2023年職稱英語(yǔ)考試真題及答案(理工類B級(jí))

2023年職稱英語(yǔ)考試真題及答案(理工類Bcreatesasoundwaveinaroomoranauditorium(禮堂)，listenershearthesoundwavedirectlyfromthesource.Theyalsohearthereflectionsasthesoundbouncesoffthewalls,floor,andceiling.Thesearecalledthereflectedwaveorreverberantsoundwhichcanbeheardevenafterthesoundisnolongercomingfromthesource.Thereverberationtimeofanauditoriumisdeterminedbythevolumeorinteriorsizeoftheauditorium.Itisalsodeterminedbyhowwellorhowpoorlythewalls,ceiling,floor,andcontentsoftheroom(includingthepeople)absorbsound.Thereisnoidealreverberationtime.Thefull-soundperformanceofmusicsuchasWagneroperasorMahlersymphoniesshouldhavealongreverberationtime.Thelight,rapidmusicalpassagesofBachorMozartneedareverberationtimesomewherebetween.Acousticproblemsoftenarecausedbypoorauditoriumdesign.Smooth,curved)reflectingsurfacescreatelargereflectionsParallel)wallsreflectsoundbackandforth,creatingarapid,repetitivepulsing(有節(jié)奏的跳動(dòng))effect.Largepillars(柱)andcornerscancauseacousticshadowsasthesoundwavestrytopassaroundtheobject.Someoftheseproblemscanbesolvedbyusingabsorbersandrelectorstochangethereverberationtimeofaroom.Forexample,hanginglargereflectors,calledclouds,overtheperformerswillallowsomesoundfrequenciestoreflectandotherstopassyoachieveapleasingmixtureofsound.ThisPassageismainlyaboutAsoundwavesandtheiracousticeffect.BthetypesofmusicorchestrasplaywallsofanauditoriumthedesignofanauditoriumWagneroperasandMahlersymphoniessoundfullerinanauditoriumwith~2/3~AashortreverberationtimeBalongreverberationtimeCanintermediatereverberationtimeDnoreverberationtimeThispassagesuggeststhatagoodauditoriumshouldAachieveapleasingmixtureofsoundBgetridofallreflectionsCnothaveabsorbers.DhavesmoothsurfacesLargepillarsandcornersmayAmakesoundrichandfullbecuresforsoundproblemsCbesourcesofsoundproblemsDfunctionaswellascloudsTheword“acoustic“inthelastparagraphhassomethingtodowithAperformanceBMusicCsoundDnoiseSmartWindowWindowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricityuseforlighting，butthelightcomingthroughthewindowalsoprovidesheat.However，windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.“Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindowreallyis,”saysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid-statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3.“It’scontactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisualcontactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.”So，windowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.Yet，windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenitcomestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewintercoldairleaksin.Whenlotsofheatandenergy.Andallofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirairconditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair，whichcanfeelsorefreshing，actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchforalongtime.Overtheyears，scientistshavecomeupwithavarietyofstrategiesforcoating，glazing，andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochangecolor.Forexample，asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlikeabattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeisappliedanddarkwhenthedarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmartisthatithasasortof“memory.”Allittakesisasmalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Then，itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutes，dependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthatmassiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.“Inthefuture,”Granqvistsays,“ourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.”練習(xí)：Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotindicatetheimportanceofwindowsasdescribedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?AWindowscanchangefromcleartodarktosaveenergy.BWindowshelptosaveenergybylettinglightin.Windowshelptosaveenergybyprovidingheat.DWindowsenablepeopletohavecontactwiththeoutsideworld.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding?AInthecoldwinter.Inthehotsummer.Whenairconditionersareturnedon.DBothAandB.Whataresmartwindows，accordingtoParagraph4?AWindowsthatarecoated.Windowsthatareglazed.Windowsthecolorofwhichcanbechanged.DWindowsthathavemanylayers.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolor，whatisappliedtothewindowglass?AElectricity.BTungstenoxide.CAbattery.DAvoltage.Whatwillhethebenefitiftheresearchonsmartwindowsturnsouttobesuccessful，accordingtothelastparagraph?AThebuildingswilllookdifferent.Windowscanbeaslargeasyouwant.Wemaynotneedairconditionersanymore.Theyarelessexpensivethantraditionalwindows.詞匯：flipn.v.用手指輕彈，輕擊tungstenoxideairconditioner空調(diào)(器)joltn.v.震搖，顛簸，晃動(dòng)refreshingadj.使人清爽的electrochromicadj.電致變色的glazev.裝玻璃，用玻璃掩蓋voltagen.電壓chromogenicadj.發(fā)色的airconditioning解釋：edge：本意為“(刀片的)刃口，刀刃”;比方意為“最先anywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch：就在開(kāi)或關(guān)的一霎那。UppsalaUniversityinSweden：瑞典的烏普薩拉大學(xué)。烏普薩拉是瑞典東部一座城市，位于斯德哥爾摩的西北方向。答案與題解：A第一段告知我們窗戶由于讓陽(yáng)光進(jìn)入房間，并且為房間供給熱源，所以節(jié)約了能源。其次段說(shuō)，窗戶使人們能接觸外部世界。所以B、CDA選擇。D短文第三段的第一句說(shuō)：windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildinDC第四段告知我們，多年來(lái)，科學(xué)家已爭(zhēng)論出多種通過(guò)窗戶節(jié)能smartwindowsC確選擇。B第五段其次句供給了答案。asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxidecoated“涂上一層薄薄的……”的意思。C理工類BWarmerClimateWillBakeTropicalBugsGlobalwarmingcouldcooktropicalinsects,withunpredictableknock-oneffects,sayresearcherswhowarnthatrisingtemperaturesalso(51)tropicalfrogs,lizards(蜥蜴).Temperaturesare(52)toincreasemuchfasterintemperateandpolarregionsthaninthetropics.Butno-onehadlookedathowwarmingwouldaffectinsectsandothercold-bloodedanimals(53)hadevolvedintropicalregionswithlittletemperaturevariation.CurtisDeutschattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesandcolleaguesanalyseddata(54)insectsurvivalandreproductionfor38speciesindifferentecosystems,andthenestimatedhowthesevalueswould(55)withpredictionsofclimatechangeforthe21stcentury.Theteamfoundthatthereproductive(56)oftropicalinsectstendstopeakveryclosetothetemperatureswheretheynormallylive,but(57)sharplyathighertemperatures.Thismeansthatcrankinguptheheatonlyasmallamountcanexertaheavytoll,leavinginsectsunabletoreproduce(58)enoughtokeepuptheirnumbers.TemperaturetoleranceTemperateinsectsreproducewelloverabroaderrange,anddonotliveas(59)totheirthermallimit,sotheycanreproducesuccessfullywhentheirclimatewarmsmorethaninthetropics.“Tropicalinsectsdoverywellinanarrowbandoftemperatures,butmovethemabovethat(60)andtheydie,”saysteammemberJoshTewksburyoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.Theheartofthe(61)istemperaturetolerance.emperate-zoneinsectshaveevolvedtosurvivethemuchbroadertemperatureswingsofseasonalclimates,thanhavetheirtropicalrelatives.The(62)appearsworseforanimalsthatliveinhotstableclimateofthelowerlevelsoftropicalforests.Lizardsinclearareascanfindshadetocooldown,butthoselivingintheforestarealreadyinthe(63),andther’snotmuchtheycandotogetcooler,Deutschs