構(gòu)詞法(共29張課件)

構(gòu)詞法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。

一、合成合成是指將兩個(gè)意思不同的單詞結(jié)合成一個(gè)新詞。合成形式主要有以下幾種：1.合成名詞

名詞+名詞：postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,notebook

形容詞+名詞：blackboard,supermarket,greenhouse

名詞+動(dòng)詞：daybreak,sunrise

動(dòng)詞-ing形式+名詞：readingroom,washingmachine

名詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：handwriting,動(dòng)詞+名詞：pickpocket（小偷）,workroom

動(dòng)詞+副詞：breakup,get-together

其它形式：go-between（中介）,passer-by2.合成形容詞

形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞+ed：warm-hearted,five-storeyed

名詞+過(guò)去分詞：home-made,hand-made

名詞+形容詞：world-famous

形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞：full-time,second-hand

形容詞+過(guò)去分詞：newborn,short-sighted

副詞+過(guò)去分詞：well-known,newly-built

其它形式：face-to-face3.合成代詞

代詞賓格/物主代詞+self/selves：herself,ourselves

某些不定代詞some,any,every,no等+body/one/thing：anyone,nothing4.合成介詞

介詞+介詞：throughout,within5.合成副詞

副詞+名詞：indoors,overhead,upstairs

介詞+名詞：beforehand（提前）

名詞+形容詞：sky-high

副詞+介詞：nearby

6.合成動(dòng)詞

副詞+動(dòng)詞：overhear,overwork,underline

名詞+動(dòng)詞：moonwalk,sunbathe

形容詞+動(dòng)詞：whitewash,safeguard

二、轉(zhuǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)化是指一個(gè)單詞的詞形不經(jīng)過(guò)任何變化而由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性。

1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞如feed（v.喂養(yǎng)→n.飼料），draw（v.畫(huà)畫(huà)，抽，拉→n.平局）等。2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞、名詞或副詞

①有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：quiet（adj.安靜的→v.使安靜）。

②有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如：quiet(adj.安靜的，寂靜的→n.安靜，寂靜);calm(adj.鎮(zhèn)靜的→n.泰然自若)。patient（adj.耐心的——n.病人）

三、派生派生是指通過(guò)給一個(gè)單詞加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。前綴一般改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性,后綴一般改變?cè)~性而不改變?cè)~義。1.常見(jiàn)前綴：1）in-,il-,im-,ir-,un-,non-，dis-，mis-(表否定或反義):incomplete,illegal,impossible,irregular,unwise,non-smoker，dislike，misunderstand2）over-,super-,under-(表程度):overweight,supermarket,undercharge（低價(jià)索?。?）fore-,trans-,inter-(表位置):forehead,transplant,international4）re-,post-,pre-(表次序、時(shí)間):rebuild,post-war,pre-school5）bi-,tri-,multi-,semi-(表數(shù)量):bicycle,tricycle,multi-racial,semicircle8）形容詞變動(dòng)詞的前綴en-,large-enlargeRich-enrich2.常見(jiàn)后綴：愛(ài)瘋英語(yǔ)P2332.常見(jiàn)后綴：1.名詞+hoodhood(表身份、性質(zhì)):motherhood,brotherhood2.名詞后加-ship(表狀態(tài)、身份):friendship,membership3.動(dòng)詞或者名詞后加-ess(表女性):waitress4.動(dòng)詞后加-ee(表動(dòng)作承受者):employee5.動(dòng)詞后加-er或-or(表施事者):employer,actor6.-ist(表主義者、從事某種職業(yè)):socialist,violinist-al(表行為、結(jié)果):refusal,arrival動(dòng)詞后去不發(fā)音的-e加-tion或直接加-tion(表過(guò)程、狀態(tài)):translation,election

動(dòng)詞后加ment(表……的行為):arrangement,movement2）形容詞后綴-ed(動(dòng)詞后加ed表具有):excited,amazed-ful(名詞后加ful表充滿):hopeful,thankful-less(名詞后面加less,表沒(méi)有……的):careless,useless-like(表“像”):childlike-ly(表特色、“每”):monthly,daily-y(表具有……特征):sandy-ity,-ness(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞):diversity（差異）,happiness-able,-ive(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞):changeable,attractive練習(xí)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的提示寫(xiě)出所缺單詞的正確形式。A1.Idon’tthinkwe’llgodowntothebeachtoday.It’stoo________(cloud).2.IttookusquitealongtimetogettotheArtGallery.Itwasa(n)_________(三小時(shí)的)journey.3.Wedecidedtotaketheflatbecauseitwasquitelargeandtherentwasvery__________(reason).cloudythree-hourreasonable4.Thisbikeis____________(二手的)butit’sstillingoodcondition.5.Drug________(addict)isaproblemcausinggreatconcern.6.Mybrotherisreally____________(辛勤工作的).Heoftenworksinhisofficefarintothenight.7.Afterlosingherjobshewas___________(employ)foramonth.8.I’mnotsureatall.Ireallycan’tsaywith_________(certain).second-handaddictionhard-workingunemployedcertaintyBEve:Ithinkitnecessarytohavesomecultural1.______________(communicate)betweenchildrenindifferentcountries.Ben:Icouldn’tagreemore.Itis2.___________(mean).Notonlycanitbroadenour3.______________(多種文化的)knowledgeandenrichourlives,itcanalsoenableustodevelopunlimitedloveand4.________(friend)withothersfromvarioussocial5.____________(背景).communicationmeaningfulmulticulturalfriendshipbackgroundsCAlthoughmysisterandIhavea(n)1.________(differ)mother,weare2.________(certain)alike.Thisisnotjustamatterof3.___________(appear)thoughwearesmallwithcurlyhairandhaveatendencytoovereatandputonweight.Theresemblancegoesmuchfurtherthanthat.Throughoutour4._________(child)wewerebroughtuptobeveryadaptableandour5._______(able)toacceptchangeisanothercharacteristicweshare.certainlyappearancedifferentchildhoodabilityAnotherwouldbe6.________(shy).Weallhatepartieswhereyouhavetowalkintoa(n)7.________(room)ofstrangefaces.Weareallinterestedinwea