中國歷史-Chinese History (中英文)

ChineseHistory中國歷史ContentPrimitiveSociety原始社會SlaverySociety奴隸社會FeudalSociety封建社會SocialistSociety社會主義社會01020304中國ChinaChieseHistoryPrimitiveSociety原始社會SocialistSociety社會主義社會SlaverySociety奴隸社會FeudalSociety封建社會1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840TimeLineofChineseHistory歷史時間線1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840ADPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety盤古開天辟地Pangucreatestheskyandtheearth.女媧補天造人NvwamendstheskyandcreatesthehumanbeingTheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina元謀人藍田人北京人大荔人LantianMan(datedbacktoabout1000000and500000yearsago,wasabletowalkuprighton2feet)DaliMan(datedbacktoabout200000and300000years,representativeofthetransitionfromapestoancientman)YuanmouMan(datedbackto1700000yearsago,theearliesthumanbeingseverfoundinChinasofar)PekingMan(datedbackto700000and200000yearsago,skilledatmakingfire,makingandusingstonetools)山頂洞人UpperCaveMan(datedbacktoabout18000yearsago,resemblemodernhumanbeingsinappearance)TheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina元謀人YuanmouMan藍田人LantianMan北京人PekingMan大荔人DaliMan山頂洞人UpperCaveMan①③②④⑤TheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina①元謀人YuanmouMan②藍田人LantianMan③北京人PekingMan④大荔人DaliMan⑤山頂洞人UpperCaveMan舊石器時代ThePaleolithicPeriodThePaleolithicPeriodThisperiodissonamedinaccordancewiththestonevesselstheyused–primitivemenusedstonestomakechippedstonevessels.ThePaleolithicPeriodlasedfortwotothreemillionyears,peoplethenlivelifebypickingupwildfruits,huntingandfishingtogether.新石器時代TheNeolithicPeriodTheNeolithicPeriodStartingfromaround8000to9000yearsago,primitivepeoplealreadyusednewkindsofstoneartifacts–artifactsthatweregroundoutratherthanchipped,hencetheperiodtermed“NeolithicPeriod”..Thenewstoneartifactsweremoresophisticatedandhandier,greatlyimprovingthelevelofproductionandlikealike.ItwasduringtheNeolithicPeriodthatagricultureandanimalhusbandryappeared.夏、商、周Xia,ShangandZhouDynasty夏Xia商Shang周Zhou2070BC-1600BC1600BC-1046BC1046BC-771BCAncestorsoftheChineseNation黃帝HuangDi炎帝YanDi蚩尤ChiYou夏XiaDynasty2070BC-1600BC夏

XiaDynasty2070BC-1600BCYutheGreatHarnessestheFloodYuadoptedthedredgingmethodtoleadthefooldwaterstoflowalongrivercoursesintothesea.Yuworkedveryhard.Itwassaidthatduringthe13yearshespentontemingthefloods,hepassedhishomethreetimes,butdidnotenteruntilhistaskwascompleted.Asaresultofhissuccessfulefforts,thepeoplebestowedonhimthetitleYutheGreatandShunchoseYuashissuccessor,withtheapprovalofthetribalchieftains.堯Yao舜Shun禹YuTheFiveHegemonysoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod春秋五霸齊桓公QiHuangong宋襄公SongXianggong晉文公JinWengong秦穆公QinMugong楚莊王ChuZhuangwangTheFiveHegemonsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod春秋五霸春秋五霸齊桓公QiHuangong宋襄公SongXianggong晉文公JinWengong秦穆公QinMugong楚莊王ChuZhuangwang大教育家孔子Confucius,theGreatEducatorConfuciusisoneofthe10internationallreconizedthinkers,andhisthoughtshavehadawide-ranginginfluenceinChinaandEastAsia.孔子是世界公認(rèn)的世界十大思想家之一，他的思想在中國，在東亞都有廣泛的影響。論語AnalectsofConfucius因材施教溫故而知新TeachStudentsinaccordasncewiththeiraptitude.Lookfortheoldsoastolearnthenew.