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專升本考試復(fù)習(xí)資料英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法
一.虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive
Mood)這一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是各類英語(yǔ)(論壇)考試中心測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)之一。虛擬語(yǔ)
氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式,用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話并不是事實(shí),而是一種假
設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測(cè)。判斷是真實(shí)條件句還是非真實(shí)條件句。只有在非真實(shí)
條件句中才使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。通過(guò)句子意思,看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),能夠
實(shí)現(xiàn)是真實(shí)條件句,不能使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;假設(shè)的條件不能實(shí)現(xiàn)則是非真實(shí)條件
句,要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。判斷這個(gè)假設(shè)是與哪個(gè)事實(shí)相反。通常有三種情況:①與
過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。西現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。爭(zhēng)將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反。
I:最基本的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型:
1.
虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),其if
從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be一般用were),主句用would/should/
could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。Ifplaceswerealike,therewouldbe
little
needforgeographers.如果各個(gè)地方都一樣,就不需要地理學(xué)家了。
2.
虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if
從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用過(guò)去完成時(shí)即had+過(guò)去分詞,主句用would/should/
could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞。Ifhehadknownyouraddress
yesterday,hewouldhavetelephonedyou.
3.
虛擬將來(lái)時(shí)是表示對(duì)將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的或不確定的假設(shè)。工f從句的謂語(yǔ)
形式用一般過(guò)去式或用wereto/should+動(dòng)詞原形,主句用would/
should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。Ifheweretoleavetoday,he
would
gettherebyFriday
4.
省略if
采用倒裝語(yǔ)序的條件句。有時(shí)可以把含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be或have的虛
擬
條件句中的連詞if省去,而將had
should,were
等詞提到主語(yǔ)之前,即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Ifhehadworkedharder,hewould
havegotthroughtheexams.==^Hadheworkedharder,hewould
havegotthroughtheexams.Ifheweretoleavetoday,hewould
get
therebyFriday.==^Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgetthere
by
Friday.IfIwereinyourplace,Iwouldn'tdothat.==^Were
Iinyour
place,Iwouldn'tdothat.
5.有時(shí)虛擬條件句并沒(méi)用if從句表示出來(lái),而是用介詞短語(yǔ)(otherwise
or,without,butfor)、上下文或其它方式來(lái)表示。如:Wedidn't
knowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephoned
him.
Withoutyouhelp,Iwouldn71haveachievedsomuch.Butfor
(''要不是。..o?.”的意思)yourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.
II:虛擬語(yǔ)氣在從句中用should的情況:
1.
在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的動(dòng)詞后的從句里,
用should
+
動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。如advise,agree,command,decide,
demand,determine,grant,indicate,insist,order,prefer,
propose,request,require,stipulate,suggest,urge,
vot一.??贾罸的是:suggest,advise,demand,require,propose,
insist,order,request.
Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe(should)takeshortleaveof
absence.
TheauthorproposedthatTV(should.)beturnedoffatleast
onehour
everyday.
2.
在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的名詞后的從句里,
用should
+
動(dòng)詞原形,shoulcl可以省略。如advice,decision,agreement,
command,decree,demand,determination,indication,
insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,
requirement,
stipulationetc.
ItwasBillzssuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.
Hissuggestionwasthateveryone(should)haveamap.
Hegaveusasuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.
3.在工tis/was+形容詞后的that從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu),should可
以省略。
這類形容詞常見(jiàn)的有:advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,
desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(絕對(duì)必
要),
impossible,improper,important,natural,necessary,
obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,
urgent,vitaletc.
It'snaturalthatshe(should)doso.
Itisessentialthatwe(should)tellherthenews.
4.在lest和forf一arthat(以免),incas一(以防)從句中用should,
should可以省略。
Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.
Haveyourgunreadyincaseweshouldneedit.
Ill:wish后的that從句中:
1.表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望,從句中過(guò)去式。
IwishIknewhisaddress.
IwishIwereyoung.
2.表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句用過(guò)去完成式或would,
could,might+have+過(guò)去分詞。
Iwishyouhadwrittentohim.
IwishIcouldhavesleptlongerthismorning,butIhadto
getupand
cometoclass.
3.如果將wish改成wish1,其后that從句中動(dòng)詞的形式不變。
4.
如果that
從句中用would
一般表示
對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來(lái)有所改變或請(qǐng)求
Iwishhewouldanswermyletter.
Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.
Iwishyouwouldhelpme.
Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.
IV:在Itrsabout/high/first(second,thirdetc)time后
的that
從句中,用過(guò)去式。表示、'該是做什么的時(shí)候了〃
Itisabouttimeyouwereinbed.
Itishightimeweleft.
ItisthefirsttimeIcamehere.
V:在wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon
后的that從句中,用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式,表示''寧愿做什么〃
Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.
Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterday
evening.
VI:
在if
only(''如果。.?。就好了〃的意思)
感嘆句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬形式相同。
Ifonlyhedidn'tdrivesofast!(現(xiàn)在)
Ifonlyshehadaskedsomeonezsadvice.(過(guò)去)
Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(將來(lái))
VII:
在as
if/asthough
從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,用過(guò)去式;表示過(guò)去想象
中的動(dòng)作或情況,用過(guò)去完成式。
Hespeaksasifhewereonthespot.
ShespoketomeasifIweredeaf.
Thisdeviceoperatedasthoughithadbeenrepaired.
注:1.在asif/asthough句中,如果有可能成為事實(shí),用陳述語(yǔ)
氣。
Helooksasifheisgoingtobeill.
2.
在
insist
后的從句中,
如果是堅(jiān)持自己,
用陳述語(yǔ)氣,
堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情,用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
Sheinsiststhatsheisright.
SheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce.
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞)
(一)不定式
1、一般用法
1)作主語(yǔ):Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitis
another.說(shuō)是一碼事,干是另一碼事。
***形式主語(yǔ)itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.
2)作表語(yǔ):Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.
3)作賓語(yǔ):Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我們一起去。
★★★形式賓語(yǔ)itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingready
in
advance.
Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.
4)作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomea
lawyer.
Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding.
此類動(dòng)詞還有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,
intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。
***hope,
demand,
sugg一st不可接不定式作賓補(bǔ),但可跟that引出的賓語(yǔ)從句。
HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggests
thatmyfather(should)stopsmoking.
*在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,
notice等感官動(dòng)詞,以及l(fā)et,make,have等動(dòng)詞后面的不定式要省
掉to
.但注意在其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,作為主補(bǔ)的不定式要加上to.
Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.
5)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):
①"besaid(reported,known...)+不定式”可換成:itissaid
(reported,known...)that...
ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=It
isknown
thatShanxi......
(2)seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式
Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了
(3)belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,
bound,
eager,reluctant)+不定式
Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelp
others.
6)作定語(yǔ)(一般為后置修飾語(yǔ))
Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothing
to
worryabout.
跌語(yǔ)中有一些名詞常跟不定式作定語(yǔ):ability,
agreement,
ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,
failure,
need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,
threat,anxiety
Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.Their
decisiontogive
uptheexperimentsurprisedus.
(2)thefirst,second,last,only(thing),best
(thing)等后面常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.What
isthebest
thingtodo?
7)作狀語(yǔ)(表示目的,原因,結(jié)果等)
Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.Weare
overjoyedto
seeyou.
常跟不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)的形容詞有:happy,glad,relieved,
astonished,amazed,overjoyed,surprised,sad
不定式也可作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),僅限于learn得知,find發(fā)現(xiàn),see看見(jiàn),
hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn),tob一tolcl被告知,make使得等具有界限含義的動(dòng)詞,only
to常表示令人不快的結(jié)果。
Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeen
engaged.
IhurriedtoProfessorWang'shouseonlytofindhewasout.
定式與inorderto,soasto連用,作目的狀語(yǔ);與so(such)...
as
t。連用,作目的狀語(yǔ)和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
Inordertocatchthetrain,hehurriedthroughhiswork.
Hewasso
angryastobeunabletospeak.
定式與enough和too...to連用,作程度狀語(yǔ)。
③11too,onlytoo...加不定式不表示否定的意思:『monlytoo
pleasedtohelpyou.我非常愿意幫助你。
8)插入語(yǔ):Tobefair,hehasworkedhardthesedays.We
don't
likeyouridea,totellyouthetruth.
2、注意問(wèn)題:
1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
(1)for+名詞或代詞賓語(yǔ)+不定式:Ifounditimpossiblefor
him
todothejobalone.
(2)不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):Heproposedapicnic,hehimselftopay
the
railwaytickets,andJohntoprovidethefood.
在表示人物性格、特點(diǎn)等的形容詞后,用。f引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ):
Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.Ithinkitwrongofhimnot
toaccept
ourinvitation.
常見(jiàn)的這類形容詞有:
absurd荒唐的
bold大月旦的
brave勇敢的
clever聰明的
courageous有勇氣的rude無(wú)禮的
considerate考慮周到的foolish愚蠢的honest誠(chéng)實(shí)的polite有
禮貌的
silly傻的
grateful感激的wicked邪惡的thoughtful體貼的careless粗心
的
right正確的
2)不定式的否定式:not+todoTheydecidednottogiveup
trying.
3)連接詞+不定式:Hewilltellushowtousethelibrary.
4)省to的不定式
語(yǔ)以why開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)單句:Whynotgooutforawalk?Whydo
it
thatway?
@iadbetter,wouldrather...(than),would...ratherthan,
wouldsooner...(than),cannotbut...,can'thelpbut...,
may(might)aswell習(xí)慣用法
Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieof
hunger.他寧愿餓死也不上街。
Icould71helpbutwaitforthenextbusto
come.我不得不等下一趟車。
nothing/anything/everythingbut(except)
LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Johnwilldoanything
but
workonafarm.
****其他的謂語(yǔ)形式要用t。:
Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.The
doctor
toldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.
3、不定式的“體”式和語(yǔ)態(tài)
體式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式towritetobewritten
完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten
進(jìn)行式tobewriting
完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeenwriting
(1林式
amsorrytohearthe
news.(不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后,或同時(shí)發(fā)生)
0?heyseem
tobehavingameeting.
(不定式動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
③heenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodays
before.(不定式先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)
⑵吾態(tài)①B現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,用主動(dòng)式:工haveameetingtoattend.
否貝U用被動(dòng)i吾態(tài):Herearetheclothestobewashed.
②E”表語(yǔ)(或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))+
不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式:
TheyfoundProfessorJones'lecturehardtounderstand.She
is
nicetotalkto.
③^慣用法:Noneofuswastoblameforthat.
Thedogwasnowheretobefound.
(二)分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)
比較:剝削階級(jí)theexploitingclass被剝削階級(jí)theexploited
class
正在采花的女孩thegirlgatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花the
flowersgatheredthismorning
落葉fallenleaves凋謝的花fad一dflowers開(kāi)水boiledwater
新至!J的商品newlyarrivedgoods
1、一般用法
1)作表語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞常表示特性,過(guò)去分詞常表示狀態(tài)。
Hisargumentisveryconvincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信月艮。They
were
veryexcitedatthenews.
2)作定語(yǔ)
Don'tdisturbthesleepingchild.Thearrestedmurderer
willbe
triedsoon.那個(gè)被逮捕的殺人犯將受到審訊。
分詞作定語(yǔ)的位置
Youmayaskthelady(whois)sittingatthedesk.
Those(whohavebeen)electedascommitteememberswill
attendthemeeting.(當(dāng)選為委員的人)
3)作賓語(yǔ)(或主語(yǔ))的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
Helikestositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.
