十年（2015-2024）高考真題英語分項匯編（全國）專題 15 閱讀理解議論文（教師卷）

專題15閱讀理解議論文2024年Passage1【2024新課標Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?ASeemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly. B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly. D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention. B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills. D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【導語】本文是議論文。主要討論了紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀、音頻和視頻學習方式的差異和效果?！?8題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(當閱讀幾百字或更多的文本時，在紙上學習通常比在屏幕上學習更成功。大量的研究證實了這一發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知，在紙上學習更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(當實驗人員從提出簡單的任務(如識別閱讀文章的主旨)轉(zhuǎn)移到需要思維抽象的任務(如從文本中推斷)時)”推知，此處應是表達“當實驗者從簡單的任務轉(zhuǎn)向需要精神抽象的任務時，紙質(zhì)閱讀的益處就變得顯而易見”之意，所以shinethrough應是“顯而易見”之意，和D項意思相近。故選D項?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同樣重要的是精神層面。閱讀研究人員提出了一個名為“shallowinghypothesis”的理論。根據(jù)這一理論，人們以適合社交媒體的心態(tài)接觸數(shù)字文本，這些文本通常不那么嚴肅，與閱讀印刷品時相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假設讀者在閱讀數(shù)字文本時會持有一種輕松的心態(tài)，不會像閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍那樣投入太多的心理努力。故選A項?！?0題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音頻和視頻可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大學教師越來越多地轉(zhuǎn)向這些技術，例如分配在線講座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音頻和視頻比文本更能吸引學生的注意力，所以大學教師越來越多地使用這些技術。故選A項。【31題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中無法獲得的資源時。然而，為了在需要精神集中和反思的情況下最大限度地學習，教育工作者不應假定所有媒體都是相同的，即使它們包含相同的單詞)”可知，盡管數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻在教育中有一定作用，但當需要精神集中和反思以最大化學習時，教育者不應假定所有媒體都是相同的，即使它們包含相同的單詞。這表明作者認為紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的重要性。故選C項。Passage2【2024全國甲卷】“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(懸疑小說).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—buitmightprovidewhatyouneedtogetthere.12.WhydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?A.Todiscussanovel. B.Tosubmitabookreport.C.Toargueforawriter. D.Toaskforareadinglist.13.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?A.Writingisamatterofpersonalpreferences.B.Readersareoftencarriedawaybycharacter.C.Eachtypeofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.D.Astorywhichbeginswellwillendwell.14.Whatisexpectedofagoodending?AItsatisfiesreaders’taste. B.Itfitswiththestorydevelopment.C.Itisusuallypositive. D.Itisopenforimagination.15.WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandElizabethSims?A.Togiveexamplesofgreatnovelists. B.Tostressthethemeofthisissue.C.Toencouragewritingforthemagazine. D.Torecommendtheirnewbooks.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.B【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章首先通過作者與教授關于小說結(jié)局的討論引發(fā)了對結(jié)局的思考，接著闡述了不同類型的文學作品結(jié)局的特點，最后提出了寫作好的結(jié)局的重要性并介紹了《Writer’sDigest》雜志如何幫助作家寫出更好的結(jié)尾?！?2題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段““Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.(“我不喜歡這個結(jié)局，”我對我最喜歡的大學教授說。那是我大三的時候，我正在做一項關于維多利亞文學的獨立研究。我剛剛讀完喬治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，讀到結(jié)尾我很傷心。格雷西教授耐心地讓我考慮一下，不要只看我喜不喜歡)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是為了討論小說。故選A項?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(懸疑小說).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.(這對我來說是一個頓悟的時刻，我再也沒有想過同樣的結(jié)局。從那時起，如果我想讀一個保證幸福的結(jié)局，我就會選一部愛情小說。如果我想要一個我猜不到的結(jié)局，我會選一本神秘小說。一種是我知道會發(fā)生什么，歷史小說。選擇讀什么變得更容易了)”可知，見過格雷西教授后，作者意識到了每種類型的文學都有其獨特的結(jié)局。故選C項?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat’sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.(但是寫出結(jié)局——那很難。對作家來說很難，因為結(jié)局對讀者來說意義重大。你必須平衡創(chuàng)造一個不可預測的結(jié)局，但這個結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來，要適合角色的設定)”可知，人們對一個好結(jié)局的期望是結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來，要適合角色的設定，也就是符合故事的發(fā)展。故選B項?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.(這就是為什么這期《Writer’sDigest》旨在幫助你找出如何為你正在寫的任何類型的作品寫出最好的結(jié)局。如果是短篇小說，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六種技巧，你可以嘗試看看哪一種能幫助你完美著陸。伊麗莎白·西姆斯分析了五部偉大小說的最后幾章，看看它們包含了哪些關鍵點，以及你如何將它們應用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊麗莎白·西姆斯是為了強調(diào)這期《Writer’sDigest》的主題，即幫助讀者寫出更好的結(jié)尾。故選B項。Passage3【2024北京卷】Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(認知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隱喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimaginedtheuniverseasaclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Makeanassumption. B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion. D.Justifyacomparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A.Acceptedby. B.Determinedby. C.Awakenedby. D.Discoveredby.30.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學家對于宇宙的認知和信息時代下的作者對于宇宙爭論的看法?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.(搜索“模擬假說”這一術語會得到許多關于宇宙是否是計算機模擬的爭論結(jié)果——一些科學家實際上認真對待這個概念。不幸的是，這不是一個科學問題。我們可能永遠都不知道這是不是真的。相反，我們可以利用這個想法來推進科學知識)”可知，作者對于模擬假說提出質(zhì)疑，是為了提出自己的建議，建議使用這一想法來推進科學知識。故選C項?！?9題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.(如果經(jīng)驗不能揭示現(xiàn)實，推理也不會揭示現(xiàn)實，因為它依賴于contingenton我們的社會、文化和心理歷史的概念和詞語)”可知，句中that引導限制性定語從句，指代先行詞conceptsandwords，且結(jié)合常識，概念和詞語取決于我們的社會、文化和心理歷史，推測劃線短語表示“取決于”，與determinedby意義相近。故選B項?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.(18世紀的哲學家康德認為，宇宙最終由不可知的事物本身組成。雖然他認為客觀現(xiàn)實是存在的，但他說，我們的大腦在構(gòu)建和塑造我們的感知方面發(fā)揮著必要的作用)”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因此，如果我們接受宇宙是不可知的，我們也接受我們永遠不會知道我們是否生活在計算機模擬中)”可知，作者引用康德的觀點，并在客觀陳述后利用該觀點來構(gòu)建自己的論述，由此可知，作者對康德的論點持欣賞的態(tài)度。故選A項?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.(爭論宇宙是否是一個時鐘、一組粒子還是計算輸出的產(chǎn)物是沒有意義的。所有這些模型都是處理未知事物和發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的工具。我們擁有的工具越多，我們就能變得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象，與之前構(gòu)建科學模型的過程相比，開發(fā)基于“計算機模擬”隱喻的模型也將是一項非常有益的工作)”可知，作者認為爭論宇宙是否是虛擬的，這是沒有意義的，我們應該停止爭論宇宙是否為模擬，而應該著手于將其作為一個模型來探索和理解，這樣會更有助于科學的進步。故選C項。2023年閱讀理解議論文Passage1【2023年全國乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.13.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific. B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay. D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.15.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B.AShortHistoryofAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100Objects D.HowArtWorksTellStories【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。