有朋自遠方來，不亦說乎？Itisagreatpleasuretohavefriendscomingafar,isn'tit?TheSevenPowersoftheWarringStatesPeriod戰(zhàn)國七雄QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQi諸子百家The“HundredSchoolsofThought”andtheirExponentsQinChuZhaoYan秦QinDynasty221BC-206BCQinshihuangendedthelongdividedsituation,andestablishedthefirstunitedmulti-ethnicfeudalcountryonChinesesoil.秦始皇完成了統(tǒng)一大業(yè)，結(jié)束了長期以來諸侯割據(jù)稱雄的局面，建立中國歷史上第一個統(tǒng)一的多民族的封建國家中國第一位皇帝–秦始皇TheFirstEmperorinChineseHistory--QingshihuangSetfixedstandardsforlength,volumeandweight.BurnthebooksandburytheConfucianscholarsIssuedauniformcurrencyBuilttheGreatWallbylinkingupalreadyexistingdefensivewalls秦始皇QinshihuangTheGreatWall長城Terra-cottaWarriors兵馬俑TimeLineofChineseHistory歷史時間線1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BC1840ADPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHanWarsbetweenChuandHan楚漢之爭ChineseChess中國象棋HanDinasty漢朝（202BC~220AD）1.Political,Economic,ScientificandCulturalDevelepment;2.TerritorialExpension;3.ZhaojunGoesBeyondtheGreatWallasaBride;4.ZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions.漢代HanDynasty206BC–220AC劉邦戰(zhàn)勝項羽后，建立漢朝，定都長安，國號“漢”，劉邦就是漢高祖。LiuBangestalishedtheHanDynasty,withChang'anasthecapital.,whoisknownasHangaozu.中國古代四大發(fā)明FourGreatInventionsinAncientChina①Compass②Paper-making③Gunpowder④MovableTypePrinting②③ZhaojunGoesBeyondtheGreatWallasaBride昭君出塞ChuQiZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions張騫出使西域QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions張騫出使西域QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiSilkRoad絲綢之路QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiChinaKazakhstanUzbekistanRossiaTurkeyGreeceItalySilkRoad絲綢之路YellowTurbansRevolt黃巾軍起義YellowTurbansRevoltTimeLineofChineseHistory歷史時間線1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BCPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHan589AD618ADSuiTang907AD三國（魏、蜀、吳）公元220-280ThreeKingdoms(Wei,Shu,Wu)220-280AD晉（西晉、東晉）公元265-420年JinDynasty(WesternJinandEasternJin)265-420AD南北朝公元420-589年SouthernandNorthernDynasty420-589AD隋公元581-618年SuiDynasty581-618ADTheGrandCanalfromHangzhoutoBeijing京杭大運河TheGrandCanalfromHangzhoutoBeijingTimeLineofChineseHistory歷史時間線1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BCPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHan589AD618ADSuiTang907ADChang'an長安武則天WuZetian中國歷史上第一個也是唯一個女皇帝TheFirstandtheOnlyFemaleEmperorinChinaWomen'sstatuswashigherthaneverbefore.ShebuiltmilitaryoutpostsfarintocenterAsiatosecurepassagesafeallalongSilkRoad.ShewonthesupportofcommonpeoplethroughthereinvigoratedreligionthatwassweepingChina-Buddhsm.Thestoretechnologyduringherreignwasimprovedanditcouldhelphertosolvethefarmingproblems.武則天WuZetian大明宮DamingDongPalace大明宮DamingDongPalace李淵LiYuanTheFounderofTangEmpire

玄武門之變XuanwuGateIncidentDeclineofTangDynasty唐朝的衰落Women'sstatuswashigherthaneverbefore.ShebuiltmilitaryoutpostsfarintocenterAsiatosecurepassagesafeallalongSilkRoad.ShewonthesupportofcommonpeoplethroughthereinvigoratedreligionthatwassweepingChina-Buddhsm.Thestoretechnologyduringherreignwasimprovedanditcouldhelphertosolvethefarmingproblems.五代十國FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms后梁LaterLiang后漢LaterHan后唐LaterTang后晉LaterJin五代FiveDynasties后周LaterZhou907~960AD十國TenKingdomsTenKingdoms:FormerShu(前蜀)，Wu(吳)，Min(閩)，Wu-Yue(吳越)，Chu(楚)，SouthernHan(南漢),SouthernPing(南平)，LaterShu(后蜀)，SouthernTang(南唐)，NorthernHan(北漢).五代十國FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms北宋NorthernSongDynasty趙匡胤宋太祖ZhaoKuangyin,theemperor,setupwhatishistoricallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty,withKaifengasitscapital.NorthernSongwasunderthethreatformostofitsexistencefromstatessetupbyminorityethnicgroups,suchasLiaoandJininthenorthwest.RelievingtheGeneralsoftheirCommandsatafeast宋朝歷代皇帝重文輕武TheEmperorsinSongDynastyValued

LiteraryTalentabove

Martial

ArtsTangandSongPoemsjìngyèsī靜夜思chuángqiánmíngyuèguāng床前明月光，yíshìdìshàngshuāng疑是地上霜。jǔtóuwàngmíngyuè舉頭望明月，dìtóusīgùxiāng低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。ATranquilNightBeforemybedapooloflight,Iwonderifit’sfrostaground.Lookingup,Ifindthemoonbright,Bowing,inhomesicknessI’mdrown.南宋SouthernSongDynasty In1127,theJinarmycapturedKaifeng,theNorthernSongcapital.ZhaoGou,theemperor,escapedtothesouth,andsetupwhatishistoricallyknownastheSouthernSongDynasty,withHangzhouasitscapital.元朝YuanDynasty In1206,TemujinunitedtheMongoliantribesandwasaddressesGenghisKhan.TheMongolswentontobuildahugeempire.In1260,GenghisKhan’sgrandsonKublaifoundedtheYuanDynasty,withitscapitalinBeijing.TheYuanarmyseizedHangzhouin1276,andin1279itcrushedtheremainingforcesoftheSouthernSongDynastyandunitedthewholeofChina.TheYuanDynastycontinuedtoexistuntil1368,whenarebelarmyledbyZhuYuanzhangsaizedBeijingandestablishedtheMingDynasty.成吉思汗GenghisKhan忽必烈Kublai元朝YuanDynasty In1206,TemujinunitedtheMongoliantribesandwasaddressesGenghisKhan.TheMongolswentontobuildahugeempire.In1260,GenghisKhan’sgrandsonKublaifoundedtheYuanDynasty,withitscapitalinBeijing.TheYuanarmyseizedHangzhouin1276,andin1279itcrushedtheremainingforcesoftheSouthernSongDynastyandunitedthewholeofChina.TheYuanDynastycontinuedtoexistuntil1368,whenarebelarmyledbyZhuYuanzhangsaizedBeijingandestablishedtheMingDynasty.元朝YuanDynastyTheterritoryoftheYuanDynastywasbroaderthanthatofanyoftheprecedingdynasties,andBeijingbecameaworld–renownedcommercialmetropolis.AnItalianmerchantnamedMarcoPolocametoChinaduringthereignofEmperorShizu.Hestayedformorethan10years.HedescribedtheprosperityofDadu(today’sBeijing)andotherpartsofChinainhisbookTheTravelsofMarcoPolo.明朝開國皇帝—朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang,theFirstEmperoroftheMingDynasty1368年，朱元璋在應(yīng)天稱帝，定國號為“明”，史稱明朝，朱元璋就是明太祖。同年秋天，明軍攻克元大都，結(jié)束了元朝在全國的統(tǒng)治。此后，他又用了近20年的時間，完成了統(tǒng)一大業(yè)。In1368,ZhuYuanzhangproclaimhimselfemperor.HewashistoricallyknownasEmperorTaizuoftheMingDynastyinNanjing.Intheautumnofthesameyear,theMingarmytookDadu,thecapitaloftheYuanEmpire,puttinganendtotheruleoftheMongols.However,ittookZhuYuanzhangnearly20moreyearstoconsolidatehisholdoverthewholecountry.DevelopingagricultureSetupanewinstitutionofspiescalled“GuardsinEmbroideredCoats”AbolishingthepositionofthePrimeMinisterMakingathoroughoverhauloftheexistinglaws朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang明朝開國皇帝—朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang,theFirstEmperoroftheMingDynasty明朝MingDynasty朱元璋ZhuYuanzhangZhuDi,EmperorChenzu,wasthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty.ZhuBiao,EmperorTaizu’scrownprince,diedwhenhisfatherwasattheageof60,andhisplacewastakenbyZhuBiao’seldestson,ZhuYunwen.Afternewemperorcametothethrone,ZhuYunwen’suncle,ZhuDi,thefourthsonofZhuYuanzhang,dispatchedanarmyfromhispowerbaseofYan(thepresent-dayBeijingarea)inJuly1399,onthepretextofhelpingtorestoreorder.In1402,thisarmycapturedNanjing.ZhuDideclaredhimselfEmperorChengzu.FeelinginsecureinNanjing,EmperorChengzumovedthecapitaltoBeiping,andchangeditsnametoBeijing.朱允炆ZhuYunwen朱棣ZhuDi明成祖遷都EmperorChengzuMovestheCapital明成祖朱棣是明朝的第三個皇帝。明太祖朱元璋60多歲的時候太子朱標(biāo)死了，于是立朱標(biāo)的長子朱允炆為皇太孫。朱元璋死后，朱允炆即位（即建文帝）。朱元璋的四子燕王朱棣正擁兵駐守北方，抵御蒙古入侵。朱棣看到皇位落入到了侄子的手里，心中不服。1399年7月，朱棣以幫助皇帝除掉奸臣為名，從北平起兵南下，發(fā)動“靖難之役”。1402年攻入了都城南京，建文帝在兵亂中下落不明。朱棣奪取了帝位，為了防范元朝殘余勢力，把政治、軍事中心移向了北方，他把都城從南京遷到了北平，改北平為北京。ZhuDi,EmperorChenzu,wasthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty.ZhuBiao,EmperorTaizu’scrownprince,diedwhenhisfatherwasattheageof60,andhisplacewastakenbyZhuBiao’seldestson,ZhuYunwen.Afternewemperorcametothethrone,ZhuYunwen’suncle,ZhuDi,thefourthsonofZhuYuanzhang,dispatchedanarmyfromhispowerbaseofYan(thepresent-dayBeijingarea)inJuly1399,onthepretextofhelpingtorestoreorder.In1402,thisarmycapturedNanjing.ZhuDideclaredhimselfEmperorChengzu.FeelinginsecureinNanjing,EmperorChengzumovedthecapitaltoBeiping,andchangeditsnametoBeijing.紫禁城TheForbiddenCity鄭和下西洋ZhengHe’sVoyages明朝前期，中國是世界上最先進、最發(fā)達的國家之一。為了顯示中國富強，擴大明朝在海外各國的政治影響，加強與世界各國的聯(lián)系，明成祖朱棣派鄭和多次出使西洋（指文萊以西的東南亞和印度洋一帶）。IntheearlyMingDynasty,Chinawasoneofthemostadvancedanddevelopedcountriesintheworld.Inordertodisplaythenationalpowerandstrengthencontactswithothercountries,EmperorChengzusentZhengHe,aseniorgeneralandeunuch,onsixvoyagestotheWesternSeas(SoutheastAsia,westofBruneiandtheIndianOcean)ondiplomaticmission.大明王朝的覆滅TheDownfalloftheMingEmpireMingEmpireForeignInvasionsPeasant'sUprisingsTheemperorsinthelateyearsoftheMingDynastywerefatuousandincompetent,andpowergraduallyslippedintothehandsofeunuchsforciblyoccupiedlargertractsoffertileland,leavingmanypeasantslandless,Taxesandnaturaldisaster,whichofficialsdidlittletorelieve,addedtotheburdensonthepeasant.清朝的崛起TheBuildingoftheQingEmpireQingEmpireMingEmpireIn1644,MingDynastyChina,thegreatestcivilizationintheworld,wentthroughadevastatingforeignconquest.TheChinesepeoplewerelefthauntedbydreamsoflostpeaceandvisionsofwar.TheinvaderswereManchusfromthenorth,theChinesepeoplesawasbarbarians.TheMingEmperorcommittedsuicideandtheManchuarmiessweptsouth.TheManchuswereforeigners,non-Chinese,butitwastheywhowouldinstitutethenextrebuildingofChina,andbecomingChineseintheprocess,andtheywerethelastimperialdynastyfChina,theQing.康熙KangXi1661-1722雍正YongZheng1722-1735乾隆QianLong1735-1796康乾盛世TheGoldenAgeofThreeEmperors康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙是中國歷史上在位時間最長的皇帝，同時也是清朝最賢明的君主，他的文治和武功幾乎沒有哪位皇帝可以和他相提并論。1661年康熙即位時，還是個孩子，那時清朝的統(tǒng)治還不穩(wěn)固，明朝的舊臣想推翻清朝，恢復(fù)明朝的統(tǒng)治，形勢十分危急。為了緩和矛盾，穩(wěn)定政治局面?？滴醢讶寮覍W(xué)說定為官方思想，任用漢人做官，提倡漢文化。在他的倡導(dǎo)下，編成了《康熙字典》；他還派遣耶穌會士到各地測量，繪制了中國第一部實測地圖《皇輿全覽圖》。

KangxienjoyedthelongestreigninChinesehistory.HewasalsothewisetemperoroftheQingDynasty.Whenheascendedthethronein1661asachild,theruleoftheQingDynastywasunstable.ManyofficialsoftheoldregimewantedtooverthrewtheQingDynastyandresumetheMing'srule.KangxipromotedaprogramofSinicizationofhisgovernment,includinginstituingConfucianismasthestateideology,appoitingHanofficlalsandpromotingHancultureamongtherulingManchuclass.ItwasalsohewhoproposedtocompiletheKangxiDictionaryandthefirston-the-spotsurveyingmapnamedtheMapofChinainKangxi'sReign.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙還非常注重農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，并采取一系列措施減輕農(nóng)民的負(fù)擔(dān)，讓被戰(zhàn)爭破壞的經(jīng)濟得到迅速的恢復(fù)。他還經(jīng)常巡視各地，了解民情，關(guān)心人民的疾苦。Kangxiattachedgreatimportancetotherestorationofagriculturalproduction,whichhadbeendevastatedbyyearsofwars.Healsoadoptedaseriesofmeasurestolightentheburdenofthepeasants.Heoftentookimperialtoursofinspectiontoknowtheconditionsandsufferingsofpeople.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙平定了三藩之亂（吳三桂、耿精忠、尚可喜的叛亂）、蒙古準(zhǔn)噶爾部的分裂活動和西藏的叛亂，從鄭成功后代手中收回了臺灣，兩次與沙皇俄國在雅克薩作戰(zhàn)，阻止了沙俄的擴張，維護了清朝領(lǐng)土的完整，康熙對國家統(tǒng)一作出了很大的貢獻?？滴踉谖黄陂g，社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，人民生活安定。Kangxisuppressedtherevoltsofthreefeudatories,separatistactivitiesinMongoliaandTibet,andwrestedthecontrolofTaiwanfromthedescendantsofZhengChenggong.Inaddition,encroachmentfromtsaristRussiawashalted.Kangxithusmadegreatcontributionstotheterritorialintegrityofthecountry,aswellasitssecurityandprosperity.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi雍正在位時間較短，他整頓吏治，重視用人，強調(diào)務(wù)實，使清朝的社會經(jīng)濟保持穩(wěn)定和持續(xù)的發(fā)展。Yongzhengfocusedontheregulationofhisgovernance,attachedgreatimportancetotheappointmentofofficialsandemphasizedonthepracticaltorenderthesocietyandeconomyastableandsustainabledevelopmentduringhis13-yearreign.雍正皇帝TheEmperor,Yongzheng雍正YongZheng1722-1735乾隆皇帝是雍正的兒子。1735年即位后，他鼓勵農(nóng)民開墾荒地，組織移民，并行農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，多次減免農(nóng)民的賦稅。他調(diào)整了雍正時中央與地方官僚的緊張關(guān)系。懲罰官吏結(jié)黨私營，改善了官吏隊伍。平定了回部貴族叛亂，并對西藏進行了政治和宗教改革，加強了對西藏的管理。EmperorQianlong,thesonofEmperorYongzheng,succeededthethronein1735.Heencouragepeasantstousethewastlandandlightentheirtaxburden.HemitigatedtheintenserelationsbetweenthecenterandtheregionalofficialscausedinYongzheng’sreign.Healsostrengthenthecentralgovernment’scontrolovertheethnic-minorityareas.ParticularlyinTibet.乾隆皇帝TheEmperor,Qianlong乾隆QianLong1735-1796乾隆皇帝消滅了西南民族地區(qū)的割據(jù)政權(quán)，這些措施奠定了近代中國的版圖，把統(tǒng)一的多民族國家發(fā)展到一個新的階段。乾隆在位期間，清朝經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，人口快速增長，進入了最強盛的時期。DuringQianlong’sreign,theeconomydevelopedfast,thepopulationalsoincreased,andtheQingDynastyentereditsstrongestphase.乾隆皇帝TheEmperor,Qianlong乾隆QianLong1735-1796清朝初年，為了防范東南沿海島嶼的反清勢力，實行了比明朝更加嚴(yán)厲的海禁政策。后來雖有短暫的開放，允許商人進行有限制的貿(mào)易，但在1840年以前的大多時間里，清朝只有廣州一地通商口岸，對絲綢、茶葉等傳統(tǒng)商品的出口量嚴(yán)加限制，對國內(nèi)商船到海外貿(mào)易規(guī)定了很多禁令，這是“閉關(guān)政策”。由于清朝的統(tǒng)治集團對當(dāng)時世界大勢缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識，以世界的中心自居，才在全球化貿(mào)易的背景下，采取了與西方資本主義自由貿(mào)易制度格格不入的消極防御政策，使中國喪失了與先進國家同步發(fā)展的機會。IntheearlyofQingDynasty,thegovenmentadoptedthestricterpolicyagainstforeigncommunicationinordertokeepawaytheforceagainstQinggovernmentalongthecoastalareas.Thoughthereweretemporaryopeningsallowingbusinessmentotradeinlimiteditems,theQingDynastyhadonlyonetreatyport,Guangzhou,wherethetraditionalgoodssuchassilkandteawereseverelyrestricted.Bansonoverseascommercealsowereincludedinthispolicywhichwascalled“Closed-doorPolicy.Duetothelackofknowledgeaboutthecurrentsituation,Qinggovernmentadoptedthenegativepolicydifferentfromthefree-tradesystemofthewest,causingChinatolosetheopputunitytomakethesameprogresswiththedevelopedcountries.閉關(guān)政策Closed-doorPolicy英國于19世紀(jì)30年代末在世界上率先完成了工業(yè)革命，成為當(dāng)時最強大的資本主義國家。為了擴大工業(yè)品的銷售市場，占領(lǐng)更為廣闊的工業(yè)原料產(chǎn)地，英國發(fā)動了侵略中國的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。中國在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)敗，被迫與英國簽訂了中英《南京條約》等不平等的條約。所以，史學(xué)界已1840年作為中國近代史的開端，此后110年的歷史，是中國的近代史。Inthelate1830s,beingthefirstcountrytoaccomplishtheindustrialrevalution,Britainbecamethemostpowerfulcapitalistcountryofthetime.Inordertoexpandthemarketforindustrialproductsandtosecuremoreresourceofindustrialrawmaterials,BritainlaunchedawaragainstChina-theOpiumWar,inwhichChinawasdefeatedandwasforcedtosignunequaltreaties,includingtheTreatyofNanking.Fromthenon,Chinahegantoloseitssovereigntyandterritorialintergrityandtodeclinetoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalstate.Therefore,thehistorianregard1840asthebegainingofModernhistoryofChina,ahistoryof110years.第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭TheFirstOpiumWar鴉片走私利潤很高，不但英國商人能從中賺很多錢，而且英國政府也能從中得到很大的好處。因此，林則徐在廣州的禁煙措施，使他們遭受到了巨大的損失。1840年6月，英國派出48艘共裝備540門大炮的艦隊開到廣東海面，發(fā)動了侵略中國的第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。NotonlydidBritishtradersprofitgreatlyfromtheopiumtrade,theBritishgovernmentbenefitedfromitaswell.Therefore,thedestructionofopiumstocksinGuangzhoubyLinZexualsomeanthugelossestotheBritishgovernment.Theydispatched48warshipsequipedwith540cannonstothecoastofGuangdong,launchingtheFirstOpiumWaragainstChinainJune1840.第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭TheFirstOpiumWar清政府投降后，與英方簽訂了出賣中華民族權(quán)益的《南京條約》，內(nèi)容有：清政府賠款2100萬銀元；割讓香港島，開放廣州、廈門、福州、寧波、上海等5個城市為通商口岸等等。這是外國侵略者強迫清政府簽訂的第一個不平等條約。中國從此開始淪為半殖民地半封建國家ChinesegovernmentofQingDynastywasforcedtosurrendertoBritainbysigningtheTreatyofNanking.Underthetermsofthetreaty,Chinahastopay21millionsilverdollars,tocedeHongKongIslandtoBritain,andtoopenthecitiesofGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghaiastradinngports.TheTreatyofNankingwasthefirstunegualtreatysignedbytheQingDynasty.ItmarkedthestartofChina'sdeclineintoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalstate.第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭TheFirstOpiumWar第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭太平天國運動第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭洋務(wù)運動中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭戊戌變法義和團辛亥革命新中國成立TheFirstOpiumWar1840TaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement1851-1964TheSecondOpiumWar1856-1860TheWesternizationMovement1860s–1890sSino-JapaneseWar1894TheWuxuReformMovement1898TheBoxingMovement1900TheXinhaiRevolution1911TheFundingofNewChina1949鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后，清政府的統(tǒng)治更加腐敗，社會更加黑暗，廣大勞動人民生活非常貧困。1851年1月11日，洪秀全領(lǐng)導(dǎo)農(nóng)民在廣西桂平金田村起義，建號“太平天國”。太平軍作戰(zhàn)勇猛，連連打敗清軍，隊伍從2萬人很快擴大到幾十萬人。1856年9月，就在各方面都轟轟烈烈展開的時候，太平天國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集團內(nèi)部卻為了爭奪權(quán)力而爆發(fā)了自相殘殺的“天京事變”、這場歷時兩個月的變亂大大消弱了太平天國自身的力量。1864年7月，在中外反動勢力的聯(lián)合絞殺下，歷時近14年的太平天國農(nóng)民運動失敗了。SinceChina'sdisastrousdefeatsintheFirstOpiumWar,theQingDynastybecamemorecorruptandweakerthanever,andtherewaswidespreadmiseryandpovertyamongthecommonpeople.OnJanauary11th,1851,HongXiuquan's38thbirthday,heinitiatedapeasantuprisinginJintianVillageanddeclaredtheestablishmentoftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom.TheTaipingarmyfoughtbravelyandwonagreatnumberofbattlesagainstthearmyoftheQingDynastywhilegrowingfromanarmyof20000tothatofseveralhundredthousand.InSeptember1856,whentheTaipingMovementwasdevelopingvigorously,powerstrugglestookplaceamongtheleaders.ThiswasmarkedbytheTianjingIncident,whichlastedtwomonthsandseverelyweakenedtheTaipingleadership.InJuly1864,underthestranglingoftheunitedreactionaryforcesathomeandabroad,after14years,thepeasantuprisingoftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomwasfinallyquashed.太平天國運動TheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement1854年英國要求全面修改1842年簽訂的中英《南京條約》，以進一步擴大在中國已經(jīng)取得的利益。英國的無理要求得到法國、美國的支持，但遭到了清政府的拒絕。1856年10月，英、法組成聯(lián)軍，發(fā)動了侵略中國的第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。歷時4年的第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭仍以中國的失敗、簽訂喪權(quán)辱國的不平等條約而告終。In1854,BraitainrequestedtheretificationoftheTreatyofNankingsignedin1842inordertoadvanceitsinterestsinChina.Therequests,thoughsupportedbyFranceandtheUnitedStates,wererejectedbythegovernmentoftheQingDynasty.InOctober1856,thealliedtroopofBritainandFrancewagedtheSecondOpiumWar,whichlastedfouryearsandendedagainwithChina'sdefeatandtheunequaltreatiesofhumiliatuionandforfeitingsoverighty.第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭TheSecondOpiumWar經(jīng)過兩次的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭和太平天國運動的打擊，清政府統(tǒng)治者感到了統(tǒng)治危機在一天天加深。19世紀(jì)60年代到90年代，清政府內(nèi)掌握實權(quán)的官僚主張學(xué)習(xí)、采用一些西方先進的科學(xué)技術(shù)，發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，“求強”、“求富”，以圖挽救清朝的封建統(tǒng)治，歷史上稱為“洋務(wù)運動”。洋務(wù)運動涉及經(jīng)濟、軍事、文化教育、政治、外交等許多領(lǐng)域，雖然沒能使中國走上富強的道路，但它引進西方一些近代科學(xué)技術(shù)，在客觀上刺激了中國資本主義的發(fā)展，加速了封建生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的瓦解，對外國經(jīng)濟勢力的擴張也起到了一定的抵制作用。HitbytwoOpiumWarsandtheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement,therulesoftheQin