(海鷗)
Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.
4)作狀語(yǔ)
Hearingtheknockonthedoor,theystoppedtalking.(=
When
theyheard...o)
Askedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderful
film.
(=AsIwasaskedto...o)
Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.(andwerewaiting...o)
Thebanditsfledintothemountains,pursuedbythe
policemen.
(andwerepursued…。)
5)分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheir
march.
Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.
演變:Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,abag(being)
inhis
hand.
Hestoppedandturnedabout,hiseyes(being)brightly
proud.
Breakfastover,hewenttohisoffice.
Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.He
wanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.
6)作插入語(yǔ)
Generallyspeaking,Ipreferricetonoodles.Judgingfrom
his
accent,hemustbeasoutherner.
2、體式和語(yǔ)態(tài)
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,wepostponedthe
sportsmeet.
Havingstudiedhardduringtheterm,hepassedtheexam.
Heissaidtohavestudiedhardandpassedtheexam.Who
isthe
patientbeingoperatedon?
(二)動(dòng)名詞
1、一般用法
1)作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)Seeingisbelieving.Myhobbyiscollecting
stamps.
(1)形式主語(yǔ)itItisnouse/goodquarrelingwithher.Is
it
worthwhiletryingagain?
(2)Thereisno+V-ingThereisnojokingaboutthismatter.
2)作賓語(yǔ)
Heenjoyslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Wemustavoidmaking
such
mistakesagain.
重點(diǎn)記憶
有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別
1)forgettodo忘記要去做某事(未做)
forgetdoing忘記做過(guò)某事(已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)
2)stoptodo停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remembertodo記住去做某事(未做)
rememberdoing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
4)regrettodo對(duì)要做的事遺憾
regretdoing對(duì)做過(guò)的事后悔
5)trytodo努力、企圖做某事
trydoing試一試某種辦法
6)meantodo打算,有意要…
meandoing意味著
7)goontodo繼而(去做另外一件事情)
goondoing繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)做完的事情)
8)proposetodo打算(要做某事)
proposedoing建議(做某事)
9)like/love/hate/prefer這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞,其后賓語(yǔ)只
跟不定式,
不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例如:
Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.
10)can'thelptodo(不能幫助做)
beafraidtodo不敢去做...(是主觀上的原因不去做,意為''怕;
beafraid
ofdoing擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)...
狀況、結(jié)果。(doing
是客觀上造成的,意為''生怕'')
什么是定語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)是句子成分之一,可以由單詞,短語(yǔ)或從句擔(dān)當(dāng),對(duì)名(代)詞修飾和限制.名
(代)
詞稱為中心詞.
形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般前置,短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)要后置,翻譯成”……的".
例如:
a_beautiful_gir【_(形容詞作前置定語(yǔ))一個(gè)美麗的女孩考
a_girl_in_white(介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ))
一個(gè)穿白色衣服的女孩
a_girl_who_is_singing_(定語(yǔ)從句,a_girl為先行詞)
一個(gè)正唱歌的女孩
先行詞是人
(人或物)
定語(yǔ)從句定義:
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables.
Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫
''先行詞",定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫''關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
常用的關(guān)系代詞有:
who/whom(指人),whose(指人的或物的),which(指物)
,that(指人或物)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
關(guān)系副詞有:when(指時(shí)間),where(指地點(diǎn)),why(指原因)。
先行詞和關(guān)系詞的關(guān)系
1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
amachine=that
2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.
theboy=who
3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtup
byhisgrandfather.theboy's=whose
4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.
intheschool=where關(guān)系副詞實(shí)際上是介詞+先行詞
由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
I.That在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
1.指物
Theplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
2.指人
Let'saskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere.
II.Which在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(指物)
Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn'tneedmuchwater.
Ill.Who,whom在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)(指人)
TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.
修飾物體時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)分
使用that的情況:
1.當(dāng)先彳亍詞是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,
everyone,
everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody等不定代詞時(shí)。
eg.Doyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?
2.當(dāng)先行詞被all,any,some,no,not,every,一ach等修飾時(shí)。
eg.Ihavesomebooksthatareverygood.
3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。
eg.ThisisthefirstbookthatIboughtmyself.
ThebiggestbirdthatIcaughtisthisbird.
4.當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly等詞修飾
時(shí)。
eg.ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.
5.當(dāng)先行詞又有人又有物時(shí)。
eg.Iwon'tforgetthethingsandthepersonsthatIsaw.
只能使用which的情況
1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
eg.Maryhasabook,whichisveryprecious.
2.在介詞之后。
eg.Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.
3.當(dāng)主句中的主語(yǔ)被that修飾時(shí)。
eg.ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.
as與which的區(qū)另ll:
限制性定語(yǔ)從句中名詞前有such和the
same修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which
(葉口such連用,這時(shí)的as相當(dāng)于who,which
Wendyisnotsuchafoolasshelooks.
⑵和same連用
Youmustshowmyfriendthesamerespectasyoushowme.
whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)(指人也能指物)
TheteacherpraisedthestudentwhoseEnglishis
thebestinourclass.
whose=thestudent's
Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine.
whose=thehouse'swindow
由''介詞+關(guān)系代詞which(whom)〃引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
詞的賓語(yǔ),那么這個(gè)介詞可以提到從句前,構(gòu)成''介詞+關(guān)系代詞which
(whom)〃引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
在英語(yǔ)里,把介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前的用法更加正式。
Theladder
onwhichIwasstandingbeganto
slip.我站的那個(gè)梯子開(kāi)始滑動(dòng)。(stand與on搭配)
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
When指時(shí)間
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.
Where指地點(diǎn)
Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.
Why指原因
Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan'tdothat.
IstillrememberthedaywhenIcamehere.
ThisisthehousewhereIlivedlastyear.
Therearemanyreasonswhypeopleliketraveling.
Idon'tlikethewaythatyouspeak.
系副詞和先行詞的關(guān)系
關(guān)系副詞實(shí)際上是介詞+先行詞
限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.與主句關(guān)系密切
2.不可省
3.無(wú)逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)
4.常譯作定語(yǔ)
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.只是對(duì)先行詞詞義的補(bǔ)充
2.省去不影響主句意思
3.用逗號(hào)于主句分開(kāi)
4.常譯為并列句或從句
5指物或事只能用which
1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與
主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。
IhaveafatherwhocanspeakJapanese.
我有一個(gè)會(huì)說(shuō)日語(yǔ)的父親(暗示不只有一個(gè)父親)
Ihaveafather,whocanspeakJapanese.
我有一個(gè)父親,我的這個(gè)父親會(huì)說(shuō)日語(yǔ)。(暗示我只有一個(gè)父親)
英語(yǔ)主謂一致用法
1)名詞性從句及不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
例.Tofinishtheworkinadvanceiswhathewants.
Smokingcigarettesisdangeroustoyourhealth/
但是,what引導(dǎo)名詞從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),系動(dòng)詞也可以是復(fù)
數(shù)形式。
例.Whatwebadlyneedherearequalifiedteachers.
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),后面是艮著由including,with,togetherwith,
alongwith,
like,inadditiont。,aswellas,ratherthan,but,except,
morethan,
accompaniedby等連接的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
例.Maryaswellashersisterlikeslisteningtomusic.
Mybestfriendratherthananyoneelsehasgotthefirst
prizeinthe
speechcontest.
3)one,oneof,every,everyone,everybody,each,manya,
either,neither,
no
one,nobody,anyone,anybody,
someone,somebody用作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例.Manyastudentdoesn'tliketodotheirhomework,(many
astudent=manystudents)
Eitherofstudentsisgoingtocompeteforthepresidentof
the
students'union.Morethanonepersonwasinvolvedint
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