建筑外文文獻及翻譯(參考模板)

傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！/傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！外文原文StudyonHumanResourceAllocationinMulti-ProjectBasedonthePriorityandtheCostofProjectsLinJingjing,ZhouGuohuaSchoolofEconomicsandmanagement,SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,610031,ChinaAbstractThispaperputforwardtheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriority.whichisintroducedintoamulti-objectiveoptimizationmodelforhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironment.Theobjectivesofthemodelweretheminimumcostlossduetothedelayofthetimelimitoftheprojectsandtheminimumdelayoftheprojectwiththehighestpriority.ThenaGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelwasintroduced.Finally,anumericalexamplewasusedtotestifythefeasibilityofthemodelandthealgorithm.IndexTerms—GeneticAlgorithm,HumanResourceAllocation,Multi-project’sproject’spriority.INTRODUCTIONMoreandmoreenterprisesarefacingthechallengeofmulti-projectmanagement,whichhasbeenthefocusamongresearchesonprojectmanagement.Inmulti-projectenvironment,thesharearecompetitionofresourcessuchascapital,timeandhumanresourcesoftenoccur.Therefore,it’scriticaltoscheduleprojectsinordertosatisfythedifferentresourcedemandsandtoshortentheprojects’durationtimewithresourcesconstrained,asin[1].Formanyenterprises,thehumanresourcesarethemostpreciousasset.Soenterprisesshouldreasonablyandeffectivelyallocateeachresource,especiallythehumanresource,inordertoshortenthetimeandcostofprojectsandtoincreasethebenefits.Someliteratureshavediscussedtheresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectenvironmentwithresourcesconstrained.Reference[1]designedaniterativealgorithmandproposedamathematicalmodeloftheresource-constrainedmulti-projectscheduling.Basedonworkbreakdownstructure(WBS)andDantzig-Wolfedecompositionmethod,afeasiblemulti-projectplanningmethodwasillustrated,asin[2].References[3,4]discussedtheresource-constrainedprojectschedulingbasedonBranchDelimitationmethod.Reference[5]putforwardtheframeworkofhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectinLong-term,medium-termandshort-termaswellasresearchanddevelopment(R&D)environment.Based傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！onGPSSlanguage,simulationmodelofresourcesallocationwasbuilttogettheproject’sdurationtimeandresourcesdistribution,asin[6].Reference[7]solvedtheengineeringproject’sresourcesoptimizationproblemusingGeneticAlgorithms.Theseliteraturesreasonablyoptimizedresourcesallocationinmulti-project,butallhadthesameprerequisitethattheproject’simportanceisthesametoeachother.Thispaperwillanalyzetheeffectsofproject’spriorityonhumanresourceallocation,whichistobeintroducedintoamathematicalmodel;finally,aGeneticAlgorithmisusedtosolvethemodel.EFFECTSOFPROJECTSPRIORITYONHUMANRESOUCEALLOCATIONANDTHEAFFECTINGFACTORSOFPROJECT’SPRIORITYResourcesharingisoneofthemaincharacteristicsofmulti-projectmanagement.Theallocationofsharedresourcesrelatestotheefficiencyandrationalityoftheuseofresources.Whenresourceconflictoccurs,theresourcedemandoftheprojectwithhighestpriorityshouldbesatisfiedfirst.Onlyafterthat,cantheprojectswithlowerprioritybeconsidered.Basedontheideaofprojectclassificationmanagement,thispaperclassifiestheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriorityintothreecategories,astheproject’sbenefits,thecomplexityofprojectmanagementandtechnology,andthestrategicinfluenceontheenterprise’sfuturedevelopment.Thepriorityweightoftheprojectisthefunctionoftheabovethreecategories,asshownin(1).W=f(I,c,s…)(1)Wherewreferstoproject’spriorityweight;Ireferstothebenefitsoftheproject;creferstothecomplexityoftheproject,includingthetechnologyandmanagement;sreferstotheinfluenceoftheprojectonenterprise.Thebiggerthevaluesofthethreecategories,thehigherthepriorityis.HUMANRESOURCEALLOCATIONMODELINMULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！ProblemDescriptionAccordingtotheconstrainttheory,theenterpriseshouldstrictlydifferentiatethebottleneckresourcesandthenon-bottleneckresourcestosolvetheconstraintproblemofbottleneckresources.Thispaperwillstressonthelimitedcriticalhumanresourcesbeingallocatedtomulti-projectwithdefinitedurationtimesandpriority.Tosimplifytheproblem,wesupposethatthatthreeexistseveralparallelprojectsandasharedresourcesstorehouse,andtheenterprise’soperationonlyinvolvesonekindofcriticalhumanresources.Thesupplyofthecriticalhumanresourceislimited,whichcannotbeobtainedbyhiringoranyotherwaysduringacertainperiod.whenresourceconflictamongparallelprojectsoccurs,wemayallocatethehumanresourcetomulti-projectaccordingtoproject’spriorities.Theallocationofnon-criticalindependenthumanresourcesisnotconsideredinthispaper,whichsupposesthattheindependentresourcesthateachprojectneedscanbesatisfied.Engineeringprojectsusuallyneedmassivecriticalskilledhumanresourcesinsomecriticalchain,whichcannotbesubstitutedbytheotherkindofhumanresources.Whenthecriticalchainsofprojectsatthesametimeduringsomeperiod,thereoccurresourceconflictandcompetition.Thepaperalsosupposesthatthecorrespondingnetworkplanningofvariousprojectshavealreadybeenestablished,andthepeaksofeachproject’sresourcesdemandhavebeenoptimized.Thedelayofthecriticalchainwillaffectthewholeproject’sdurationtime.3.2ModelHypothesesThefollowinghypotheseshelpustoestablishamathematicalmodel:Thenumberofmutuallyindependentprojectsinvolvedinresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectisN.EachprojectisindicatedwithQi,whilei=1,2,…N.Thepriorityweightsofmulti-projecthavebeendetermined,whicharerespectivelyw傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！1,w2…wn.ThetotalnumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesisR,withrkstandingforeachperson,whilek=1,2,…,RΔki=Resourcescapturingbyseveralprojectsbeginsontime.tEiistheexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskaftertimet,onthepremisethatthehumanresourcesdemandcanbesatisfied.tAiistherealdurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcetofinishsometaskaftertimet.Accordingtothecontract,ifthedelayoftheprojecthappensthedailycostlossduetothedelayis△ciforprojectI.Accordingtotheproject’simportance,thedelayofaprojectwillnotonlycausethecostloss,butwillalsodamagetheprestigeandstatusoftheenterprise.(whilethelatentcostisdifficulttoquantify,itisn’tconsideredinthisarticletemporarily.)Fromthehypothesis(5),wecanknowthataftertimet,thetime-gapbetweentherealandexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskis△ti,(△ti=tAi-tEi).Forthereexistsresourcescompetition,thetime–gapisnecessarilyapositivenumber.Accordingtohypotheses(6)and(7),thetotalcostlossofprojectIisCi(Ci=△ti*△Ci).Thedurationtimeofactivitiescanbeexpressedbytheworkloadofactivitiesdividedbythequantityofresources,whichcanbeindicatedwithfollowingexpressionoftAi=ηi/Ri*,.Intheexpression,ηireferstotheworkloadofprojectsIduringsomeperiod,whichissupposedtobefixedandpre-determinedbytheprojectmanagersonprojectplanningphase;Ri*referstothenumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesbeingallocatedtoprojectsIactually,withtheequationR傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！i*=existing.DuetotheresourcecompetitiontheresourcedemandsofprojectswithhigherPrioritiesmaybeguarantee,whilethoseprojectswithlowerprioritiesmaynotbefullyguaranteed.Inthissituation,thedecreaseoftheresourcesupplywillleadtotheincreaseofthedurationtimeofactivitiesandtheproject,whiletheworkloadisfixed.OptimizationModelBasedontheabovehypotheses,theresourceallocationmodelinmulti-projectenvironmentcanbeestablished.Here,theoptimizationmodelis:Fi=minZi=min=min(2)=min=minZ2=min=min(3)Wherewj=max(wi),()(4)Subjectto:0=R(5)Themodelisamulti-objectiveone.Thetwoobjectivefunctionsarerespectivelytominimizethetotalcostloss,whichistoconformtotheeconomictarget,andtoshortenthetimedelayoftheprojectwithhighestpriority.Thefirstobjectivefunctioncanonlyoptimizetheapparenteconomiccost;thereforethesecondobjectivefunctionwillhelptomakeupthislimitation.Fortheprojectwithhighestpriority,timedelaywilldamagenotonlytheeconomicbenefits,butalsothestrategyandtheprestigeoftheenterprise.Thereforeweshouldguaranteethatthemostimportantprojectbefinishedontimeoraheadofschedule.傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！SOLUTIONTOTHEMULTI-OBJECTIVEMODELUSINGGENETICALGORITHMThemulti-objectiveoptimizationproblemisquitecommon.Generally,eachobjectiveshouldbeoptimizedinordertogetthecomprehensiveobjectiveoptimized.Thereforetheweightofeachsub-objectiveshouldbeconsidered.Reference[8]proposedanimprovedantcolonyalgorithmtosolvethisproblem.Supposedthattheweightsofthetwooptimizingobjectivesareαandβ,whereα+β=1.ThenthecomprehensivegoalisF*,whereF*=αF1+βF2.ThePrincipleofGeneticAlgorithmGeneticAlgorithmrootsfromtheconceptsofnaturalselectionandgenetics.It’sarandomsearchtechniqueforglobaloptimizationinacomplexsearchspace.Becauseoftheparallelnatureandlessrestrictions,ithasthekeyfeaturesofgreatcurrency,fastconvergenceandeasycalculation.Meanwhile,itssearchscopeisnotlimited,soit’saneffectivemethodtosolvetheresourcebalancingproblem,asin[9].ThemainstepsofGAinthispaperareasfollow:EncodingAnintegerstringisshort,directandefficient.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofthemodel,thehumanresourcecanbeassignedtobeacodeobject.Thestringlengthequalstothetotalnumberofhumanresourcesallocated.ChoosingthefitnessfunctionThispaperchoosetheobjectivefunctionasthefoundationoffitnessfunction.Toratethevaluesoftheobjectivefunction,thefitnessofthen-thindividualis1/傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！。GeneticoperationIt’sthecoreofGA.Thisprocessincludesthreebasicoperators:selectionoperator,crossoveroperator,andmutationoperation.Selectionoperationistoselectthegoodindividualsamongthegroup.Theprobabilityofastringtobeselectedasaparentisproportionaltoitsfitness.Thehigherthestring’sfitnessis,thegreatertheprobabilityofthestringtobeselectedasaparentwillbe.CrossoveroperatorTheso-calledcrossoveristhatthepatenchromosomesexchangesomegenestoyieldtwooffspringstringsinsomerule.Wecanuseuniformcrossover,thatthetwochromosomesexchangethegenesonthesamepositionswiththesamecrossoverprobabilitytoyieldtwonewindividuals.MutationoperatorMutationaddstothediversityofapopulationandtherebyincreasesthelikelihoodthatthealgorithmwillgenerateindividualswithbetterfitnessvalues.ThemutationoperatordeterminesthesearchabilityofGA,maintainthediversityofapopulation,andavoidtheprematurity.Thereareseveralmutationisquiteeasy.StandardfortheterminalofGAWithouthumancontrol,theevolutionprocessofthealgorithmwillneverend.Thepopulationsizeaffectsthefinalresultandtheoperationspeed.Ifthesizeisgreater,thediversityofthepopulationcanbeadded,andthebestresultcanbeobtainedeasier.However,theefficiencyisreduced.Recently,inmostGAprogress,thebiggestevolvementalgebraisdeterminedbyhuman-beingstocontrolthecoursethealgorithm.NUMERICALEXAMPLE傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！WeuseanumericalexampletoillustratetheeffectivenessofGeneticAlgorithm.Assumethattherearethreeprojectswiththesamenetwork,andthepriorityweightshavebeenputforward.Thereisonlyonecriticalpathineachproject.ThedatawehaveknownareshowninTable1.Table1DataoftheThreeProjectsProjectPriorityweightwtECostloss(humanyuan/day)Workload(person*day)10.421010010020.3181508030.271280120ThestepsofGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelareasfollow:Step1:Anintegerstringisadopted.Encodewith[0,1,2]fortherearethreeprojects.Thelengthofthechromosomeis16,thetotalnumberofhumanresourcetobeallocated.Step2:Theinitialpopulationsizeis50.Step3:Doinggeneticoperation.AdoptRouletteWheelandElitisttactictodeterminedselectionoperator.Theoffspringcanbeyieldedbyuniformcross-over.Themutationoperatorcanbedeterminedbyuniformmutation.Weassumethatthemutationprobabilityequalto0.001.Step4:Adoptthemaximumpopulationsizeis100whenterminated.Afterthecomputersimulation,wecanobtainthePare-toresultswithdifferentimportanceweightsofthetwoobjectivefunctions,asshowninTable2:Table2TheSolutionResultoftheModelR1*R2*R3*F1(HundredYuan)F2(Day)α=1,β=0655911.22.8α=0.7,β=0.3754940.81.8α=0.4,β=0.68441051.81.05α=0.1,β=0.910331472.80傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！Fromtable2wecanlearnthat,whenαandβchange,theresultisdifferent.HoweverwecanobtainaseriesofParetoresults.CONCLUSIONHumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironmentisacomplicatedproblem.Thispaperanalyzestheimportanceofproject’spriorityinresourceallocationandestablishesahumanresourceallocationmodelbasedonpriorityandcostofprojects.Finally,geneticAlgorithmisadoptedtosolvethemodel.Duringtheconstructionprocessoftheallocationmodel,wehaveputforwardsomehypothesesinordertosimplifytheproblem.However,whentheenterprisespracticallyallocatetheresources,heywillfacemorecomplexity,whichisthefocusofourfuturestudy.傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！中文翻譯：在項目優(yōu)先權和成本的基礎上對多項目中人力資源配置的研究林晶晶，周國華中國西南交通大學經(jīng)濟和管理學院，610031摘要本文提出項目優(yōu)先次序的影響因素，為多項目環(huán)境配置人力資源引入一個多目標優(yōu)化模型。這一模型的目標是使得由于項目時間限制的延誤損失的成本最低和具有最高優(yōu)先順序項目的延遲最小。然后用遺傳算法求解該模型。最后，用一個數(shù)值例子證明該模型和算法的可行性。關鍵字遺傳算法;人力資源配置;多項目、項目的優(yōu)先權;1、引言越來越多的企業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是多項目管理，這已經(jīng)成為項目管理研究的焦點。多項目環(huán)境中，諸如資金，時間和人力等資源的共享和競爭經(jīng)常發(fā)生。因此合理安排項目的進度，以滿足不同資源的需求并縮短項目造成的資源約束。對于許多企業(yè)來說，人力資源是最寶貴的資產(chǎn)。所以企業(yè)應合理有效分配每個資源，尤其是人力資源，用以縮短時間減少項目的成本和增加效益。一些文獻中曾討論的存在資源約束的多項目環(huán)境中資源分配問題。設計一個迭代算法，并提出了資源約束的多項目調度的數(shù)學模型。基于工作分解結構（wbs）和dantzig-wolf的分解方法，人們曾演示過一個可行的多項目規(guī)劃方法。討論基于分支定界的方法的資源受限項目的調度。提出在長期、中期和短期的多項目及研究和開發(fā)（R＆D）環(huán)境中人力資源配置框架。在gpss語言的基礎上，為了獲得該項目的持續(xù)時間和資源的分配而建立仿真模型的資源配置。用遺傳算法解決了工程項目的資源優(yōu)化問題。這些文獻雖然合理優(yōu)化了多項目的資源配置，但它們都有相同的先決條件即該項目的重要性是一樣。本文將引進數(shù)學模型用以分析項目優(yōu)先權在人力資源配置中的作用。最后，用遺傳算法求解這一模型。2.項目優(yōu)先權對人的資源分配的作用和影響項目優(yōu)先權的因素傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！資源共享是是多項目管理一個主要特點。共享資源的分配涉及到資源使用的效率和合理性，當資源發(fā)生沖突時，應該首先滿足最高優(yōu)先權項目的資源的需求。在此之后，較低優(yōu)先權的項目才予以考慮。基于項目分類管理的思想，本文將歸類項目的優(yōu)先次序的影響因素分為三類。正如項目的利潤一樣，復雜的項目管理和技術以及戰(zhàn)略都影響著企業(yè)的未來發(fā)展。優(yōu)先權的重量級取決于該項目上述三大類因素。公式為：W=f(I,c,s…)(1)其中w是指項目的優(yōu)先權重；i指該項目的利潤，;c指項目中技術和管理的復雜性;s指該項目對企業(yè)的影響。三類因素的價值越大，其優(yōu)先級越高。3、在多項目環(huán)境下的人力資源分配模型。3.1、問題描述根據(jù)約束理論，企業(yè)應嚴格區(qū)分瓶頸資源和非瓶頸資源來解決瓶頸資源的約束問題。本文將著力研究被分配在多項目中有限且關鍵的人力資源，而這些多項目都有明確的期限和時代優(yōu)先權。為了簡化問題，我們假設存在平行的幾個項目和一個共享的資源庫，且企業(yè)的運作只涉及一種重要的人力資源。關鍵人力資源的供應是有限的，在一定期限內是不能通過雇用或憑借任何其他方式獲得的。當資源之間的沖突在并行項目中發(fā)生時，我們可能會根據(jù)項目的優(yōu)先次序分配人力資源。本文不考慮非關鍵獨立的人力資源的配置問題，這是假定這些獨立的資源可以滿足每個項目的需求。工程項目通常在一些關鍵鏈需要大量的關鍵技術熟練的人力資源，而這些資源是由其他人力資源所不能取代。在某時期內，當項目的幾個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)同時需要同一種關鍵性人力資源時就會發(fā)生資源的沖突和競爭。本文還假設認為，各個項目已經(jīng)建立相應的網(wǎng)絡規(guī)劃，并且每個項目的資源需求的高峰期已得到優(yōu)化。關鍵環(huán)節(jié)的延誤將會影響整個項目的持續(xù)時間。3.2模型假設

以下假說幫助我們建立一個數(shù)學模型：(1)介入多項目的資源分配問題的相互獨立項目的數(shù)量是N。每個項目Q用表示，而i=1,2，…N。傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！(2)確定了多項目優(yōu)先權重量，各自是w1，w2…wn。(3)重要人力資源的總數(shù)是R，用rk代表每個人，而k=1,2，…，R(4)ki=(5)幾個項目共用的資源從時間ts開始。tEi是人力資源的需求可以得到滿足的前提下項目i的預計持續(xù)時間，項目i在ts后需要關鍵資源來完成某些任務。(6)根據(jù)合同，如果該項目延誤則由延誤對項目i造成的每日成本損失為△Ci。根據(jù)該項目的重要性，工程延誤后不但會造成成本的損失，而且還會損害企業(yè)的威望和地位。（而潛在的成本是難以量化的，這在本文中暫時不做考慮）。(7)從假說（5），我們可以知道在時間ts后，項目i真正持續(xù)時間和預期持續(xù)時間的時間差距為△ti,(△ti=tAi-tEi)。由于存在著資源的競爭，時間的差距必然是一個正數(shù)。(8)根據(jù)假說(6)和(7)，項目i總的成本損失是Ci(Ci=△ti*△Ci)。(9)活動持續(xù)時間可以用活動的工作量除以資源的數(shù)量表達，用下面的表達式表示為tAi=ηi/R*i。在這個表達式中，ηi指在某一時期項目i的工作量，它應該是固定和預先確定的。R*i是指在項目經(jīng)理對項目的規(guī)劃階段被實際上分配給項目i中的關鍵人力資源的數(shù)量。于是存在方程Ri*=。由于資源的競爭，具有較高優(yōu)先權項目的資源需求可能得到保障，而那些較低的優(yōu)先權的項目可能無法得到充分保障。在這種情況下當工作量是固定的，減少了資源的供應將導致活動和項目持續(xù)時間的增加。3.3優(yōu)化模型基于上述的假設確立多項目環(huán)境的資源分配模型。這里的優(yōu)化模型表示為：Fi=minZi=min=min(2)傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！=min=minZ2=min=min(3)Wherewj=max(wi),()(4)Subjectto:0=R(5)該模型是一個多目標形式的。這兩個目標函數(shù)一個是為符合經(jīng)濟目標以盡量減少總的成本損失，另一個是以縮短有最高優(yōu)先權項目的延遲時間。由于第一個目標函數(shù)只能優(yōu)化明顯的經(jīng)濟成本，因此第二個目標函數(shù)將有助于彌補此限制。