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2015年考研英語(一)真題試卷
(總分:144.00,做題時間:90分鐘)
一、UseofEnglish(總題數(shù):2,分數(shù):80.00)
1.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach
numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(分數(shù):40.00)
解析:
Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%
ofgenes.Thatis[Bl]1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale
UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has[B2]Thestudyis
agenome-wideanalysisconducted[B3]1,932uniquesubjectswhich[B4]pairsof
unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth[B5]While
1%mayseem[B6]_____,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical
geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven[B7]_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow
managetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho[B8]___ourkin."Thestudy[B9]foundthat
thegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarity
existsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.[B10]_____,astheteamsuggests,it
drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore[Bl1]it.Therecouldbemanymechanisms
workingtogetherthat[B12]usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends[B13]
“functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith[B14]!Oneoftheremarkablefindings
ofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving[B15]thanothergenes.Studying
thiscouldhelp[B16]whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocial
environmentbeingamajor[B17]factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople,s[B18]
_tobefriendthoseofsimilar[B19]backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthe
subjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento[B20]that
allsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.(分數(shù):40.00)
(1).[Bl](分數(shù):2.00)
A.when
B.why
C.how
D.whatJ
解析:解析:本題考查特殊疑問詞用法。文章首句點明此選段主要內(nèi)容,指出“即便沒有血緣關系,朋友
之間就像第四代表親一樣,約有1%的基因相同。”該題的選項全是特殊疑問詞,when通常用來詢問時間;
why用來提問“為什么”;how則是詢問“……怎么樣”。在本題復合句中,what做關聯(lián)詞引導疑問分句,
并且在句子中擔任賓語,表示“研究得出的結果”。
(2).[B2](分數(shù):2.00)
A.defended
B.concludedV
C.withdrawn
D.advised
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。該選項所在句的主干是Thatiswhatastudyhas_句子中間的
publishedfromthe…ofsciences是用來修飾astudy的后置定語。選項defend意為"辯護;防護;保
衛(wèi)";conclude意為“推斷;決定,作結論";withdraw意為“取出;撤退";advise意為“建議:勸
告”。而與名詞study的慣用搭配即是“研究得出什么結論”。
(3).[B3](分數(shù):2.00)
A.for
B.with
C.onJ
D.by
解析:解析:本題考杳固定搭配。動詞短語conducton為固定搭配,譯為“對……進行研究”,在此句中
表示“對1932位獨立的個體進行研究”。
(4).[B4](分數(shù):2.00)
A.comparedJ
B.sought
C.separated
D.connected
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Compare主要意為“比較;對照;與……比較起來”;seek則是“尋找;
搜索”;separate是“使分離;使分開";connect是“連接;聯(lián)合”。該空格后出現(xiàn)線索詞pairs,可
推測此處應是表達“將無關的朋友組和無關的陌生人組進行對照基因組分析”。
(5).[B5](分數(shù):2.00)
A.tests
B.objects
C.samplesJ
D.examples
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Test意為“試驗;檢驗":object意為“對象;目標;物體":sample
意為“樣本;例子”;ex—ample意為“例子;榜樣”。此句應是表達“所有實驗個體都會被重新分在不
同對照組進行分析"。而sample所表示的“樣本”指的是其他的都與這個“樣本”在質(zhì)量、性質(zhì)和設計上
相同;example所對比的通常是作為有典型的、能說明問題的、有代表性的例子。
(6).[B6](分數(shù):2.00)
A.insignificantJ
B.unexpected
C.unreliable
D.incredible
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。選項中unbelievable和incredible均表示“難以置信的;不可思議
的":insignificant意為“無關緊要的";unexpected意為“意外的;想不到的“。而此處,句意表達
的是“1%的共享基因看似無關緊要,而對一位遺傳學者卻意義非凡”。
(7).[B7](分數(shù):2.00)
A.visit
B.miss
C.seek
D.knowJ
解析:解析:本題考查前后轉折邏輯關系。四個選項均是常見單詞,在此處主要考查學生的語感。線索詞
是fourthcousins,在錯綜復雜的人際交往中,第四代表親可以說,彼此親戚關系已經(jīng)很遠了,故判斷此
處應是“不認識”。
(8).[B8](分數(shù):2.00)
A.resembleJ
B.influence
C.favor
D.surpass
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Resemble意為“類似,像";influence意為“影響;改變";favor
意為“贊成;喜歡";surpass意為“超越;勝過,優(yōu)于”。顯然,選項填入后,應切合文章主題“朋友
間約1%基因相同”,故此處應是指出“但不知何故,選擇的朋友就像我們的親戚”。
(9).[B9](分數(shù):2.00)
A.again
B.alsoJ
C.instead
D.thus
解析:解析:本題考查副詞用法。Again表示“又,此外;再一次”。一般用于表示幾個主語共同一個謂
賓,或一個主謂多個賓語;also表示“也;而且",一般是指動作(謂語)重復、反復進行;instead表示
“代替;反而",表轉折;thus表示“因此;從而”,表因果。顯然,此處欲表達的是“研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)……”。
(10).[B10](分數(shù):2.00)
A.Meanwhile
B.Furthermore
C.Likewise
D.PerhapsJ
解析:解析:本題考杳副詞用法。Meanwhile意為“同時,其間”,表示并列連接,通常含有遞進的意思;
furthermore意為“此外;而且“,屬于進一步說明,后面與前面所涉及的內(nèi)容更近一步;1ikewise意為
“同樣地;也”,與前述內(nèi)容承接;perhaps意為“或許:也許",表示不確定的推測。此處前文并沒有
給出其它原因,判斷應僅是推測。
(11).[B11](分數(shù):2.00)
A.about
B.toJ
C.from
D.like
解析:解析:本題考查介詞用法。句子意思是“就像這個科研團隊所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,這個因素不僅把我們帶到相
似的環(huán)境中來,更有一些深層次的影響。”前后對應,故選B項。
(12).[B12](分數(shù):2.00)
A.driveJ
B.observe
C.confuse
D.limit
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Drive為“推動;驅(qū)使";observe為“觀察;遵守";confuse為“使
混亂;使困惑”;limit為“限制;限定”。將四選項依次代入,可以斷定A選項正確,意為“可能有很
多機制共同作用,驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友”。
(13).[B13](分數(shù):2.00)
A.accordingto
B.ratherthanJ
C.regardlessof
D.alongwith
解析:解析:本題考查介系詞用法。Accordingto主要用來表示“根據(jù)”某學說、某文件、某人所說等或
表示“按照”某法律、某規(guī)定、某慣例、某情況等;ratherthan是一個并列連詞,不與would連用時,
表示客觀事實,意為“是……而不是……;與其……不如……";regardlessof為“不管:不顧”,一
般用于客觀上無法避免的事實,往往是不利的條件,因素;alongwith意為"和……一起”時,經(jīng)??疾?/p>
主謂?致,意為"(除…外)又……;加之”,在這里是包括某事物的。此處文章顯然考的是ratherthan,
表示“而不是以功能性的親戚關系作為選友基準”。
(14).[B14](分數(shù):2.00)
A.chances
B.responses
C.missions
D.benefitsV
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。短語with_是用來修飾名詞短語functionalKinship的,因此可
判斷選項benefits與functional前后對應。
(15).LB15](分數(shù):2.00)
A.later
B.s1ower
C.fasterJ
D.earlier
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。此處句意可以理解為“研究中,其中的一個顯著發(fā)現(xiàn)是相似基因好像
比其他基因進化……”,再根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的關鍵詞pickedpace,“步子快;發(fā)展迅速”,可判斷正確
答案為C選項。
(16).[B16](分數(shù):2.00)
A.forecast
B.remember
C.understandJ
D.express
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Forecast意為“預報,預測“;remember意為“記得;牢記;紀念”;
understand意為“理解;懂:獲悉;推斷“:express意為“表達;快遞”。顯然,所有研究的目的都是
為了解疑答惑,再根據(jù)線索詞why,可以判斷C選項為正確答案。
(17).[B17](分數(shù):2.00)
A.unpredictable
B.contributoryJ
C.controllable
D.disruptive
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Unpredictable意為“不可預知的;不定的";contributory意為“捐
助的;貢獻的;有助于……的";controllable意為“可控制的;可管理的";disruptive意為“破壞的;
分裂性的”。此處的with復合結構是句子的伴隨狀語,所表示的狀態(tài)是與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的,因此判斷
此處欲表達的是“社會環(huán)境在過去3萬年的人類快速進化過程中起著不可或缺的作用”。
(18).[B18](分數(shù):2.00)
A.endeavor
B.decision
C.arrangement
D.tendencyJ
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Endeavor意為“努力;盡力“;decision意為“決定,決心”;arrangement
意為“布置;整理;準備":tendency意為“傾向,趨勢:癖好”。將四個選項依次代人,顯然D選項更
為合適,意為“傾向于和那些擁有相同……背景的人做朋友”,不可能是“努力做朋友”、“下定決心做
朋友”或者“準備好去做朋友”。
(19).[B19](分數(shù):2.00)
A.political
B.religious
C.ethnicV
D.economic
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Political意為“政治的;黨派的";religious意為“宗教的;虔誠
的";ethnic意為“種族的;人種的";economic意為“經(jīng)濟的,經(jīng)濟上的”。根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的allthe
subjectsweredrawnfromapopuIationofEuropeanextraction,判斷此處應是指“擁有相同的種族
背景”。
(20).[B20](分數(shù):2.00)
A.seeV
B.show
C.prove
D.tell
解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。sthbetakentosee是固定搭配,意為“采取……來看……”,在此
處的意思是“仍然倍加小心來保證……”。
二、ReadingComprehension(總題數(shù):10,分數(shù):60.00)
2.SectionIIReadingComprehension
解析:
3.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby
choosingA,B,CorD.
解析:
KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon“tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep."But
embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave
forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchy
isseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewal1foral1Europeanroyals,with
theirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothfor
andagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheend
oftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand"embody“aspiritofnational
unity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs,continuingpopularity
asheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregion
intheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCitjrandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist
counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoters
toavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kings
andqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,their
veryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensible
privilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningof
risinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthy
aristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themost
successfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesand
princesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthy
familieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly
difficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswi11nodoubtbesmartenough
tosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanish
example.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather
ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive
tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat
monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialand
non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,
notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.(分數(shù):10.00)
(1).Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain(分數(shù):2.00)
A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.
B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.
C.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.
D.endedhisreigninembarrassment.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。首先根據(jù)題干關鍵飼KingJuancarlosofSpain定位至文章首段。文中
第二句指出:“Buiembarrassingscandals…h(huán)aveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddownn,
故D選項正確。
(2).MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly(分數(shù):2.00)
A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.J
B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.
C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.
D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.
解析:解析:木題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序,定位答案應是在文章三到四段。其中,第三段末句提到:
“但是不像他們在亞洲和海灣地區(qū)的專制主義者同行,大多在歐洲的王室延續(xù)下來的原因是他們可以讓選
民免于到處尋找毫無爭議的但同時受人尊重的社會名人。”故A選項為正確答案。
(3).Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?(分數(shù):2.00)
A.Aristocrats“excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.
B.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies.V
C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.
D.Thenobilityz/sadherencetotheirprivileges.
解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測題。首先題干給出答案位置信息第四段,關鍵詞是Odd。瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn),該段
末句出現(xiàn)生詞bizarre,該句原意是“當ThomasPiketty和其他經(jīng)濟學家對越來越多的不平等和不斷增長
的財產(chǎn)繼承提出警告時,富裕的貴族們竟然仍是現(xiàn)代民主國家的象征中心,這種現(xiàn)象是……”,很明顯,
這種現(xiàn)象是奇怪的(貴族特權與民主國家),故B選項“貴族在現(xiàn)代民主國家的角色定位”為正確答案。
(4).TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear"becauseCharles(分數(shù):2.00)
A.takesatough1ineonpoliticalissues.
B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.
C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.
D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干線索詞havemosttofear以及人名Charles定位至文章六、七
段。其中,第六段后半句指出“英國皇室對西班牙皇室的落敗最心有余悸”;第七段第二句接著指出
“Cha門es的處境將會很危險,因為他不但生活方式奢侈而且等級制度思想深刻”,也就是Charles沒有
適應現(xiàn)代社會的生活方式。
(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分數(shù):2.00)
A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined
B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone
C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsV
D.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats
解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章主要討論了西班牙胡安?卡洛斯國王退位這一事件對歐洲諸多皇
室的影響,尤其是對英國皇室的影響。最終提出,君主領導者要改變原有的思想和行為方式,和現(xiàn)代社會
的生活方式接軌,才能保證受到長久的尊崇與榮耀。故選C項。
JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsider
whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneison
oraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeping
ruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthe
possessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudges
toassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.Thecourtwouldberecklessly
modestifitfollowedCaliforniansadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,
sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.
TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa
smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthrougha
suspect^spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon“tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey
gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone's
smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteedsreading
history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.
Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmaclethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.
Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformation
onthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearightto
expectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon
unreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechailenge
of1ine-drawing.Inmanycases,itwou1dnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtaina
warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotections
whenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethat
phonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywant
toallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.Butthe
justicesshouldnotswa11owCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimes
demandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,compares
theexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishment
ofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovel
rulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth
Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.(分數(shù):10.00)
(1).TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringaharrest,itislegitimateto(分數(shù):2.00)
A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.
B.searchforsuspects*mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.
C.checksuspects"phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.J
D.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序及題干中關鍵詞SupremeCourt,whether定位至文章首段。
該段第二句提到“最高法院考慮到是否警察在沒有批準令的情況下,在逮捕過程中可以搜查嫌疑人身上或
旁邊的手機信息”。故C選項正確。
(2).Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof(分數(shù):2.00)
A.disapproval.J
B.indifference.
C.tolerance.
D.cautiousness.
解析:解析:本題屬于觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞California'sargument定位到第二、三、四段。這
些句子中提到hard…recklesslymodest…等負向詞,表達的是負面態(tài)度。另外,第四段首句給出作者明
確態(tài)度”theyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia,slameargument…”。
(3).Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone“sphonecontentsiscomparableto(分數(shù):2.00)
A.gettingintoone'sresidence.V
B.handlingone〃shistoricalrecords.
C.scanningone'scorrespondences.
D.goingthroughone'swallet.
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞exploringone'sphonecontents定位至文章第四段。
其中該段第三句提到aButexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhomeff,
正好與A選項對應。注意C選項提到內(nèi)容不是作者觀點。
(4).InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat(分數(shù):2.00)
A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.
B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.
C.citizens"privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.V
D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.
解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。首先根據(jù)題干定位至第五、六段。其中,第五段首句為中心句提到“美國
人應該采取措施保護數(shù)據(jù)隱私”;第六段則接著提到現(xiàn)有搜查原則的不當之處。題干問的是作者最關注什
么問題,顯然根據(jù)這兩段內(nèi)容,可以推斷C選項“市民隱私未能得到有效保護”為正確答案。
(5).OrinKerriscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(分數(shù):2.00)
A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.
B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.J
C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.
D.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.
解析:解析:本題屬于舉例論證題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞OrinKer/scomparison定位至文章末段。解答此類
題時需注意,舉例是為了論證論點,論點通常在論據(jù)的前面,所以要找例子前面的一句話。此處論點也就
是New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's
protectionso故B選項正確。
ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review
process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfrom
otherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributing
totheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings."Readersmusthaveconfidencein
theconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican
StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardof
reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal's
internaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.
TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhether
anyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe/"statisticsboard”
wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin
scientificresearchandispartofScience"overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityinthe
researchwepublish."GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublic
Health,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisory
role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoRE
tobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethrough
thepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplaces
thatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.〃Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudies
researchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyismostwe1comestepforward*and"longoverdue.
“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.
Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessential
thanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternal
Medicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattention
tostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,but
statisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acel1
biologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalso
takeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverify
theprocess."VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassome
merit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify"thepapers
thatneedscrutiny"inthefirstplace.”(分數(shù):10.00)
(1).ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that(分數(shù):2.00)
A.Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.
B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.V
C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.
D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干所給提示定位答案于第一段。其中,該段首句提到“Thejournal…is
addinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer——reviewprogress”,句中的addinganextra
roundofstatisticalchecks對應C選項中的strengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks,故B選項正
確。
(2).Thephraseflaggedup〃(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto(分數(shù):2.00)
A.found.
B.marked.J
C.revised.
D.stored.
解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測題。解答此類題要根據(jù)所猜詞匯所在句子的語意,進而依次代人選項,結
合文章主題(或段落中心)進行判斷。短語flaggedup所在句子語意是:手稿將被flaggedup以供期刊內(nèi)
部編輯人員、或者現(xiàn)有的審稿編委會、或是外部同行審查。代人選項,B選項最為合適。
(3).GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay(分數(shù):2.00)
A.poseathreattoallitspeers.
B.meetwithstrongopposition.
C.increaseScience'scirculation.
D.setanexampleforotherjournals.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干人名GiovanniParmigiani定位答案至第四段。該段最后兩句提
到,“他相信SBoRE的建立可能會產(chǎn)生很大的影響,不僅會對《科學》雜志本身的出版物有影響,還有望
影響其它較大一批可能想要模仿《科學》雜志做法的出版社?!惫蔇選項正確。
(4).DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow(分數(shù):2.00)
A.addstoresearchers'7work1oad.
B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.
C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.J
D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.
解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。根據(jù)題干人名DavidVaux和關鍵詞whatScienceisdoing定位至末段最
后一句。該句提到Science'sidea…h(huán)assomemerit,butaweaknessisthat***,意思是“有優(yōu)點,但
是缺陷在于將本該首先進行詳細審查的文件交給審核編委會鑒定”,故四個選項中,推斷C選項“(說明這
個想法)是有進一步改進空間的”更為合理些。
(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分數(shù):2.00)
A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersJ
B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect
C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors"Desks
D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience
解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章首段第一句就點明了文章的中心論點,指出《科學》雜志將要對
同行評審過程增加額外統(tǒng)計檢查:然后全文其余各個段落分別闡述了不同專家對這一想法的觀點態(tài)度。故
A選項可以概述全文。
Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe^unsettlingdearthofintegrity
acrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollective
acceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it〃s
us,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit."Drivingherpoint
home,shecontinued:〃It“sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguage
withingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalism
andfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmora1purposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,
shethought,makingitmore1ikelythatitwou1clloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadi11ega1
telephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsof
theWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,
innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalists
areknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,
aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorIdin2001tobethe
pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmany
respects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehacking
butthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittle
RebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefact
thatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.TheCoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatshe
knewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe
accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbeso
surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsociety
shouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,
business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales
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