職稱英語(yǔ)備考：閱讀理解答題實(shí)例

職稱蕖語(yǔ)音與精品：闊讀理解答題實(shí)西

全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定：

讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來(lái)理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語(yǔ)書面材

料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個(gè)方面：

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；

3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義；

4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論；

6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。

根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型，并具體地探

討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。

☆掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意

掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)主題思想的提問(wèn)是閱讀理解測(cè)試

的必考題。但提問(wèn)方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式可歸納如下：

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

2.Thispassagetellsus

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepass

age?

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizestheauthor'smainpoint?

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

6.Thesubjectmatterofthisselectionis

7.Thepassagemainlydiscusses

8.Thispassageillustrates

9.Thisparagraphcenters/focuseson

10.Thispassagemainlydealswith

11.Thispassageischieflyconcernedwith

12.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis

13.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

14.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

15.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis

解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：

A.找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住

全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開(kāi)始，然后圍

繞主題展開(kāi)論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從?般到個(gè)別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(dedu

ction)0這是一種很常見(jiàn)的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction),即從個(gè)

別到?般來(lái)論證或敘述，主題句就會(huì)位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。

找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題時(shí)，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的

答案。

例1

Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.Nosinglebeat

ischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Buteachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhyt

hm.Asyoulistentoason9,yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.BeforeIon

9,yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswiththebeat,a

ndthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthemusicisimportant.lnitsown

way,rockmusicisasdominantastherockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanevergrow

ingemotionalone.

在這一段文章中“Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbea

t.”為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的

“rhythm”（節(jié)奏）跟“beat”（強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏）意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)

注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說(shuō)段末是主題句。

例2

Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedbybasketsofpu

rpleeggplants,greenpeppers,stringsoftinysilveryonions,headsofbitterIndian

spinach.andadozenIndianvegetablesforwhichIdon'tevenknowtheEnglishn

ames.lhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itisonlyduringthebrief

intensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow.InRussia,aswinte

rapproachesallvegetablesexceptforpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoup

seemtodisappearfromthemenus.

主題句在中間的第二句"IhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itis

onlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMosco

w.”

例3

Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedin

cellophane.fromthesupermarket,potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaper

bags,andfeathergrowsinhats.Thecitydwellers1viewsarequitedifferentfromt

heviewsoftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddownintheforest,po

tatoesareplantedandweeded,andonlybirdscanproduceleathers.Yet,whether

peopletodayrealizeitornot,theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfor

theirexistenceastheirancestorswere.

主題句為最后一句"Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot,theyarestillas

dependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere/*

以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實(shí)際上閱讀理解題中大部

分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。

B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實(shí)際上，在閱讀理解測(cè)試部分有的文章是沒(méi)有主題句的。這

是山于文章的體裁不同或是山于閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長(zhǎng)的文章中節(jié)選的。這時(shí)就要靠讀者

自己進(jìn)行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開(kāi)始（大部分閱讀

理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成），最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨

考察幾個(gè)例子：

例4

Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthroughheavytraffic.

Alldaylong,thedriveranswersthesamequestionswithoutbecomingangry.Every

fewminutesabusdriverhastoaskpassengerstosteptotherearofthebus.I

nspiteoftrafficsnarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays,abusdriver

isexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule.

這一段的隱含主題句可概括為“Drivingabusishardwork.**

例5

Agreen1-538formisusedbyinternationalstudentsinordertoobtainpermiss

ionfromtheImmigrationandNaturalizationServicetotransferfromoneuniversityt

oanotherintheUnitedStates.Ifyouareplanningtotransfer,rememberthatyou

mustobtainthepermissionbeforeleavingtheuniversitywhereyouarecurrentlyst

udying.Youmustcompletetheform1-538,haveitsignedbytheforeignstudenta

dvisor,andsubmitittotheDistrictOfficeoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationSer

vicetogetherwiththeform1-20fromthenewschoolandthesmall,whiteform1-9

4thatwasaffixedtoyourpassportwhenyouenteredthecountry.

Submittingthesigned1-538andotherdocumentsdoesnotinsurepermissiont

otransfer.OnlyanofficialofImmigrationcandecideeachcase.Studentswhohav

enotcompletedonetermofstudyattheschoolthatissuedthemtheirfirstI-20ar

enotadvisedtofileforpermissiontotransferuntiltheyhavecompletedoneterm.

這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為“WhatshouldaninternationalstudentdO.ifheor

shewantstotransferfromoneuniversitytoanotherintheUnitedStates.5,

☆了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)

為了準(zhǔn)確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我們必須要找到與中心思想有關(guān)的事實(shí)

和細(xì)節(jié)。一個(gè)好的作者必然會(huì)引用事實(shí)、或分析原因、或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等以論證自己的

論點(diǎn)。常用以提問(wèn)這類事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),

這些常與wh(),when,where,which或why有關(guān)。另一種問(wèn)題是辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)節(jié)在文章中沒(méi)

被提及。這些問(wèn)題常有except,not(mentioned/true),least等。例如：

1.Whatcauses?

2.Somepeopledosth.because

3.Sb.is...because.

4.Whydoestheauthormention...?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?

6.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribe...?

7.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorwanttoillustrateindiscussing...?

8.Whattimedoesthewriterthinkis?

9.Whatdocstheauthorpayleastattentionto?

10.Whichofthefollowingisnotaresultof?

11.Allofthefollowingmaybe...except.

12.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

13.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

14.Theauthorstatesalloftheitemslistedexcept.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題

法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先要仔細(xì)看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)的是什么，

然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據(jù)。

例1

Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.Ahundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneouto

feveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonl

yoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago"be

ingemployed*1meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftod

ayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingapro

fessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothings

havecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-cl

assemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growings

ofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlo

singinnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.

Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcan

findagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotio

n.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritwillbethemech

anist'stradeorbookkeeping.Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdiffere

ntstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincomm

on.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipis

moreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymore

peoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbccau

setheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladde

r,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabi

litytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowl

edge.

1.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodemindustry,.

A.factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumber

B.thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylaborers

C.employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylaborers

D.theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased

本題具體涉及對(duì)第一段的中心意思的理解，尤其是對(duì)這段最后一句中l(wèi)osinginnumeri

calimportance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是，當(dāng)今的社會(huì)一經(jīng)成為一個(gè)雇員的社會(huì)。

大約在100年前，5個(gè)美國(guó)人中只有1個(gè)人是被雇傭?yàn)閯e人干活的。今天，5個(gè)人中只有1

個(gè)人是為自己干而不被雇傭的。50年前，被雇傭就意味著當(dāng)工廠或農(nóng)場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力。而今天,

越來(lái)越多的雇員是接受過(guò)正規(guī)教育的中產(chǎn)階層。他們承擔(dān)了需要智力和技術(shù)的職業(yè)或管理工

作。50年以來(lái)，美國(guó)社會(huì)的確有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊(duì)伍中人數(shù)快速增長(zhǎng)

的一部分一一其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上相形見(jiàn)細(xì)，盡管

工業(yè)生產(chǎn)還在擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A意思與選項(xiàng)D正好相反。同樣，

選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)C都不對(duì)。

2.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis.

A.lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployee

B.asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelations

C.moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelations

D.asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization

本題考查讀者對(duì)文章第二段中關(guān)于專門知識(shí)和技能的重要性的論點(diǎn)的理解。學(xué)生可以

從最后一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，“人們失敗的原因更多的是不具備當(dāng)雇員的要素，

而不是缺乏本行業(yè)的專業(yè)技能”。因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)的是公共關(guān)系的能力，

是誤解，因?yàn)槲恼抡f(shuō)的是單位內(nèi)部開(kāi)展工作的能力，如內(nèi)部合作的好(theabilitytowork

withintheorganization)o選項(xiàng)C把意思顛倒了。選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)兩者同等.重要，當(dāng)然也不對(duì)。

例2

Toprepareforcareerinengineerin9,astudentmustbeginplanninginhighschool.

Mathematicsandscienceshouldformthecorecurriculum.Forexample,inaschoolwhere

sixteencredithoursarerequiredforhighschoolgraduation,fourshouldbeinmathematic

s,oneeachinchemistry,biology,andphysics.Theremainingcreditsshouldincludefour

inEnglishandatleastthreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Theaverageenteringfr

eshmaninengineeringshouldhaveachievedatleasta2.5gradepointaverageona4.0s

caleinhisorherhighschOO1.Althoughdeficienciescanbecorrectedduringthefirstyea

r,thestudentwhoneedsadditionalworkshouldexpecttOspendfiveinsteadoffouryear

scompletingadegree.

l.Whatistheaveragegradepointthatanenteringfreshmaninengineeringshouldha

veachievedinhisorherhighschool?

答案：25（看文章的第五句）

2.Whenshouldastudentbeginplanningforacareerinengineering?

答案：InhighschOOl.（看文章的第一句）

3.Innormalsituations,howmanyyearsareneededforastudenttocompleteadegre

e?

答案：Four.（看文章最后一句）

4.Howmanycreditsarerequiredforahighschooldiploma?

答案：Sixteen.（看文章第三句）

5.HowmanycreditsneedastudenthaveinEnglish?

答案：Four.（看文章第四句）

☆根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義

在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的?

種方法。在完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可

以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本

技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測(cè)某

些生詞的大致意思。常見(jiàn)的這類題型有：

1.Thewordinline...refersto.

2.Theexpression(lineparagraph...)isclosestinmeaningto

3.Inline..,theword"...nmostprobablymeans

4.Inline..,thewordcouldbestbereplacedby

5.Bytheauthormeans

6.Thewordasusedbytheauthor,mostnearlymeans

7.Inthispassage,thewordmeans

8.inthecontextofthepassagerefersto

9.asusedinthepassage,canbestbedefinedas

例1

Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityofthe

day.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeoplec

onsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram."Inoursociety,you'reconsidered

dynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours*sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,people

thinkyoulackdriveandambition.1*

Todetenninetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthrough

asetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumns

ofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier."We'vefoundthatifyo

uYeinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers/saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakene

d,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.11

1.Theword"subjects"inline6refersto.

A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit

B.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied

C.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied

D.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

本題考了一個(gè)熟悉的詞subject。它是一個(gè)多義詞，可以表示“題目”、"科目'’等。但這些

義項(xiàng)在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關(guān)鍵的是要準(zhǔn)確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思

和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說(shuō)，要確定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人員讓subjects通過(guò)一系列

的心理和能力的測(cè)驗(yàn)，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來(lái)或回憶幾分鐘前所聽(tīng)到過(guò)的文章。所以，

這里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的對(duì)象選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。

例2

Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemploym

ent,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresista

neetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbean

increaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundman

ufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinb

ringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkers

involved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionan

dlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofh

igherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadopt

edanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploym

entbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasa

directfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplann

ingnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignmen

ts.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpennanentlydis

missedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachis

theideaofthe"improvementfactor11,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreases

inproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkin

ghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.

1.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor'*（line7,paragraph2）impliesroughly.

A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice

B.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkc

rs

C.supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted

D.thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconv

enienceanddistresstoworkers

本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理解improvementfactor（增值因素）的含義。在文章的第二段

第七行，提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高，工資也要相應(yīng)地提高;而生產(chǎn)率的提高

就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本（第一段最后一句）。因而選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A,把解雇金協(xié)議

（dismissalpayagreements）,即根據(jù)服務(wù)期長(zhǎng)短給長(zhǎng)期解雇者一筆錢（第二段第四句），與“增

值因素”的內(nèi)容混淆起來(lái)，說(shuō)明有時(shí)文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會(huì)使你答錯(cuò)題。選項(xiàng)C

是講另一種勞工利益保護(hù)措施的，即失業(yè)者補(bǔ)助金計(jì)劃;而選項(xiàng)D是講工人們對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)

的種種影響所關(guān)切的問(wèn)題（第一段第六行）。

例3

Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfar

between.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buth

ewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinental

travelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmany

questionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethattheq

uestion"Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?Mhadtobeansweredwithanycommercial

consequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasprop

osed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthof

cablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in18

53,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencourag

ingvoyagesduringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtl

anticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhis

bookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandrelia

ble.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutfbrrepairsitwasf

oundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinion

thattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

l.“DefiecTinthelastsentenceprobablymeans.

A.'doubted9B.49aveproofto9

C.'challenged9D.'agreedto

本題考查的是根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)的能力。defied是defy的過(guò)去式，根據(jù)最后一句

可以推測(cè)它的詞義，但必須完全讀懂defied前后部分的意思：前一部分是說(shuō)從海底撈出的電

纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物，后一部分是當(dāng)時(shí)的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為海底深處是沒(méi)有生命的。由此

可見(jiàn)，前一部分的“事實(shí)afactwhich…)是“批駁”后一部分的“觀點(diǎn)”。所以，答案是選

項(xiàng)C,“challenged”。這個(gè)詞的原意是“向……挑戰(zhàn)”，因而有“對(duì)……持異議”、“反對(duì)”的意思,

其賓語(yǔ)常常是針對(duì)某種意見(jiàn)、觀點(diǎn)或權(quán)威。

例4

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Ontheco

ntrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperiencearcenriched.Wcfeelthattherearemanydis

advantagesinstreamingpupils.ltdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelop

atdifferentrates.ltcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-SO-brightchil

d.AfteralLitCanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

I.By“heldback9,(1inel)theauthormeans^^-1

A.madetoremaininthesameclass

B.forcedtostudyinthelowerclass

C.drawntotheirstudies

D.preventedfromadvancing

本題考的是對(duì)詞組holdback的理解。根據(jù)上下文，它的意思是“阻擋，阻礙”，選項(xiàng)D

是答案。當(dāng)然案Idback還可以表示⑴"猶豫",如：Ihavenoticedthatyoudonotholdbac

kinourdiscussion.(我發(fā)覺(jué)你在討論時(shí)并不猶豫);(2)“控制"，如:Thedamwasnotstrong

enoughtoholdbackthefloodwaters.(大壩不夠堅(jiān)固，擋不住洪水);(3)“保留、不公布”，

如：Ithinkhe'sholdingsomethingback;heknowsmorethanheadmits.(我認(rèn)為他還隱瞞

了一些事情，他知道的比他承認(rèn)的多）。對(duì)照上下文，選項(xiàng)A、B、C都不能表達(dá)holdback

的意義。

例5

Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsfora

chievingSuccess.lthasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessw

orldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof''masculine"and"feminine“attributes

theyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestow

omenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudge

womenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“fbminine”

grooming-shorterhair.moderateuseofmake一up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemale

administratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerintervie

w,butshewon'tgetajob.”

l.Theword“precedents“inline1probablyrefersto.

A.earlyactsformentofollowasexamples

B.particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportance

C.thingsthatmenshouldagreeupon

D.men'sbeliefthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided

本題要求考生推測(cè)precedents的意思。這個(gè)題目比較難，需要構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)并通過(guò)上下

文的幫助，才能答對(duì)。從第一、二句可以看出，precedents在意義匕與rolemodels是并歹U的。

而且，它的前綴pe有“先”，“前”的意思，實(shí)際上它是precede（先行、領(lǐng)先）加后綴-ent構(gòu)成

的，意思是“先例，慣例所以只有選項(xiàng)A才是正確答案。

☆既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系

閱讀理解不能僅僅停留在句子水平上。有的讀者對(duì)一篇文章的一些個(gè)別句子好像是理解

的，但由于不能理解它們與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因而整篇文章講的是什么則不能

準(zhǔn)確掌握。在閱讀理解測(cè)試中，考核這一閱讀技能的題目是大量的，而且題干的形式和措詞

沒(méi)有固定形式，但從考核目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容來(lái)看，這一類題目往往要求讀者準(zhǔn)確理解一些有關(guān)聯(lián)的

句子之間的種種邏輯關(guān)系（例如概括和舉例說(shuō)明、前因后果、行為動(dòng)機(jī)、比較、條件或讓步

等）。例如：

1.Whichofthefollowingmaycause/leadto...accordingtothepassage?

2.Sb.isasked/advisedtodosth.Because.

3.Theaimo￡..is/was.

4.Thebestsolutionfor...seemstobe

5.isspecificallymentionedinparagraph...asanexampleof.

6.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbe

7.Accordingtothepassage/author,peopledifferintheiropinionsabout.

8....encouragestheuseofsth.sothat

9.Accordingtothepassagethenewdeviceprovedtobe

10.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?

例1

Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbeca

liedlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasa

dailyenergycycle.

Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're"hot”.

Thafstrue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodyte

mperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothers

itcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleads

tosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:"Getup,John!You'llbelatefbrworkagain!nTheposs

ibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheev

ening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergy

cyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.

Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.

Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyou

muststayuplateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayingup

laterthanyouwantto.

Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyint

heday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupstea

mandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.

Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnands

tretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidt

hetroublesomesearchfbrcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpo

ssible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentr

ationforyoursharperhours.

1.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably

A.heisalazyperson

B.herefusestofollowhisownenergycycle

C.heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislow

D.heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening

本題在形式上是一個(gè)條件句，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是要讀者搞清楚人們能否早起同什么有關(guān)。也就

是說(shuō),本題要求找到文章的第一句(Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthat

ifspainful?)和其他有關(guān)句子的聯(lián)系。文章的第二句說(shuō)，“有人可能會(huì)把這說(shuō)成是懶散，但

Kleitman博士卻另有解釋?！币虼诉x項(xiàng)A顯然不對(duì)。再根據(jù)文章第二段中John的自言自語(yǔ)，

以及緊接著的解釋：Johnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.依此推理，

不能早起，則很可能和這個(gè)人的能量周期有關(guān)。因此選項(xiàng)D應(yīng)是正確答案。

2.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?

A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.

B.Familiarmonologues.

C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.

D.Attemptstocontroltheenergycyclesofotherfamilymembers.

本題的關(guān)鍵是看懂文章第二段的最后一句(即："Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhu

sbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmembero

fthefamilyhas.,,)?同時(shí)聯(lián)系本段的第四旬和第五旬(即："Forsomepeoplethepeakcome

sduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening")的意思。該旬的直

接意思是“如果丈夫和妻子能明白能量周期是怎么回事，以及家庭每個(gè)成員有什么樣的周期，

很多家庭爭(zhēng)吵就會(huì)停止。''也就是說(shuō)，家庭爭(zhēng)吵的發(fā)生是因?yàn)檎煞蚝推拮硬涣私饽芰恐芷谑?/p>

怎么回事，更談不上了解每個(gè)家庭成員有什么樣的能量周期了。因此A項(xiàng)：Unawarenesso

fenergycycles（不知道能量周期）應(yīng)是正確答案。

3.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould

A.changehisenergycycle

B.overcomehislaziness

C.getupearlierthanusual

D.gotobedearlier

本題要求讀者找出文章第三段中的最后兩句，并聯(lián)系本段開(kāi)頭兩句的意思，作出正確判

斷。文章第三段開(kāi)頭說(shuō)，“雖然你無(wú)法改變自己的能量周期，但你可以使你的生活適合這一

周期。Dr.Kleitman認(rèn)為經(jīng)常性的行為（對(duì)你的能量周期）能起作用?！弊詈髢删溆终f(shuō)，“…ris

ebeforeyourusualhour...workbeaeratyourlowpoint.”（“如果你在上午處于能量的低

潮，但你有重要的工作要在上午做，那么你就要比平時(shí)早起。這并不改變你的周期，但你可

以在低潮時(shí)得到能量，工作得更好。因此選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。

4.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill.

A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday*swork

B.helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

C.enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

D.keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

本題問(wèn)的是因果關(guān)系?；卮疬@一問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是看懂文章最后一段的第二句和其他句子的

聯(lián)系。首先要注意這一段的第一句"Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy”,也就

是說(shuō)早上慢慢起床可以節(jié)省能量。緊接該句的三個(gè)句子都是慢慢起床的具體做法。因此選項(xiàng)

A是正確答案。

例2

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours'sle

epalternatingwithsome16-17hours5wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepn

ormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyand

towhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeopleca

nchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportan

ceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormall

ytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleep

andwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftent

hecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midn

ightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirda

ndsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhas