職稱英語閱讀理解講義

第四部分閱讀理解

I.題型介紹

閱讀理解能力包括：

?掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

?了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；

?利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義；

?既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系；

?根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷、推論或做出結(jié)論；

?領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。

II.考查目標(biāo)

?應(yīng)試者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語語言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容

的英語書面材料。

III.制約閱讀理解能力提高的幾個(gè)因素

IV.常見的快速閱讀方法

在閱讀時(shí)，應(yīng)看準(zhǔn)題干，根據(jù)不同的目的，采用不同的方法。一般說來，有

快讀、查讀和細(xì)讀三種。

(1)快讀(Skimming).

(2)查讀法(Scanning)。

(3)細(xì)讀(Readingforfullunderstanding)。

V.閱讀理解文章命題點(diǎn)

VI.怎樣做閱讀理解

1.把握命題規(guī)律，抓住文章重點(diǎn)：

a.文章的標(biāo)題：是文章的主題

舉例：1)Whatisthispassage(NationalParkService)about?

A.ItisaboutAmericanNationalParks.

B.ItisabouttheNationalParkService.

C.ItisabouttheNationalParkServicepartnerships.

D.ItisaboutthecareandpreservationoftheNationalParksinAmerica.

2)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinghaschangedthemostinthelast

500years?(NewFoodsandNewWorld)

AFood

BClothing

CIdeology

DLanguage

3)Whenareturkeyandpumpkinpieeaten?(FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesat

Thanksgiving)

A.OnHalloween.B.OnThursdayC.OnThanksgivingD.OnChristmas

Day.

b.文章的開頭句：是文章的中心句或中心思想；

舉例：

1)Accordingtothepassage,someengineersaretryingtoimprovethehandlebars

because

A.theyarenotnobleenoughB.theymaykillchildrenC.theyarelikelyto

crash

D.theymakethebikemoveatalowspeed.

原文：Lowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure---orevenkill---childrenifthey

fallontotheendsofthehandlebars.Soateamofengineersisredesigningthehumble

handlebarinabidtomakeitsafer.

c.文章的結(jié)尾句：是文章的結(jié)論、結(jié)果、要求、產(chǎn)生的影響、后果或全篇的概

括。

舉例：

1)Precautionsshouldbetakento

A.preventpeoplefromsleepwalkingB.keepsleepwalkerssafe

C.avoidrunningintosleepwalkersD.ensurethesafetyofpeopleasleep

原文：Althoughoccasionalsleepwalkingisn'tabigdeal,itisimportant,ofcourse,

thatthepersoniskeptsafe.Precautionsshouldbetakensothepersonislesslikelyto

falldown,runintosomethingorwalkoutthefrontdoorwhilesleepwalking.

d.過渡信號(hào)詞：文章的句與句、段與段之間有一個(gè)銜接過渡，有時(shí)用信號(hào)詞完

成過渡。有信號(hào)詞的地方，通常是出題者提問的地方。

a)并歹！J:and,or,nor,either...or,notonly...butalso,not...but

舉例：Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutuniformedrangers?

A.Theytaketouriststonationalparks.

B.Theyalwaysactastouristguides.

C.Theyhelpsetupnewnationalparks.

D.TheyprotecttheNationalParkSystem.

原文：UniformedRangers,themostvisiblerepresentativesoftheService,notonly

offerparkvisitorsafriendlywave,ahelpfulanswer,orathought-provokinghistory

lesson,butalsoareskilledrescuers,firefightersanddedicatedresourceprotection

professionals.

b)轉(zhuǎn)折:but,nevertheless,however,yet,otherwise,unfortunately

舉例：Thecable-carinSingapore

A.takesvisitorsuptoamountainrestaurant

B.takesskierstothetopofaski-run

C.takesvisitorstoSentosa

D.takesvisitorstoahighmountain.

原文：Arideinacable-carisoneofthemostexcitingandenjoyableexperiencesa

childcanhave.InSwitzerland,whichisthehomeofthecable-car,itisusedmostlyto

taketouristsuptheslopofamountain,toarestaurantfromwhichonecanhavea

bird's-eyeviewofthesurroundingcountry,ortothetopofaski-run,fromwhich,in

winter,skiersglidedownthesnow-coveredslopeonskis.InSingapore,however,the

cable-cartakesonefromthesummitofahillonthemainislandtoalowhillon

Sentosa,aresortislandjustoffthesoutherncoast.

c）原因:for,since,as,because,owingtodueto

舉例：InParagraph2,citieslikeLondon,Copenhagen,andAmsterdamare

mentioned

i.toshowthattheyarenotgoodcitiesintermsofgeographyand

climate

ii.totellushowwealthytheirresidentsare

iii.tosuggestthatthesecitieslackplacesofhistoricinterestandscenic

beauty

iv.toprovethattheyhavegotmoretourismthantheycanhandle.

原文：NorthernEuropeansarewillingtopayalotofmoneyandputupwithalot

ofinconveniencesforthesunbecausetheyhavesolittleofit.Residentsofcities

likeLondon,Copenhagen,andAmsterdamspendalotoftheirwinterinthedark

becausethedaysaresoshotandmuchoftherestoftheyearintherain.Thisis

thereasontheMediterraneanhasalwaysattractedthem.Everysummer,more

than25millionpeopletraveltoMediterraneanresortsandbeachesfortheir

vacation..Theyallcomefbrthesamereason:sun!

d）結(jié)果:hence,thus,therefore,so,so...that,such...that,asaresult,so,

consequently

舉例：ThereportissuedbytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYork

A.putforwardwaystocontrolNewYork'spopulation

BconcerneditselfwiththegrowthofNewYork'spopulation

C.studiedthestructureofNewYork'spopulation

D.suggestedwaystoincreaseNewYork'spopulation.

原文：RecentlytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYorkissuedareportwhich

laidbareafullscaleofchangeofthecity.In1970,18percentofthecity's

populationwasforeign-bom.By1995,thefigurehadrisento33percent,and

another20percentweretheUS-bornoffspringsofimmigrants.Soimmigrants

andtheirchildrennowformamajorityofthecity'spopulation.

e)讓步:although,though,despite,inspitethat,eventhough

舉例：Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthewriter'sattitudetowardearlyday

care?

A.Childrenunderthreeshouldstaywiththeirparents.

B.Earlydaycarehaspositiveeffectsonchildren'sdevelopment.

C.Theissueiscontroversialanditssettlementcallsfortheuseofstatistics.

D.Theeffectsofearlydaycareonchildrenareexaggeratedandparents

shouldignoretheissue.

原文：Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshow

unhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthe

transitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparents

makeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,though

experienceavailableevidenceindicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

f)比較：similarly,like,equallyimportant,inthesameway

舉例：Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?

A.TotalkaboutthesimilaritiesbetweenlongbustripsandTVshows.

B.Topersuadeyoutotakealongbustrip.

C.TodisplaythedifferencesbetweenlongbustripsandTVshows.

D.Todescribethebillboardsalongtheroad.

原文：Longbusridesareliketelevisionshows.Theyhaveabeginning,amiddle,

andanend-withcommercialsthrownineverythreeorfourminutes.The

commercialsareunavoidable.Theyhappenwhetheryouwantthemornot.Every

coupleofminutesabillboardglidesbyoutsidethebuswindow."BuySuper

CleanToothpaste/9uDrinkGood'nWetRootBeer.”"FillupinPacificGas.”

Onlyifyousleep,whichisequaltoturningtheTVsetoff,areyousparedthe

unendingcryof“YouNeedIt!BuyItNow!”

g)對(duì)比:onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,unlike,whereas,

ratherthan,conversely,instead,bycontrastonthecontrary

舉彳列：1)Americanschoolsplacegreatemphasisonthelearner\

A.enrichmentofknowledge

B.accumulationoffacts

C.acquisitionoftheabilitytobecreative

D.acquisitionoftheabilitytoworkwithhishands.

原文：Theapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomany,notonlybecauseit

isinformal,butalsobecausethereisnotmuchemphasisonlearningfacts.Instead,

Americanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheir

ownintellectualandcreativeabilities.Studentsspendmuchtime,learninghowto

useresourcematerials,libraries,statisticsandcomputers.Americansbelievethat

ifchildrenaretaughttoreasonwellandtoresearchwell.,theywillbeabletofind

whateverfactstheyneedthroughouttherestoftheirlives.Knowinghowtosolve

problemsisconsideredmoreimportantthantheaccumulationoffacts..

h.)層次順序:first,second,third,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,then,also

舉例：Manythingsaboutlanguageareamystery,andmanywillalwaysremain

so.Butsomethingswedoknow.

First,weknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.

Second,thereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.

Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectly

adequate.

Finally,weknowthatlanguagechanges.

i).舉例:forexample,forinstance,acaseinpointis,suchas

舉例：ThequestionraisedinParagraph1is“nomereacademicone”

A.becauseBoger'sfindingsaredifferentfromBrown's

B.becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness

C.becausesomepeoplecanchangetheirsleepinghabitseasily

D.becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.

原文：Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhich

peoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionof

growingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsinsistentlyfor

round-the-clockworkingofmachines.

j).總結(jié):finally,insummary,tosumup,inconclusion,atlast

e.長句的結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào)詞：

①.狀語從句：

表時(shí)間：由after,before,as,when,whenever,while,once,since,till,until,assoonas,

not...until...,themoment,everytime,hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than等

引導(dǎo)

表?xiàng)l件：由if,provided(that),providing(that),aslongas/solongas,once,unless,on

condition(that),incase等弓I導(dǎo)。

表讓步：由though,although,evenif/though,nomatterwhat(how,who,etc.)…等弓I

導(dǎo)。

表地點(diǎn)：由where,wherever等引導(dǎo)。

表比較：由than,morethan,as...as,notas(so)as,thesameas,asmuchas等弓I導(dǎo)。

表方式：由as,asif,asthough等引導(dǎo)

表目的：由inorderthat,sothat,lest/forfearthat(以免，以防)弓I導(dǎo)。

表結(jié)果：由so...that,so,such...that等引導(dǎo)。

表原因：由because,since,as,considering(that),now(that)等來引導(dǎo)。

舉例：

1)Womenaregoodatlookingafterchildrenbecausetheydoit.It'snotbecauseof

anyinnatefemaleaptitudeoramother'sinstinct--whichIthinkismostlylearned

anyway.It'sbecausetheyputinthetimeandattentionrequiredtobecomegoodatthe

job.

問題：Womengenerallyarebetterthanmenattakingcareofchildrenbecause

A.theywerebornwiththeabilityB.theyjustenjoydoingit

C.theyspendmoretimewiththemD.theyhavelearnedtodoitatschool.

②賓語從句：

舉例：

1)ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody's

levelsofthissleephormone.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsin

caffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.

問題：Whichofthefollowingtellsushowcaffeineaffectssleep?

A.Caffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatstopsmelatonin

production.

B.Caffeineinterruptstheflowofthehormonethatpreventspeoplefrom

sleeping.

C.Caffeinehalvesthebody'slevelsofsleephormone.

D.Caffeinestaysinthebodyformanyhours.

③同位語從句：

舉例：

1)SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildren

shouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthree.

問題：WhichofthefollowingisderivablefromBowlby'swork?

A.Mothersshouldnotsendtheirchildrentodaycarecentersbeforetheage

ofthree.

B.Daycarenurserieshavepositiveeffectsonachild'sdevelopment.

C.Achildsenttoadaycarecenterbeforetheageofthreemayhave

emotionalproblemsinlaterlife.

D.Daycarewouldnotbesopopularifithasnoticeablenegativeeffectsona

child'spersonality.

④定語從句：

舉例：

1)Thecable-carisreallyacarriagewhichhangsfromastrongsteelcable

suspendedintheair.

問題：Whichofthefollowingsaboutthecable-carsistrue?

A.Thecarsmovealongthesteelcable.

B.Thecarsareoperatedbyadriver.

C.Thecarsarecontrolledbythepassengers.

D.Thecarsmoveonwheels.

⑤主語從句：

舉例：

1)Whatissurprisingisthatnoonecompanydominatestheindustry.Itseemsthat

whenpeopleplanforadayasspecialtothemasawedding,theyresist

standardization.

問題：Notasinglecompanycandominatetheindustrybecause

A.peopleresiststandardization.

B.parentswanttoreducetheweddingcost.

C.manycouplescan'taffordmorethanthepriceofahamburger.

D.familymembersaresurprisedatthecomplicatedarrangements.

2.閱讀中的幾點(diǎn)注意

①注意句子中和題目中的否定詞及具有否定意義的詞

舉例：

1)Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage.

2)Thereisnownolongerunlimitedsupplyoffreshwater.

3)InEngland,thereisnofamilythathasnoTVs,refrigeratorsortelephones.

4)Anefficientandproductiveworkershouldberewardedwithanythingbutsharesof

aplant.

原文：Anafurtherincentive,theymustbegivenashareinthecompany'sprofits.

Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplans,bonuses,orrewardsfor

efficiencyandproductivity.

5)Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolled

productionofafewplant,ratherthangettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommany

varietiesthatgrewwildandtheaccumulatedknowledgeoftensofthousandsofyears

ofexperienceandintimacywithplantsinthewildwouldbegintofadeaway.

6)Thematter,then,isfarftx)mclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidence

indicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

7)Americanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheir

ownintellectualandcreativeabilitiesinsteadoflearningfacts.

8)MostpeopleinAmericapreferbasketballtofootballbecausetheformercanbe

playedindoorseveninwinter.

9)NotuntiltheYear2000didweseeeachother.

10)HespokeEnglishtoofastformetocatchhim.

11)Theherowouldratherdiethansurrender.

12)Hedrovesofastthathiscarwasbeyondcontrol.

13)Theheavyrainpreventedusfromgoingoutforapicnic.

14)Theoldladywasfreedfrompainbythedoctor.

15)Hewonderedwhathadhappenedtohisfriend.

16)Itseemsthattheyarelesslikelytoberefused.

②注意文章中及題目中出現(xiàn)的倒裝句.

舉例：

1)Itemergesthat83%ofright-handedmothersholdthebabyontheleftside,butso

do78%ofleft-handedmothers.

2)Anorganismmaycreateitsownenvironment,asdowarm-bloodedmammals.

3)Asdiscoveredbyexpeditionscientists,Antarcticahasnotalwaysbeensocoldasit

istoday,sohastheArctic.

原文：ExpeditionscientistshavediscoveredthatAntarcticahasnotalwaysbeena

frozencontinent.AtonetimetheweatherinAntarcticamayhavebeenmuchlikeour

own.

4)Thefarmershavenotbeenbenefitedverymuch.Norhavethemiddlemen.

5)Cancerdeathratesinbothsexesforallsitescombinedhavedeclinedsubstantially

amongAfricanAmericanssince1992,ashaveincidencerates.

③注意文章中及題目中出現(xiàn)的特殊比較形式

舉例：

1)Thereturnjourneyisnolessexcitingthantheoutwardtrip.

2)Thismeansthatpublicschoolsoffermorethanacademicsubjects.

3)Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolled

productionofafewplant,ratherthangettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommany

varietiesthatgrewwildandtheaccumulatedknowledgeoftensofthousandsofyears

ofexperienceandintimacywithplantsinthewildwouldbegintofadeaway.

4)Therersnobodyhereotherthanme.

5)Shedesireshappinessmorethanwealth.

6)Iammoreangrythanfrightened.

3.抓住問題核心，快速找到答案

題目：注意題目中的提示詞、關(guān)鍵詞和特征詞。關(guān)犍詞包括：名詞、專有名詞、

形容詞/副詞；特征詞包括數(shù)字、比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)、因果關(guān)系等

選項(xiàng)：①對(duì)有規(guī)律的選項(xiàng)：將選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分類，找出不同，對(duì)照原文確定答案；②

對(duì)無規(guī)律的選項(xiàng)：抓住關(guān)鍵詞和特征詞，對(duì)照原文，確定答案。

舉例：

1)Accordingtothepassage,fromwhichofthefollowingcanthebuyerobtainreliable

informationofthepreviou