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2015年考研英語(一)真題試卷

(總分:144.00,做題時間:90分鐘)

一、UseofEnglish(總題數(shù):2,分數(shù):80.00)

1.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(分數(shù):40.00)

解析:

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%

ofgenes.Thatis[Bl]1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has[B2]Thestudyis

agenome-wideanalysisconducted[B3]1,932uniquesubjectswhich[B4]pairsof

unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth[B5]While

1%mayseem[B6]_____,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven[B7]_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow

managetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho[B8]___ourkin."Thestudy[B9]foundthat

thegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarity

existsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.[B10]_____,astheteamsuggests,it

drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore[Bl1]it.Therecouldbemanymechanisms

workingtogetherthat[B12]usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends[B13]

“functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith[B14]!Oneoftheremarkablefindings

ofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving[B15]thanothergenes.Studying

thiscouldhelp[B16]whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocial

environmentbeingamajor[B17]factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople,s[B18]

_tobefriendthoseofsimilar[B19]backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthe

subjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento[B20]that

allsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.(分數(shù):40.00)

(1).[Bl](分數(shù):2.00)

A.when

B.why

C.how

D.whatJ

解析:解析:本題考查特殊疑問詞用法。文章首句點明此選段主要內(nèi)容,指出“即便沒有血緣關系,朋友

之間就像第四代表親一樣,約有1%的基因相同。”該題的選項全是特殊疑問詞,when通常用來詢問時間;

why用來提問“為什么”;how則是詢問“……怎么樣”。在本題復合句中,what做關聯(lián)詞引導疑問分句,

并且在句子中擔任賓語,表示“研究得出的結果”。

(2).[B2](分數(shù):2.00)

A.defended

B.concludedV

C.withdrawn

D.advised

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。該選項所在句的主干是Thatiswhatastudyhas_句子中間的

publishedfromthe…ofsciences是用來修飾astudy的后置定語。選項defend意為"辯護;防護;保

衛(wèi)";conclude意為“推斷;決定,作結論";withdraw意為“取出;撤退";advise意為“建議:勸

告”。而與名詞study的慣用搭配即是“研究得出什么結論”。

(3).[B3](分數(shù):2.00)

A.for

B.with

C.onJ

D.by

解析:解析:本題考杳固定搭配。動詞短語conducton為固定搭配,譯為“對……進行研究”,在此句中

表示“對1932位獨立的個體進行研究”。

(4).[B4](分數(shù):2.00)

A.comparedJ

B.sought

C.separated

D.connected

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Compare主要意為“比較;對照;與……比較起來”;seek則是“尋找;

搜索”;separate是“使分離;使分開";connect是“連接;聯(lián)合”。該空格后出現(xiàn)線索詞pairs,可

推測此處應是表達“將無關的朋友組和無關的陌生人組進行對照基因組分析”。

(5).[B5](分數(shù):2.00)

A.tests

B.objects

C.samplesJ

D.examples

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Test意為“試驗;檢驗":object意為“對象;目標;物體":sample

意為“樣本;例子”;ex—ample意為“例子;榜樣”。此句應是表達“所有實驗個體都會被重新分在不

同對照組進行分析"。而sample所表示的“樣本”指的是其他的都與這個“樣本”在質(zhì)量、性質(zhì)和設計上

相同;example所對比的通常是作為有典型的、能說明問題的、有代表性的例子。

(6).[B6](分數(shù):2.00)

A.insignificantJ

B.unexpected

C.unreliable

D.incredible

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。選項中unbelievable和incredible均表示“難以置信的;不可思議

的":insignificant意為“無關緊要的";unexpected意為“意外的;想不到的“。而此處,句意表達

的是“1%的共享基因看似無關緊要,而對一位遺傳學者卻意義非凡”。

(7).[B7](分數(shù):2.00)

A.visit

B.miss

C.seek

D.knowJ

解析:解析:本題考查前后轉折邏輯關系。四個選項均是常見單詞,在此處主要考查學生的語感。線索詞

是fourthcousins,在錯綜復雜的人際交往中,第四代表親可以說,彼此親戚關系已經(jīng)很遠了,故判斷此

處應是“不認識”。

(8).[B8](分數(shù):2.00)

A.resembleJ

B.influence

C.favor

D.surpass

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Resemble意為“類似,像";influence意為“影響;改變";favor

意為“贊成;喜歡";surpass意為“超越;勝過,優(yōu)于”。顯然,選項填入后,應切合文章主題“朋友

間約1%基因相同”,故此處應是指出“但不知何故,選擇的朋友就像我們的親戚”。

(9).[B9](分數(shù):2.00)

A.again

B.alsoJ

C.instead

D.thus

解析:解析:本題考查副詞用法。Again表示“又,此外;再一次”。一般用于表示幾個主語共同一個謂

賓,或一個主謂多個賓語;also表示“也;而且",一般是指動作(謂語)重復、反復進行;instead表示

“代替;反而",表轉折;thus表示“因此;從而”,表因果。顯然,此處欲表達的是“研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)……”。

(10).[B10](分數(shù):2.00)

A.Meanwhile

B.Furthermore

C.Likewise

D.PerhapsJ

解析:解析:本題考杳副詞用法。Meanwhile意為“同時,其間”,表示并列連接,通常含有遞進的意思;

furthermore意為“此外;而且“,屬于進一步說明,后面與前面所涉及的內(nèi)容更近一步;1ikewise意為

“同樣地;也”,與前述內(nèi)容承接;perhaps意為“或許:也許",表示不確定的推測。此處前文并沒有

給出其它原因,判斷應僅是推測。

(11).[B11](分數(shù):2.00)

A.about

B.toJ

C.from

D.like

解析:解析:本題考查介詞用法。句子意思是“就像這個科研團隊所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,這個因素不僅把我們帶到相

似的環(huán)境中來,更有一些深層次的影響。”前后對應,故選B項。

(12).[B12](分數(shù):2.00)

A.driveJ

B.observe

C.confuse

D.limit

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Drive為“推動;驅(qū)使";observe為“觀察;遵守";confuse為“使

混亂;使困惑”;limit為“限制;限定”。將四選項依次代入,可以斷定A選項正確,意為“可能有很

多機制共同作用,驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友”。

(13).[B13](分數(shù):2.00)

A.accordingto

B.ratherthanJ

C.regardlessof

D.alongwith

解析:解析:本題考查介系詞用法。Accordingto主要用來表示“根據(jù)”某學說、某文件、某人所說等或

表示“按照”某法律、某規(guī)定、某慣例、某情況等;ratherthan是一個并列連詞,不與would連用時,

表示客觀事實,意為“是……而不是……;與其……不如……";regardlessof為“不管:不顧”,一

般用于客觀上無法避免的事實,往往是不利的條件,因素;alongwith意為"和……一起”時,經(jīng)??疾?/p>

主謂?致,意為"(除…外)又……;加之”,在這里是包括某事物的。此處文章顯然考的是ratherthan,

表示“而不是以功能性的親戚關系作為選友基準”。

(14).[B14](分數(shù):2.00)

A.chances

B.responses

C.missions

D.benefitsV

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。短語with_是用來修飾名詞短語functionalKinship的,因此可

判斷選項benefits與functional前后對應。

(15).LB15](分數(shù):2.00)

A.later

B.s1ower

C.fasterJ

D.earlier

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。此處句意可以理解為“研究中,其中的一個顯著發(fā)現(xiàn)是相似基因好像

比其他基因進化……”,再根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的關鍵詞pickedpace,“步子快;發(fā)展迅速”,可判斷正確

答案為C選項。

(16).[B16](分數(shù):2.00)

A.forecast

B.remember

C.understandJ

D.express

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。Forecast意為“預報,預測“;remember意為“記得;牢記;紀念”;

understand意為“理解;懂:獲悉;推斷“:express意為“表達;快遞”。顯然,所有研究的目的都是

為了解疑答惑,再根據(jù)線索詞why,可以判斷C選項為正確答案。

(17).[B17](分數(shù):2.00)

A.unpredictable

B.contributoryJ

C.controllable

D.disruptive

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Unpredictable意為“不可預知的;不定的";contributory意為“捐

助的;貢獻的;有助于……的";controllable意為“可控制的;可管理的";disruptive意為“破壞的;

分裂性的”。此處的with復合結構是句子的伴隨狀語,所表示的狀態(tài)是與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的,因此判斷

此處欲表達的是“社會環(huán)境在過去3萬年的人類快速進化過程中起著不可或缺的作用”。

(18).[B18](分數(shù):2.00)

A.endeavor

B.decision

C.arrangement

D.tendencyJ

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Endeavor意為“努力;盡力“;decision意為“決定,決心”;arrangement

意為“布置;整理;準備":tendency意為“傾向,趨勢:癖好”。將四個選項依次代人,顯然D選項更

為合適,意為“傾向于和那些擁有相同……背景的人做朋友”,不可能是“努力做朋友”、“下定決心做

朋友”或者“準備好去做朋友”。

(19).[B19](分數(shù):2.00)

A.political

B.religious

C.ethnicV

D.economic

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Political意為“政治的;黨派的";religious意為“宗教的;虔誠

的";ethnic意為“種族的;人種的";economic意為“經(jīng)濟的,經(jīng)濟上的”。根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的allthe

subjectsweredrawnfromapopuIationofEuropeanextraction,判斷此處應是指“擁有相同的種族

背景”。

(20).[B20](分數(shù):2.00)

A.seeV

B.show

C.prove

D.tell

解析:解析:本題考查動詞用法。sthbetakentosee是固定搭配,意為“采取……來看……”,在此

處的意思是“仍然倍加小心來保證……”。

二、ReadingComprehension(總題數(shù):10,分數(shù):60.00)

2.SectionIIReadingComprehension

解析:

3.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.

解析:

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon“tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep."But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchy

isseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewal1foral1Europeanroyals,with

theirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothfor

andagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheend

oftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand"embody“aspiritofnational

unity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs,continuingpopularity

asheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregion

intheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCitjrandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist

counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoters

toavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kings

andqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,their

veryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensible

privilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningof

risinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthy

aristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themost

successfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesand

princesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthy

familieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly

difficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswi11nodoubtbesmartenough

tosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanish

example.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive

tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,

notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.(分數(shù):10.00)

(1).Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain(分數(shù):2.00)

A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.

B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.

C.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.

D.endedhisreigninembarrassment.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。首先根據(jù)題干關鍵飼KingJuancarlosofSpain定位至文章首段。文中

第二句指出:“Buiembarrassingscandals…h(huán)aveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddownn,

故D選項正確。

(2).MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly(分數(shù):2.00)

A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.J

B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.

C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.

D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.

解析:解析:木題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序,定位答案應是在文章三到四段。其中,第三段末句提到:

“但是不像他們在亞洲和海灣地區(qū)的專制主義者同行,大多在歐洲的王室延續(xù)下來的原因是他們可以讓選

民免于到處尋找毫無爭議的但同時受人尊重的社會名人。”故A選項為正確答案。

(3).Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?(分數(shù):2.00)

A.Aristocrats“excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

B.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies.V

C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

D.Thenobilityz/sadherencetotheirprivileges.

解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測題。首先題干給出答案位置信息第四段,關鍵詞是Odd。瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn),該段

末句出現(xiàn)生詞bizarre,該句原意是“當ThomasPiketty和其他經(jīng)濟學家對越來越多的不平等和不斷增長

的財產(chǎn)繼承提出警告時,富裕的貴族們竟然仍是現(xiàn)代民主國家的象征中心,這種現(xiàn)象是……”,很明顯,

這種現(xiàn)象是奇怪的(貴族特權與民主國家),故B選項“貴族在現(xiàn)代民主國家的角色定位”為正確答案。

(4).TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear"becauseCharles(分數(shù):2.00)

A.takesatough1ineonpoliticalissues.

B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干線索詞havemosttofear以及人名Charles定位至文章六、七

段。其中,第六段后半句指出“英國皇室對西班牙皇室的落敗最心有余悸”;第七段第二句接著指出

“Cha門es的處境將會很危險,因為他不但生活方式奢侈而且等級制度思想深刻”,也就是Charles沒有

適應現(xiàn)代社會的生活方式。

(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分數(shù):2.00)

A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsV

D.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章主要討論了西班牙胡安?卡洛斯國王退位這一事件對歐洲諸多皇

室的影響,尤其是對英國皇室的影響。最終提出,君主領導者要改變原有的思想和行為方式,和現(xiàn)代社會

的生活方式接軌,才能保證受到長久的尊崇與榮耀。故選C項。

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsider

whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneison

oraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeping

ruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthe

possessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudges

toassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.Thecourtwouldberecklessly

modestifitfollowedCaliforniansadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,

sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthrougha

suspect^spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon“tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone's

smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteedsreading

history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.

Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmaclethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformation

onthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearightto

expectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon

unreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechailenge

of1ine-drawing.Inmanycases,itwou1dnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtaina

warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotections

whenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethat

phonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywant

toallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.Butthe

justicesshouldnotswa11owCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimes

demandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,compares

theexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishment

ofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovel

rulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth

Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.(分數(shù):10.00)

(1).TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringaharrest,itislegitimateto(分數(shù):2.00)

A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

B.searchforsuspects*mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

C.checksuspects"phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.J

D.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序及題干中關鍵詞SupremeCourt,whether定位至文章首段。

該段第二句提到“最高法院考慮到是否警察在沒有批準令的情況下,在逮捕過程中可以搜查嫌疑人身上或

旁邊的手機信息”。故C選項正確。

(2).Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof(分數(shù):2.00)

A.disapproval.J

B.indifference.

C.tolerance.

D.cautiousness.

解析:解析:本題屬于觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞California'sargument定位到第二、三、四段。這

些句子中提到hard…recklesslymodest…等負向詞,表達的是負面態(tài)度。另外,第四段首句給出作者明

確態(tài)度”theyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia,slameargument…”。

(3).Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone“sphonecontentsiscomparableto(分數(shù):2.00)

A.gettingintoone'sresidence.V

B.handlingone〃shistoricalrecords.

C.scanningone'scorrespondences.

D.goingthroughone'swallet.

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞exploringone'sphonecontents定位至文章第四段。

其中該段第三句提到aButexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhomeff,

正好與A選項對應。注意C選項提到內(nèi)容不是作者觀點。

(4).InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat(分數(shù):2.00)

A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

C.citizens"privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.V

D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。首先根據(jù)題干定位至第五、六段。其中,第五段首句為中心句提到“美國

人應該采取措施保護數(shù)據(jù)隱私”;第六段則接著提到現(xiàn)有搜查原則的不當之處。題干問的是作者最關注什

么問題,顯然根據(jù)這兩段內(nèi)容,可以推斷C選項“市民隱私未能得到有效保護”為正確答案。

(5).OrinKerriscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(分數(shù):2.00)

A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.J

C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

D.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

解析:解析:本題屬于舉例論證題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞OrinKer/scomparison定位至文章末段。解答此類

題時需注意,舉例是為了論證論點,論點通常在論據(jù)的前面,所以要找例子前面的一句話。此處論點也就

是New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's

protectionso故B選項正確。

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review

process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfrom

otherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributing

totheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings."Readersmusthaveconfidencein

theconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican

StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardof

reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal's

internaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.

TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhether

anyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe/"statisticsboard”

wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin

scientificresearchandispartofScience"overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityinthe

researchwepublish."GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublic

Health,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisory

role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoRE

tobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethrough

thepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplaces

thatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.〃Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudies

researchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyismostwe1comestepforward*and"longoverdue.

“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.

Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessential

thanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternal

Medicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattention

tostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,but

statisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acel1

biologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalso

takeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverify

theprocess."VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassome

merit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify"thepapers

thatneedscrutiny"inthefirstplace.”(分數(shù):10.00)

(1).ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that(分數(shù):2.00)

A.Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.V

C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干所給提示定位答案于第一段。其中,該段首句提到“Thejournal…is

addinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer——reviewprogress”,句中的addinganextra

roundofstatisticalchecks對應C選項中的strengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks,故B選項正

確。

(2).Thephraseflaggedup〃(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto(分數(shù):2.00)

A.found.

B.marked.J

C.revised.

D.stored.

解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測題。解答此類題要根據(jù)所猜詞匯所在句子的語意,進而依次代人選項,結

合文章主題(或段落中心)進行判斷。短語flaggedup所在句子語意是:手稿將被flaggedup以供期刊內(nèi)

部編輯人員、或者現(xiàn)有的審稿編委會、或是外部同行審查。代人選項,B選項最為合適。

(3).GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay(分數(shù):2.00)

A.poseathreattoallitspeers.

B.meetwithstrongopposition.

C.increaseScience'scirculation.

D.setanexampleforotherjournals.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干人名GiovanniParmigiani定位答案至第四段。該段最后兩句提

到,“他相信SBoRE的建立可能會產(chǎn)生很大的影響,不僅會對《科學》雜志本身的出版物有影響,還有望

影響其它較大一批可能想要模仿《科學》雜志做法的出版社?!惫蔇選項正確。

(4).DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow(分數(shù):2.00)

A.addstoresearchers'7work1oad.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.J

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。根據(jù)題干人名DavidVaux和關鍵詞whatScienceisdoing定位至末段最

后一句。該句提到Science'sidea…h(huán)assomemerit,butaweaknessisthat***,意思是“有優(yōu)點,但

是缺陷在于將本該首先進行詳細審查的文件交給審核編委會鑒定”,故四個選項中,推斷C選項“(說明這

個想法)是有進一步改進空間的”更為合理些。

(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分數(shù):2.00)

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersJ

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors"Desks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章首段第一句就點明了文章的中心論點,指出《科學》雜志將要對

同行評審過程增加額外統(tǒng)計檢查:然后全文其余各個段落分別闡述了不同專家對這一想法的觀點態(tài)度。故

A選項可以概述全文。

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe^unsettlingdearthofintegrity

acrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollective

acceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it〃s

us,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit."Drivingherpoint

home,shecontinued:〃It“sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguage

withingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalism

andfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmora1purposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,

shethought,makingitmore1ikelythatitwou1clloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadi11ega1

telephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsof

theWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalists

areknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,

aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorIdin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmany

respects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehacking

butthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittle

RebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefact

thatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.TheCoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatshe

knewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsociety

shouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,

business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales

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