenvironmentalcrisisaccordingtoJordan?A.Carryingoutstricterbansonplasticproducts.B.Strengtheningeducationonenvironmentalissues.C.Advisingusingenvironmentallyfriendlymaterials.D.Reestablishingthelinkbetweenhumansandnature.7.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ThePhoto:MakingthePlasticsCrisisPersonalB.TheMethod:DealingwithMarinePlasticPollutionC.TheCampaign:RestoringOurRelationwithNatureD.TheInitiative:FightingAgainsttheEnvironmentalDisaster【答案】4.B5.C6.D7.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了攝影師ChrisJordan因為拍攝到了一只死去的信天翁幼鳥的驚人照片，而引發(fā)了人們對此的關(guān)注?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“WhenphotographerChrisJordanfirststeppedontoMidwayAtoll(中途島)in2009todocument“overwhelming”levelsofoceanwaste,littledidheknowthathisstrikingimageofadeadalbatross(信天翁)chickwouldgoviralandchangetheworld’sresponsetotheplasticscrisis.(2009年，當(dāng)攝影師克里斯·喬丹第一次踏上中途島環(huán)礁，記錄“壓倒性”的海洋垃圾水平時，他一點也不知道，他拍攝到的一只死去的信天翁幼鳥的驚人照片會在網(wǎng)上瘋傳，并改變世界對塑料危機(jī)的反應(yīng))”可知，最初是記錄環(huán)境悲劇驅(qū)使喬丹來到中途島。故選B?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Afterhearingaboutanislandcoveredinthousandsofdeadbirdswithstomachsfullofeverydayplasticitems,hewasdeterminedto“findauniquewaytophotographthesebirdsindicatingtheseverityofthisenvironmentaltragedy”.(在聽說一個島上有成千上萬只死鳥，它們的胃里裝滿了日常塑料制品后，他決心“找到一種獨特的方式來拍攝這些鳥，表明這場環(huán)境悲劇的嚴(yán)重性”)”以及最后一段“EverytimeIwaswithbirdsastheyweredying,tearsjustpoured.Thegriefwasincrediblyintense.(每次我和小鳥在一起，看著它們死去，眼淚就會不停地流。悲傷是難以置信的強(qiáng)烈)”可知，克里斯·喬丹富有創(chuàng)造力和同情心。故選C。6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Butforsolutions,Ibelievetheheartofthiscrisisliesinsociety’sdisconnectionbetweenactionsandtheirimpactsontheenvironmentandthatare-connectionwithnatureandarawappreciationfortheworldaroundusiswhatreallydrivespositivechange.(但就解決方案而言，我認(rèn)為這場危機(jī)的核心在于社會行為與其對環(huán)境的影響之間的脫節(jié)，而與自然的重新聯(lián)系以及對我們周圍世界的原始欣賞才是真正推動積極變化的因素)”可知，約旦認(rèn)為解決環(huán)境危機(jī)的關(guān)鍵是重建人與自然的聯(lián)系。故選D?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Afterhearingaboutanislandcoveredinthousandsofdeadbirdswithstomachsfullofeverydayplasticitems,hewasdeterminedto“findauniquewaytophotographthesebirdsindicatingtheseverityofthisenvironmentaltragedy”.Thoughheneverexpectedhisimageswouldgoviral,hisphotossoonbeganappearinginmagazinesandnewspapersallovertheworld.(在聽說一個島上有成千上萬只死鳥，它們的胃里裝滿了日常塑料制品后，他決心“找到一種獨特的方式來拍攝這些鳥，表明這場環(huán)境悲劇的嚴(yán)重性”。雖然他從未想到他的照片會像病毒一樣傳播，但他的照片很快就出現(xiàn)在世界各地的雜志和報紙上)”結(jié)合文章主要說明了攝影師ChrisJordan因為拍攝到了一只死去的信天翁幼鳥的驚人照片，而引發(fā)了人們對此的關(guān)注?？芍?，A選項“照片：把塑料危機(jī)個人化”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。CWhenascentmovedgentlythroughtheairinthebedroomsofolderadultsfortwohourseverynightforjustsixmonths,theirmemoriesskyrocketed.ParticipantsinthisstudybyUCI(UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine)Centrereapeda226%increaseincognitive(認(rèn)知的)capacitycomparedtothecontrolgroup.Theresearcherssaythefindingtransformsthelong-knowntiebetweensmellandmemoryintoaneasy,non-invasive(無創(chuàng)的)techniqueforstrengtheningmemoryandpotentiallypreventingdementia.Theteam’sstudyappearsinFrontiersinNeuroscience.ThestudywasconductedthroughtheUCICenterfortheNeurobiologyofLearning&Memory.Itinvolvedmenandwomenaged60to85withoutmemorydisorders.Theywereeachgivenadiffuser(擴(kuò)散器)andsevensmallbottles,eachcontainingasingleanddifferentnaturaloil.Peopleintheenrichedgroupreceivedfull-strengthbottles.Controlgroupparticipantsweregiventheoilsintinyamounts.Participantsputadifferentbottleintotheirdiffusereacheveningpriortogoingtobed,anditremainedactivefortwohoursastheyslept.Peopleintheenrichedgroupshoweda226%increaseincognitiveperformancecomparedtothecontrolgroup,asmeasuredbyawordlisttestcommonlyusedtoevaluatememory.CTimagingrevealedbetterintegritybrainpathway.Thepathwayaffectsdecision-makingabilityandusuallybecomeslesspowerfulwithage.Participantsalsoreportedsleepingmoresoundly.Scientistshavelongknownthatthelossofolfactorycapacity,orabilitytosmell,canpredictdevelopmentofnearly70differentkindsofdiseasesincludingAlzheimer’sandotherdementias.EvidenceemergesaboutalinkbetweensmelllossduetoCOVIDandlatercognitivedecrease.Researchershavepreviouslyfoundthatexposingpeoplewithmoderatedementiatoupto40differentscentstwiceadayoveraperiodoftimeboostedtheirmemoriesandlanguageskills,alleviateddepressionandimprovedtheirolfactorycapacities.Later,theUCIteamdecidedtotrymakingthistechniqueeasierforolderadults.8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“skyrocketed”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Dramaticallydeclined. B.Slightlyimproved.C.Severelyweakened. D.Significantlyincreased.9.Whatdoweknowabouttheexperimentdescribedinparagraph2?A.Allofthebottlescontaintheidenticalnaturaloil.B.Thegivenoilamountvariesfromgrouptogroup.C.Eachparticipantisdistributedeightoil-filledbottles.D.Norequirementisforparticipantsexceptageandsex.10.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Toreportastudyonscentexposureboostingmemory.B.Toshowamethodtopredictdevelopmentofdiseases.C.Torevealtherelationshipbetweensmellandmemory.D.Todrawpublicattentiontomemorylossinolderadults.11.Whatwillthefollow-upparagraphmostprobablytalkabout?A.Theapproachtoenhancinglanguageskills.B.Thereasonbehindsimplifyingthetechnique.C.Thepossibilityofrelievingseveredepression.D.Thesolutiontorecoveringolfactorycapacities.【答案】8.D9.B10.A11.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了加州大學(xué)歐文分校神經(jīng)科學(xué)家進(jìn)行了一項為期六個月的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，老年人的臥室里每晚持續(xù)兩個小時的香味，老人的記憶激增?！?題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞下文“ParticipantsinthisstudybyUCI(UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine)Centrereapeda226%increaseincognitive(認(rèn)知的)capacitycomparedtothecontrolgroup.Theresearcherssaythefindingtransformsthelong-knowntiebetweensmellandmemoryintoaneasy,non-invasive(無創(chuàng)的)techniqueforstrengtheningmemoryandpotentiallypreventingdementia.Theresearcherssaythefindingtransformsthelong-knowntiebetweensmellandmemoryintoaneasy,non-invasivetechniqueforstrengtheningmemoryandpotentiallypreventingdementia.(在UCI(加州大學(xué)歐文分校)中心進(jìn)行的這項研究中，參與者的認(rèn)知能力比對照組提高了226%。研究人員表示，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)將嗅覺和記憶之間長期存在的聯(lián)系轉(zhuǎn)化為一種簡單、無創(chuàng)的技術(shù)，可以增強(qiáng)記憶，并有可能預(yù)防癡呆癥)”可知，香味可以極大地提高老年人的記憶力，因此推斷畫線詞與D項“顯著提高”意思相近。故選D項。【9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“ThestudywasconductedthroughtheUCICenterfortheNeurobiologyofLearning&Memory.Itinvolvedmenandwomenaged60to85withoutmemorydisorders.Theywereeachgivenadiffuser(擴(kuò)散器)andsevensmallbottles,eachcontainingasingleanddifferentnaturaloil.Peopleintheenrichedgroupreceivedfull-strengthbottles.Controlgroupparticipantsweregiventheoilsintinyamounts.Participantsputadifferentbottleintotheirdiffusereacheveningpriortogoingtobed,anditremainedactivefortwohoursastheyslept.(該研究是通過UCI學(xué)習(xí)與記憶神經(jīng)生物學(xué)中心進(jìn)行的。研究對象為年齡在60至85歲之間且無記憶障礙的男性和女性。所有人都得到了七個小容器，每個容器都裝有一種不同的天然油。強(qiáng)化組的人接受了全強(qiáng)度油。對照組的參與者服用了少量的精油。參與者每天晚上睡覺前把一個不同的容器放進(jìn)房間，在他們睡覺的時候它會激活兩個小時)”可知，給的精油量因組而異。故選B項?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Theresearcherssaythefindingtransformsthelong-knowntiebetweensmellandmemoryintoaneasy,non-invasive(無創(chuàng)的)techniqueforstrengtheningmemoryandpotentiallypreventingdementia.Theteam’sstudyappearsinFrontiersinNeuroscience.(研究人員表示，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)將氣味和記憶之間的長期聯(lián)系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N簡單、非侵入性的技術(shù)，可以增強(qiáng)記憶，并有可能預(yù)防癡呆癥。該團(tuán)隊的研究發(fā)表在《神經(jīng)科學(xué)前沿》雜志上)”以及下文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了加州大學(xué)爾灣分校神經(jīng)科學(xué)家進(jìn)行了一項為期六個月的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，老年人的臥室里每晚持續(xù)兩個小時的香味，老人的記憶激增。作者的寫作目的是報告一項關(guān)于氣味暴露促進(jìn)記憶的研究。故選A項?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Researchershavepreviouslyfoundthatexposingpeoplewithmoderatedementiatoupto40differentscentstwiceadayoveraperiodoftimeboostedtheirmemoriesandlanguageskills,alleviateddepressionandimprovedtheirolfactorycapacities.Later,theUCIteamdecidedtotrymakingthistechniqueeasierforolderadults.(研究人員此前發(fā)現(xiàn)，中度癡呆癥患者在一段時間內(nèi)每天兩次接觸多達(dá)40種不同的氣味，可以提高他們的記憶力和語言技能，減輕抑郁，提高嗅覺能力。后來，UCI團(tuán)隊決定嘗試讓老年人更容易使用這項技術(shù))”可知，接下來團(tuán)隊決定嘗試簡化這項技術(shù)，讓老年人更容易使用這項技術(shù)，提高他們的記憶力和語言技能，減輕抑郁，提高嗅覺能力。故選B項。DWhenfacinganextremelyannoyingproblem,weoftengatheragrouptobrainstorm,aimingtogetthebestideasquickly.Iloveseeingithappen—exceptforonetinywrinkle.Groupbrainstormingusuallybackfires.Inbrainstormingmeetings,manygoodideasarelost—andfewaregained.Extensiveevidenceshowsthatwhengeneratingideastogether,wefailtomaximizecollectiveintelligence.Surprisinglyenough,individualsworkingalonetendtoproducemoreandbetterideascomparedtobrainstormingingroups.Tounearththehiddenpotentialinteams,insteadofbrainstorming,ashifttoaprocesscalled“brainwriting”ismoreeffective.Initially,youaskeveryonetogenerateideasindependently.Next,youpoolthemandsharethemanonymously(匿名地)amongthegroup.Topreserveindependentjudgment,eachmemberevaluatesthemontheirown.Onlythendoestheteamcometogethertoselectandrefinethemostpromisingoptions.Bydevelopingandassessingideasindividuallybeforechoosinganddetailingthem,teamscansurfaceandadvancepossibilitiesthatmightnotgetattentionotherwise.Forinstance,duringthe2010Chileanminerescue,timepressing,therescueteamestablishedaglobalbrainwritingsystemtocrowdsourceindependentideas,avoidingtime-consumingbrainstorming.Anentrepreneurofferedatinyplastictelephonethatbecamethesolemeansofcommunicatingwiththeminerswhilea24-year-oldengineer’ssuggestionresultedinthecreationofaspecializeddrillthatultimatelysavedtheminers.ResearchbyorganizationalbehaviorscholarAnitaWoolleyandhercolleagueshelpstoexplainwhythismethodworks.Theyfindthatakeytocollectiveintelligenceisbalancedparticipation.Inbrainstormingmeetings,participationcaneasilybecomedominatedbythemostinfluentialpeople.Thebrainwritingprocessensuresthatallideasarebroughttothetableandallvoicesarebroughtintotheconversation.Thegoalisn’ttobethesmartestpersonintheroom—it’stomaketheroomsmarter.Collectiveintelligencebeginswithindividualcreativity,butitdoesn’tendthere.Individualsworkingaloneproducegreatervarietiesofnovelideas,bothbrilliantandterrible,thangroups.Ittakescollectivejudgmenttolocatethesignalwithinthenoiseandextractthebestideas.12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes“groupbrainstorming”accordingtothispassage?A.Creative. B.Productive.C.Inefficient. D.Fundamental.13.Whyisthe2010rescuementionedinparagraph4?A.Toillustratethesignificanceofspecificequipmentintherescue.B.Toshowtheimportanceofbrainstorminginemergencysituations.C.Tohighlighttheroleofinfluentialpeopleincollectiveintelligence.D.Todemonstratetheeffectivenessofbrainwritingingeneratingideas.14.Whatismainlydiscussedinparagraph5?A.Theimportanceofcollectiveintelligence.B.Thegoalofbecomingthesmartestperson.C.Thepowerofequalinvolvementinbrainwriting.D.Theinfluenceofpowerfulindividualsindecision-making.15.Whatisthefunctionofcollectivejudgmentincollectiveintelligence?A.Identifyingthetopideas. B.Findingmoregoodsolutions.C.Replacingindividualcreativity. D.Encouraginggroupbrainstorming.【答案】12.C13.D14.C15.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文。當(dāng)遇到問題時，我們傾向于進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴快速找到解決的方法，但是事實上，這種形式效率低，“頭腦寫作”在給出想法上有突出的優(yōu)越性，而在集體智慧中，我們也需要集體判斷才能確定頂級、最優(yōu)的想法。【12題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Groupbrainstormingusuallybackfires.(集體頭腦風(fēng)暴通常會適得其反)”及第二段“Inbrainstormingmeetings,manygoodideasarelost—andfewaregained.Extensiveevidenceshowsthatwhengeneratingideastogether,wefailtomaximizecollectiveintelligence.(在頭腦風(fēng)暴會議中，很多好主意都被忽略了，而得到的卻很少。大量證據(jù)表明，當(dāng)我們一起產(chǎn)生想法時，我們無法最大限度地發(fā)揮集體智慧)”可知，根據(jù)文章所說，小組頭腦風(fēng)暴經(jīng)常會忽視一些好主意，因此，這種形式是低效率的。故選C。【13題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Tounearththehiddenpotentialinteams,insteadofbrainstorming,ashifttoaprocesscalled“brainwriting”ismoreeffective.(為了挖掘團(tuán)隊中隱藏的潛力，與其進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴，不如轉(zhuǎn)向一種名為“頭腦寫作”的過程，這種方法更為有效)”及第四段“Forinstance,duringthe2010Chileanminerescue,timepressing,therescueteamestablishedaglobalbrainwritingsystemtocrowdsourceindependentideas,avoidingtime-consumingbrainstorming.Anentrepreneurofferedatinyplastictelephonethatbecamethesolemeansofcommunicatingwiththeminerswhilea24-year-oldengineer’ssuggestionresultedinthecreationofaspecializeddrillthatultimatelysavedtheminers.(例如，在2010年智利礦難救援中，由于時間緊迫，救援團(tuán)隊建立了一個全球頭腦寫作系統(tǒng)，將獨立的想法聚集在一起，避免了耗時的頭腦風(fēng)暴。一位企業(yè)家提供了一個微型塑料電話，這成為與礦工溝通的唯一手段，而一位24歲的工程師的建議促成了一種專門的鉆頭的發(fā)明，最終拯救了礦工)”可知，第四段描述援救曠工的過程反映出頭腦寫作“brainwriting”在產(chǎn)生想法方面的有效性。故選D。【14題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段“ResearchbyorganizationalbehaviorscholarAnitaWoolleyandhercolleagueshelpstoexplainwhythismethodworks.Theyfindthatakeytocollectiveintelligenceisbalancedparticipation.(組織行為學(xué)學(xué)者安妮塔·伍利及其同事的研究有助于解釋這種方法為何有效。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，集體智慧的關(guān)鍵在于均衡的參與)”及“Thebrainwritingprocessensuresthatallideasarebroughttothetableandallvoicesarebroughtintotheconversation.(腦力寫作的過程確保了所有的想法都被提上了臺面，所有的聲音都被帶入了對話)”可知，本段描述了為什么腦力寫作對比頭腦風(fēng)暴會效率更高，表明了所有人的想法都能平等參與頭腦寫作時力量是巨大的。故選C?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Individualsworkingaloneproducegreatervarietiesofnovelideas,bothbrilliantandterrible,thangroups.Ittakescollectivejudgmenttolocatethesignalwithinthenoiseandextractthebestideas.(單獨工作的個人比集體工作產(chǎn)生更多種類的新想法，有出色的，也有糟糕的。這需要集體判斷才能在噪音中找到信號并提取出最好的想法)”可知，在集體智慧中，需要集體判斷才能確定頂級、最優(yōu)的想法。故選A。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Ifyouidentifyasapeople-pleaser,youmightfeellikeit’simpossibletochange.Well-meaningfriendscantrytoencourageyoutojustbeyourself,butnomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tshakethaturgetokeepeveryonehappy.____16____Tellpeople-pleasingfrombeingpolite____17____Tobeabletotellthedifference,youshouldlookattheamountoftensionyoufeel.Forexample,whenyouseeafriendfinishhiswaterandyourefillhiscup,thatcancomeoutofnormalsensitivitytootherpeople’sneedsifyoufeelrelaxedwhenyoudoit.Butifyounoticeasenseofpressure,likesomethingbadwillhappenifyoudon’trefilltheirdrink,thenyou’reoperatingfromanxietyandfear.____18____Lotsoftimes,peoplewhotrytopleaseotherpeopleareextremelyquicktoreactinsocialsettings.Theyknowwhattosayrightawayandtheymoveintocaretakingimmediately.____19____Onesubtlebutpowerfultechniquetochangeyourhabitistodeliberatelydelayyourreactions,connectwithyourselfandthentrytohavetheinteractionoutofanauthenticpartofyourself.BereadyforrelationshipstochangeorendAsyouslowlystarttobecomeawareofyourneedsandevenstatethemoutloud,itcanbringinsomeessentialchangesinyourrelationships.Youmightrealizethatasyoumature,somefriendshipsarenotasrewardingorevenasequalasyouwouldlikethemtobe.____20____Ifyouhaveanemotionallyimmaturefriend,it’suptoyoutodecideifyouwanttoleavethefriendshiporusethatrelationshipasanopportunityformutualgrowth,iftheotherpersonalsoseemsinterestedinchanging.A.So,it’stimetoendtherelationship.B.Changeyourhabitsandpleaseyourself.C.Slowdownandcheckinwithyourselfbeforereacting.D.Thiscouldbebecause,sincechildhood,theyhavedevelopedthishabit.E.However,thatdoesn’tmeanyoualwayshavetocutpeopleoutofyourlife.F.Therefore,here’showtoslowlystoppeople-pleasingandstartbeingyourself.G.Generalpolitebehaviortoonepersoncanbepeople-pleasingtosomeoneelse.【答案】16.F17.G18.C19.D20.E【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文，介紹了停止取悅別人的一些方法?！?6題詳解】前文“Well-meaningfriendscantrytoencourageyoutojustbeyourself,butnomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tshakethaturgetokeepeveryonehappy.(善意的朋友會鼓勵你做自己，但無論你多么努力，你都無法擺脫讓每個人都開心的沖動)”表示取悅別人的想法是無法克制的，下文給出了幾種改變這種習(xí)慣的辦法，F(xiàn)選項“因此，以下是如何慢慢停止取悅別人，開始做自己的方法”承上啟下，符合語境。故選F?！?7題詳解】后文“Tobeabletotellthedifference,youshouldlookattheamountoftensionyoufeel.Forexample,whenyouseeafriendfinishhiswaterandyourefillhiscup,thatcancomeoutofnormalsensitivitytootherpeople’sneedsifyoufeelrelaxedwhenyoudoit.Butifyounoticeasenseofpressure,likesomethingbadwillhappenifyoudon’trefilltheirdrink,thenyou’reoperatingfromanxietyandfear.(為了能夠分辨出來，你應(yīng)該看看你感受到的緊張程度。例如，當(dāng)你看到一個朋友喝完他的水，你給他續(xù)杯，如果你在做這件事的時候感到放松，這可能是出于對他人需求的正常敏感。但如果你注意到一種壓力感，比如如果你不給他們續(xù)杯就會發(fā)生不好的事情，那么你就是在焦慮和恐懼中行事)”舉例說明從一件事的情感上感知這件事到底是正常敏感還是壓力感，結(jié)合標(biāo)題“將取悅別人和禮貌分辨開來”可知，G選項“對一個人的一般禮貌行為可能是取悅別人”表示對別人好有可能是取悅別人，下文講到要正確區(qū)分，語境一致。故選G?！?8題詳解】空處為小標(biāo)題，后文“Lotsoftimes,peoplewhotrytopleaseotherpeopleareextremelyquicktoreactinsocialsettings.Theyknowwhattosayrightawayandtheymoveintocaretakingimmediately.(很多時候，試圖取悅他人的人在社交場合反應(yīng)非?？臁Ｋ麄凂R上就知道該說什么，并立即進(jìn)入小心照看的狀態(tài))”表明取悅別人者在社交場合的迅速反應(yīng)，結(jié)合下文“Onesubtlebutpowerfultechniquetochangeyourhabitistodeliberatelydelayyourreactions(改變習(xí)慣的一個微妙而有力的技巧是故意推遲你的反應(yīng))”可知，本段表示應(yīng)延遲自己的反應(yīng)，C選項“慢下來，在做出反應(yīng)之前檢查一下自己”符合本段主旨。故選C。【19題詳解】前文“Lotsoftimes,peoplewhotrytopleaseotherpeopleareextremelyquicktoreactinsocialsettings.Theyknowwhattosayrightawayandtheymoveintocaretakingimmediately.(很多時候，試圖取悅他人的人在社交場合反應(yīng)非?？?。他們馬上就知道該說什么，并立即進(jìn)入小心照看的狀態(tài))”表明取悅別人者在社交場合的迅速反應(yīng)，D選項“這可能是因為，他們從小就養(yǎng)成了這種習(xí)慣”表明這種習(xí)慣的由來，they指代前文的people。故選D?！?0題詳解】前文“Asyouslowlystarttobecomeawareofyourneedsandevenstatethemoutloud,itcanbringinsomeessentialchangesinyourrelationships.Youmightrealizethatasyoumature,somefriendshipsarenotasrewardingorevenasequalasyouwouldlikethemtobe.(當(dāng)你慢慢開始意識到你的需求，甚至大聲說出它們時，它會給你的關(guān)系帶來一些重要的變化。你可能會意識到，隨著你的成熟，有些友誼并不像你希望的那樣有回報，甚至不像你希望的那樣平等)”可知，隨著自己的成熟，有些關(guān)系可能不能讓自己滿意，后文“Ifyouhaveanemotionallyimmaturefriend,it’suptoyoutodecideifyouwanttoleavethefriendshiporusethatrelationshipasanopportunityformutualgrowth,iftheotherpersonalsoseemsinterestedinchanging.(如果你有一個感情不成熟的朋友，如果對方似乎也有興趣改變，那就由你來決定是要離開這段友誼，還是把這段關(guān)系作為共同成長的機(jī)會)”表示自己可以選擇是否停止或者繼續(xù)友誼；由此可知，不如意的關(guān)系其實不需要馬上結(jié)束，可以再進(jìn)行斟酌；E選項“然而，這并不意味著你總是要把別人從你的生活中剔除”引出下文不需要停止友誼的情況，符合語境。故選E。第三部分英語知識運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。RogerBannister,borninHarrow,London,earlyshowedatalentforrunning.Universityeducationwasbeyondthe____21____ofhisworking-classparents,buthewas____22____tosecureaplaceatoneofEngland’stopuniversitiesandpursueacareerin____23____.Luckily,owingtohisacademicefforts,BannisterwasawardedascholarshipbyOxfordUniversity,wherehisexceptionalspeedonthetracksoonearnedhimtheattentionand____24____fromthesportsmedia.Surprisingly,he____25____toc