本文討論了僅僅依靠書面文本來講述世界歷史的局限性，并強調(diào)了將物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性?！?2題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.(如果你想講述整個世界的歷史，一段不以人類某一部分為特權(quán)的歷史，你不能僅僅通過文本來講述，因為世界上只有一部分人曾經(jīng)有過文本，而世界上大多數(shù)人，在大多數(shù)時間里，都沒有。寫作是人類較晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至許多有文字的社會也不僅用文字，而且用物件來記錄他們所關心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應該如何呈現(xiàn)給我們。故選A?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段首句“Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情況下，歷史應該將文本和物品結(jié)合在一起，本書的某些章節(jié)能夠做到這一點，但在許多情況下，我們根本做不到。)”可推斷，作者認為歷史應該是文本和物品相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，但是很多情況下，我們做不到。再根據(jù)所舉例子的下文“FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.(在英國方面，我們有科學報告和船長對那可怕的一天的記錄。從澳大利亞方面來看，我們只有一個木制盾牌，這是一名男子在第一次經(jīng)歷槍擊后在飛行中扔下的。)”可知，作者舉這個例子是為了說明船長的記錄是片面的，只從自己的角度描述了問題。故選D?！?4題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文“TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.(加勒比海的泰諾人、澳大利亞的土著人、貝寧的非洲人以及印加人，所有這些人都出現(xiàn)在這本書中，他們現(xiàn)在都可以通過他們制造的物品向我們講述他們過去最強大的成就：通過物品講述的歷史給了他們一個聲音。當我們考慮諸如此類的有文化社會和無文化社會之間的接觸時，我們所有的第一手資料都必然是扭曲的，只有對話的一半。)”結(jié)合劃線句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我們要找到對話的另一半，我們不僅要讀文本，還要讀物體。)”可知，我們對過去歷史的了解，只是書寫歷史的人所想要讓我們了解的歷史，如果我們想要了解歷史的另一半，我們不僅僅要讀文本也要讀對象。所以conversation指的是“歷史”。故選B?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想講述整個世界的歷史，一段不以人類某一部分為特權(quán)的歷史，你不能僅僅通過文本來講述，因為世界上只有一部分人的歷史曾經(jīng)被文字記錄過，而世界上大多數(shù)人，在大多數(shù)時間里，都沒有。)”結(jié)合最后一段的“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我們要找到對話的另一半，我們不僅要讀文本，還要讀物體。)”可知，本文講述僅僅依靠書面文本來講述世界歷史有局限性，想要更好的了解歷史就要將文本和物品結(jié)合在一起。從而推斷文章最有可能選自《100件物品中的世界史》。故選C。2022年閱讀理解議論文Passage1【2022年全國甲卷】Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決).”O(jiān)ntheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture. B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment. D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.13.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.14.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions. B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation. D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.15.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章通過作者和悉尼人士的交流介紹了悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題?！?2題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世紀60年代初，澳大利亞悉尼發(fā)生了一件大事。這座城市發(fā)現(xiàn)了它的港口)”以及“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.(但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介紹了悉尼發(fā)展的關鍵是港口。故選C項?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSydneyferryboatsforaliving.(30歲出頭的AndrewReynolds是個快樂的小伙子，他在悉尼擔任渡輪領航員為生)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我會想念這些舊船的)”以及第五段“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(雙體船更快，但它們不那么優(yōu)雅，駕駛起來也不有趣)”可知，渡輪領航員AndrewReynolds喜歡老式渡船。故選D項?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(悉尼的官方歷史學家ShirleyFitzgerald告訴我，在20世紀70年代奔向現(xiàn)代化的過程中，悉尼把很多它的過去都拋在了一邊，包括許多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald認為悉尼匆忙奔向現(xiàn)代化，正在失去它的傳統(tǒng)。故選A項?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同時既年輕又古老也有它的魅力。當我遇到一位深思熟慮的年輕商人Anthony時，我考慮到了這一點)”以及最后一段“Heisright(他說得沒錯)”可推知，作者贊同Anthony的觀點，認為一座城市可以同時既年輕又古老。故選A項。Passage2【2022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulprobl