職稱英語備考：閱讀理解答題實例

職稱蕖語音與精品：闊讀理解答題實西

全國職稱英語等級考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標作了如下規(guī)定：

讀者應(yīng)能綜合運用英語語言知識和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語書面材

料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個方面：

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2.了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié)；

3.利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義；

4.既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進行判斷和推論；

6.領(lǐng)會作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度。

根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型，并具體地探

討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。

☆掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意

掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對主題思想的提問是閱讀理解測試

的必考題。但提問方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見提問方式可歸納如下：

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

2.Thispassagetellsus

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepass

age?

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizestheauthor'smainpoint?

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

6.Thesubjectmatterofthisselectionis

7.Thepassagemainlydiscusses

8.Thispassageillustrates

9.Thisparagraphcenters/focuseson

10.Thispassagemainlydealswith

11.Thispassageischieflyconcernedwith

12.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis

13.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

14.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

15.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis

解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：

A.找出主題句。首先要讀標題，因為標題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住

全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開始，然后圍

繞主題展開論述。因為許多作者喜歡采用從?般到個別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(dedu

ction)0這是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction),即從個

別到?般來論證或敘述，主題句就會位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。

找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標準，在解題時，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項必然是正確的

答案。

例1

Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.Nosinglebeat

ischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Buteachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhyt

hm.Asyoulistentoason9,yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.BeforeIon

9,yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswiththebeat,a

ndthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthemusicisimportant.lnitsown

way,rockmusicisasdominantastherockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanevergrow

ingemotionalone.

在這一段文章中“Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbea

t.”為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的

“rhythm”（節(jié)奏）跟“beat”（強烈的節(jié)奏）意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請

注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說段末是主題句。

例2

Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedbybasketsofpu

rpleeggplants,greenpeppers,stringsoftinysilveryonions,headsofbitterIndian

spinach.andadozenIndianvegetablesforwhichIdon'tevenknowtheEnglishn

ames.lhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itisonlyduringthebrief

intensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow.InRussia,aswinte

rapproachesallvegetablesexceptforpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoup

seemtodisappearfromthemenus.

主題句在中間的第二句"IhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itis

onlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMosco

w.”

例3

Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedin

cellophane.fromthesupermarket,potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaper

bags,andfeathergrowsinhats.Thecitydwellers1viewsarequitedifferentfromt

heviewsoftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddownintheforest,po

tatoesareplantedandweeded,andonlybirdscanproduceleathers.Yet,whether

peopletodayrealizeitornot,theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfor

theirexistenceastheirancestorswere.

主題句為最后一句"Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot,theyarestillas

dependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere/*

以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實際上閱讀理解題中大部

分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。

B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這

是山于文章的體裁不同或是山于閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長的文章中節(jié)選的。這時就要靠讀者

自己進行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點開始（大部分閱讀

理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成），最后將各段要點集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨

考察幾個例子：

例4

Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthroughheavytraffic.

Alldaylong,thedriveranswersthesamequestionswithoutbecomingangry.Every

fewminutesabusdriverhastoaskpassengerstosteptotherearofthebus.I

nspiteoftrafficsnarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays,abusdriver

isexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule.

這一段的隱含主題句可概括為“Drivingabusishardwork.**

例5

Agreen1-538formisusedbyinternationalstudentsinordertoobtainpermiss

ionfromtheImmigrationandNaturalizationServicetotransferfromoneuniversityt

oanotherintheUnitedStates.Ifyouareplanningtotransfer,rememberthatyou

mustobtainthepermissionbeforeleavingtheuniversitywhereyouarecurrentlyst

udying.Youmustcompletetheform1-538,haveitsignedbytheforeignstudenta

dvisor,andsubmitittotheDistrictOfficeoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationSer

vicetogetherwiththeform1-20fromthenewschoolandthesmall,whiteform1-9

4thatwasaffixedtoyourpassportwhenyouenteredthecountry.

Submittingthesigned1-538andotherdocumentsdoesnotinsurepermissiont

otransfer.OnlyanofficialofImmigrationcandecideeachcase.Studentswhohav

enotcompletedonetermofstudyattheschoolthatissuedthemtheirfirstI-20ar

enotadvisedtofileforpermissiontotransferuntiltheyhavecompletedoneterm.

這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為“WhatshouldaninternationalstudentdO.ifheor

shewantstotransferfromoneuniversitytoanotherintheUnitedStates.5,

☆了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié)

為了準確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我們必須要找到與中心思想有關(guān)的事實

和細節(jié)。一個好的作者必然會引用事實、或分析原因、或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等以論證自己的

論點。常用以提問這類事實和細節(jié)的問題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實或細節(jié),

這些常與wh(),when,where,which或why有關(guān)。另一種問題是辨認哪些細節(jié)在文章中沒

被提及。這些問題常有except,not(mentioned/true),least等。例如：

1.Whatcauses?

2.Somepeopledosth.because

3.Sb.is...because.

4.Whydoestheauthormention...?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?

6.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribe...?

7.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorwanttoillustrateindiscussing...?

8.Whattimedoesthewriterthinkis?

9.Whatdocstheauthorpayleastattentionto?

10.Whichofthefollowingisnotaresultof?

11.Allofthefollowingmaybe...except.

12.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

13.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

14.Theauthorstatesalloftheitemslistedexcept.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題

法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先要仔細看懂問題，明確問的是什么，

然后按照題意進行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據(jù)。

例1

Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.Ahundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneouto

feveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonl

yoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago"be

ingemployed*1meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftod

ayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingapro

fessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothings

havecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-cl

assemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growings

ofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlo

singinnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.

Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcan

findagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotio

n.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritwillbethemech

anist'stradeorbookkeeping.Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdiffere

ntstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincomm

on.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipis

moreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymore

peoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbccau

setheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladde

r,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabi

litytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowl

edge.

1.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodemindustry,.

A.factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumber

B.thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylaborers

C.employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylaborers

D.theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased

本題具體涉及對第一段的中心意思的理解，尤其是對這段最后一句中l(wèi)osinginnumeri

calimportance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是，當(dāng)今的社會一經(jīng)成為一個雇員的社會。

大約在100年前，5個美國人中只有1個人是被雇傭為別人干活的。今天，5個人中只有1

個人是為自己干而不被雇傭的。50年前，被雇傭就意味著當(dāng)工廠或農(nóng)場的勞動力。而今天,

越來越多的雇員是接受過正規(guī)教育的中產(chǎn)階層。他們承擔(dān)了需要智力和技術(shù)的職業(yè)或管理工

作。50年以來，美國社會的確有兩個特點：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊伍中人數(shù)快速增長

的一部分一一其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上相形見細，盡管

工業(yè)生產(chǎn)還在擴大規(guī)模。所以選項D是正確答案。選項A意思與選項D正好相反。同樣，

選項B和選項C都不對。

2.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis.

A.lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployee

B.asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelations

C.moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelations

D.asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization

本題考查讀者對文章第二段中關(guān)于專門知識和技能的重要性的論點的理解。學(xué)生可以

從最后一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，“人們失敗的原因更多的是不具備當(dāng)雇員的要素，

而不是缺乏本行業(yè)的專業(yè)技能”。因此選項A是正確答案。選項B說的是公共關(guān)系的能力，

是誤解，因為文章說的是單位內(nèi)部開展工作的能力，如內(nèi)部合作的好(theabilitytowork

withintheorganization)o選項C把意思顛倒了。選項D說兩者同等.重要，當(dāng)然也不對。

例2

Toprepareforcareerinengineerin9,astudentmustbeginplanninginhighschool.

Mathematicsandscienceshouldformthecorecurriculum.Forexample,inaschoolwhere

sixteencredithoursarerequiredforhighschoolgraduation,fourshouldbeinmathematic

s,oneeachinchemistry,biology,andphysics.Theremainingcreditsshouldincludefour

inEnglishandatleastthreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Theaverageenteringfr

eshmaninengineeringshouldhaveachievedatleasta2.5gradepointaverageona4.0s

caleinhisorherhighschOO1.Althoughdeficienciescanbecorrectedduringthefirstyea

r,thestudentwhoneedsadditionalworkshouldexpecttOspendfiveinsteadoffouryear

scompletingadegree.

l.Whatistheaveragegradepointthatanenteringfreshmaninengineeringshouldha

veachievedinhisorherhighschool?

答案：25（看文章的第五句）

2.Whenshouldastudentbeginplanningforacareerinengineering?

答案：InhighschOOl.（看文章的第一句）

3.Innormalsituations,howmanyyearsareneededforastudenttocompleteadegre

e?

答案：Four.（看文章最后一句）

4.Howmanycreditsarerequiredforahighschooldiploma?

答案：Sixteen.（看文章第三句）

5.HowmanycreditsneedastudenthaveinEnglish?

答案：Four.（看文章第四句）

☆根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義

在閱讀理解測試中必然要考查對詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測試考生閱讀能力的?

種方法。在完整的語篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可

以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本

技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測某

些生詞的大致意思。常見的這類題型有：

1.Thewordinline...refersto.

2.Theexpression(lineparagraph...)isclosestinmeaningto

3.Inline..,theword"...nmostprobablymeans

4.Inline..,thewordcouldbestbereplacedby

5.Bytheauthormeans

6.Thewordasusedbytheauthor,mostnearlymeans

7.Inthispassage,thewordmeans

8.inthecontextofthepassagerefersto

9.asusedinthepassage,canbestbedefinedas

例1

Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityofthe

day.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeoplec

onsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram."Inoursociety,you'reconsidered

dynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours*sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,people

thinkyoulackdriveandambition.1*

Todetenninetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthrough

asetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumns

ofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier."We'vefoundthatifyo

uYeinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers/saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakene

d,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.11

1.Theword"subjects"inline6refersto.

A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit

B.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied

C.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied

D.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

本題考了一個熟悉的詞subject。它是一個多義詞，可以表示“題目”、"科目'’等。但這些

義項在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關(guān)鍵的是要準確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思

和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說，要確定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人員讓subjects通過一系列

的心理和能力的測驗，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來或回憶幾分鐘前所聽到過的文章。所以，

這里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的對象選項C是正確答案。

例2

Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemploym

ent,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresista

neetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbean

increaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundman

ufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinb

ringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkers

involved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionan

dlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofh

igherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadopt

edanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploym

entbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasa

directfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplann

ingnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignmen

ts.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpennanentlydis

missedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachis

theideaofthe"improvementfactor11,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreases

inproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkin

ghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.

1.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor'*（line7,paragraph2）impliesroughly.

A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice

B.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkc

rs

C.supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted

D.thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconv

enienceanddistresstoworkers

本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理解improvementfactor（增值因素）的含義。在文章的第二段

第七行，提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高，工資也要相應(yīng)地提高;而生產(chǎn)率的提高

就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本（第一段最后一句）。因而選項B是正確答案。選項A,把解雇金協(xié)議

（dismissalpayagreements）,即根據(jù)服務(wù)期長短給長期解雇者一筆錢（第二段第四句），與“增

值因素”的內(nèi)容混淆起來，說明有時文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會使你答錯題。選項C

是講另一種勞工利益保護措施的，即失業(yè)者補助金計劃;而選項D是講工人們對自動化帶來

的種種影響所關(guān)切的問題（第一段第六行）。

例3

Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfar

between.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buth

ewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinental

travelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmany

questionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethattheq

uestion"Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?Mhadtobeansweredwithanycommercial

consequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasprop

osed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthof

cablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in18

53,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencourag

ingvoyagesduringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtl

anticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhis

bookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandrelia

ble.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutfbrrepairsitwasf

oundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinion

thattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

l.“DefiecTinthelastsentenceprobablymeans.

A.'doubted9B.49aveproofto9

C.'challenged9D.'agreedto

本題考查的是根據(jù)上下文進行詞義猜測的能力。defied是defy的過去式，根據(jù)最后一句

可以推測它的詞義，但必須完全讀懂defied前后部分的意思：前一部分是說從海底撈出的電

纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物，后一部分是當(dāng)時的科學(xué)觀點認為海底深處是沒有生命的。由此

可見，前一部分的“事實afactwhich…)是“批駁”后一部分的“觀點”。所以，答案是選

項C,“challenged”。這個詞的原意是“向……挑戰(zhàn)”，因而有“對……持異議”、“反對”的意思,

其賓語常常是針對某種意見、觀點或權(quán)威。

例4

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Ontheco

ntrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperiencearcenriched.Wcfeelthattherearemanydis

advantagesinstreamingpupils.ltdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelop

atdifferentrates.ltcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-SO-brightchil

d.AfteralLitCanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

I.By“heldback9,(1inel)theauthormeans^^-1

A.madetoremaininthesameclass

B.forcedtostudyinthelowerclass

C.drawntotheirstudies

D.preventedfromadvancing

本題考的是對詞組holdback的理解。根據(jù)上下文，它的意思是“阻擋，阻礙”，選項D

是答案。當(dāng)然案Idback還可以表示⑴"猶豫",如：Ihavenoticedthatyoudonotholdbac

kinourdiscussion.(我發(fā)覺你在討論時并不猶豫);(2)“控制"，如:Thedamwasnotstrong

enoughtoholdbackthefloodwaters.(大壩不夠堅固，擋不住洪水);(3)“保留、不公布”，

如：Ithinkhe'sholdingsomethingback;heknowsmorethanheadmits.(我認為他還隱瞞

了一些事情，他知道的比他承認的多）。對照上下文，選項A、B、C都不能表達holdback

的意義。

例5

Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsfora

chievingSuccess.lthasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessw

orldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof''masculine"and"feminine“attributes

theyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestow

omenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudge

womenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“fbminine”

grooming-shorterhair.moderateuseofmake一up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemale

administratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerintervie

w,butshewon'tgetajob.”

l.Theword“precedents“inline1probablyrefersto.

A.earlyactsformentofollowasexamples

B.particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportance

C.thingsthatmenshouldagreeupon

D.men'sbeliefthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided

本題要求考生推測precedents的意思。這個題目比較難，需要構(gòu)詞法的知識并通過上下

文的幫助，才能答對。從第一、二句可以看出，precedents在意義匕與rolemodels是并歹U的。

而且，它的前綴pe有“先”，“前”的意思，實際上它是precede（先行、領(lǐng)先）加后綴-ent構(gòu)成

的，意思是“先例，慣例所以只有選項A才是正確答案。

☆既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系

閱讀理解不能僅僅停留在句子水平上。有的讀者對一篇文章的一些個別句子好像是理解

的，但由于不能理解它們與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因而整篇文章講的是什么則不能

準確掌握。在閱讀理解測試中，考核這一閱讀技能的題目是大量的，而且題干的形式和措詞

沒有固定形式，但從考核目標和內(nèi)容來看，這一類題目往往要求讀者準確理解一些有關(guān)聯(lián)的

句子之間的種種邏輯關(guān)系（例如概括和舉例說明、前因后果、行為動機、比較、條件或讓步

等）。例如：

1.Whichofthefollowingmaycause/leadto...accordingtothepassage?

2.Sb.isasked/advisedtodosth.Because.

3.Theaimo￡..is/was.

4.Thebestsolutionfor...seemstobe

5.isspecificallymentionedinparagraph...asanexampleof.

6.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbe

7.Accordingtothepassage/author,peopledifferintheiropinionsabout.

8....encouragestheuseofsth.sothat

9.Accordingtothepassagethenewdeviceprovedtobe

10.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?

例1

Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbeca

liedlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasa

dailyenergycycle.

Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're"hot”.

Thafstrue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodyte

mperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothers

itcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleads

tosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:"Getup,John!You'llbelatefbrworkagain!nTheposs

ibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheev

ening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergy

cyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.

Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.

Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyou

muststayuplateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayingup

laterthanyouwantto.

Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyint

heday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupstea

mandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.

Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnands

tretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidt

hetroublesomesearchfbrcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpo

ssible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentr

ationforyoursharperhours.

1.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably

A.heisalazyperson

B.herefusestofollowhisownenergycycle

C.heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislow

D.heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening

本題在形式上是一個條件句，但實質(zhì)上是要讀者搞清楚人們能否早起同什么有關(guān)。也就

是說,本題要求找到文章的第一句(Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthat

ifspainful?)和其他有關(guān)句子的聯(lián)系。文章的第二句說，“有人可能會把這說成是懶散，但

Kleitman博士卻另有解釋?！币虼诉x項A顯然不對。再根據(jù)文章第二段中John的自言自語，

以及緊接著的解釋：Johnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.依此推理，

不能早起，則很可能和這個人的能量周期有關(guān)。因此選項D應(yīng)是正確答案。

2.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?

A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.

B.Familiarmonologues.

C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.

D.Attemptstocontroltheenergycyclesofotherfamilymembers.

本題的關(guān)鍵是看懂文章第二段的最后一句(即："Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhu

sbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmembero

fthefamilyhas.,,)?同時聯(lián)系本段的第四旬和第五旬(即："Forsomepeoplethepeakcome

sduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening")的意思。該旬的直

接意思是“如果丈夫和妻子能明白能量周期是怎么回事，以及家庭每個成員有什么樣的周期，

很多家庭爭吵就會停止。''也就是說，家庭爭吵的發(fā)生是因為丈夫和妻子不了解能量周期是

怎么回事，更談不上了解每個家庭成員有什么樣的能量周期了。因此A項：Unawarenesso

fenergycycles（不知道能量周期）應(yīng)是正確答案。

3.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould

A.changehisenergycycle

B.overcomehislaziness

C.getupearlierthanusual

D.gotobedearlier

本題要求讀者找出文章第三段中的最后兩句，并聯(lián)系本段開頭兩句的意思，作出正確判

斷。文章第三段開頭說，“雖然你無法改變自己的能量周期，但你可以使你的生活適合這一

周期。Dr.Kleitman認為經(jīng)常性的行為（對你的能量周期）能起作用?！弊詈髢删溆终f，“…ris

ebeforeyourusualhour...workbeaeratyourlowpoint.”（“如果你在上午處于能量的低

潮，但你有重要的工作要在上午做，那么你就要比平時早起。這并不改變你的周期，但你可

以在低潮時得到能量，工作得更好。因此選項C是正確答案。

4.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill.

A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday*swork

B.helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

C.enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

D.keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

本題問的是因果關(guān)系。回答這一問題的關(guān)鍵是看懂文章最后一段的第二句和其他句子的

聯(lián)系。首先要注意這一段的第一句"Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy”,也就

是說早上慢慢起床可以節(jié)省能量。緊接該句的三個句子都是慢慢起床的具體做法。因此選項

A是正確答案。

例2

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours'sle

epalternatingwithsome16-17hours5wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepn

ormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyand

towhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeopleca

nchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportan

ceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormall

ytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleep

andwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftent

hecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midn

ightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirda

ndsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhas