段落閱讀方法在職英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化講義

第一節(jié)段落閱讀方法

1.段落展開(kāi)方法

Paragraph1

Andthisprocessneednotb。leRtotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexercise

consciouscontroloverrepeatedbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsetting

aboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead,thenexttimeitoccurs,tryto

wakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doit

intheirsleep.（首句核心句）

1.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.

[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.

[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol.

[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.

[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.

Paragraph2

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.?Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerfor

lowerinterestrates.?Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.

③Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnow

viewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.?Dinersmightseeanupside,too.Gettinga

tableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedstobeimpossible.Notanymore.⑤

Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.（首句核心句）

2.Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheeconomicslowdown?

[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

[B]Thestockmarketshowsignsofrecovery.

[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.

[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.

Paragraph3

This,inbrief^iswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeen

continuouslyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.

Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.This

speedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupour

literaturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodemstress.Wemustpouroutalargenumberof

essentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadof

describingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftype

anddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.

3.Futuristsclaimthatwemust___.

[A]increasetheproductionofliterature

[B]usepoetrytorelievemodemstress

[C]developnewmodesofexpression

[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

Paragraph4

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan9sadmissionthatAmerican'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotof

workingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGap

outlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,who

lastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautious

approachisapproachingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percent

fromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildly

concerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-term

prospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

5.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

[A]Optimistic[B]Confused[C]Carefree[D]Panicked

Paragraph5

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothe

largeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growing

animalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcould

behappeningintheoceans.（analogy類匕匕）

5.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatt

[A]largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.

[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.

[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

[D]Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

Paragraph6

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butifsobviousthatamajorityof

thepresident'sadvisersstilldon*ttakeglobalwanningseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,

theycontinuetopressfbrmoreresearch——aclassiccaseof"paralysisbyanalysis”.（轉(zhuǎn)折）

6.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"paralysisbyanalysis^^（Lastline,paragraph4）?

[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.

[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.

[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

Paragraph7

Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentake

inWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceonthesidedon'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeof

themareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittle

sight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringin

muchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight（someofthemfourorfivenights）

pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutof

townbynightfall,（contrast對(duì)比，對(duì)照）

7.ItcanbeinferredfromPara3that.

[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately

[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers

[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers

[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater

Paragraph8

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustryWilliamShakespearebut

therearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyal

ShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysatthe

ShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolk,wholargelyliveoff

thetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,

Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.

TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.They

franklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.

It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,was

himselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.(上、下義i司)

8.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat.

[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue

[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage

[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms

[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism

2.篇章閱讀

Exercise1

Thereareplentyoftheories.Oneisthatthemarketsdon'ttrusttheECB:theeuro-area

economiesarenotimmunetoAmerica'sdownturn,yetthecentralbankstillseemsmore

concernedwithfightinginflationthanwithsupportinggrowth.Anothermoreplausible

explanationisthat,inanuncertainglobaleconomicclimate,thedollarhasresumedits

traditionalroleasasafe-havencurrency.Mosteconomistsreckonthattheeuroisundervalued

andexpectareboundoverthenextyear.OneofthemostoptimisticisGoldmanSachs,whichis

predictingarateof$1.22in12months.

ButananalysisbyDavidOwen,aneconomistatDresgnerLneinwortWasserstain,gives

pauseforthought.Hehasfoundthat,overthepastdecade,movementsintherealexchangerate

oftheeuroagainstthedollarhavecloselyreflectedthedifferencebetweenproductivitygrowth

intheeuroareaandinAmerica.WhenproductivitygrowthinAmericahasbeenfasterthanin

Europeasitwasinmostofthelate1990stheeurofalls,andviceversa.

1.AccordingtoDavidOwen,theexchangerateofacurrencyisstronglyassociatedwith.

[A]internationalinvestment[B]inflation

[C]globaleconomicclimate[D]productivitygrowth

3.常規(guī)題型及解題策略

3.1主旨?xì)w納題

A.全文主旨

解題策略：一般情況應(yīng)細(xì)讀段落開(kāi)頭，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者交際意圖，再進(jìn)一步明確各段主題，

宏觀把握整體與部分的關(guān)系。

Whatisthemainidea/purpose/besttitle/topicofthepassage?

Whatisthepassage/articleabout?

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?

Whatisthemainpointthattheauthormakesinthetext?

Theauthor'sprimarypurposeinwritingthispassageisto.

B.段落主旨

解題策略：理清文章主旨與各段主題之間的關(guān)系

Thefirst(second―)paragraphmainlydiscusses.

Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout.

3.2邏輯推理題

A.作者態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)或思路

解題策略：作者的態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)通過(guò)文章主旨句和段落主題句等顯性標(biāo)志來(lái)判斷，有

時(shí)文章主旨隱含在字里行間，需綜合上下文，尤其是作者的措辭(如詞義褒貶等主觀詞匯)

才能判斷。

Whatistheauthor'soverallattitudetoward?

Whatistheauthor'sopinionabout―?

Theauthor?sattitudetowardsthespeaker'sremarksis.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout--?

Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'sviewon--?

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

Weknow/learnfromthepassagethat.

Accordingtothepassage,.

Itcanbeconcludedfrom___remarksthat.

Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorimplyabout___.

Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.

Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagreewith?

B.句子理解：解題策略：局部分析，總體關(guān)照，識(shí)別同義表達(dá)

Thesentence"—"meansthat.

ThesecondsentenceinPara2tellsusthat.

3.3事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

解題策略：把握細(xì)節(jié)與主旨的辨證關(guān)系，閱讀時(shí)對(duì)主要事實(shí)應(yīng)作出標(biāo)記

Accordingtothepassage,who/what/where/when/why/how?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythepassage?

Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage?

Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true?

3.4詞匯語(yǔ)義題

Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"—"inPara4?

Whentheauthorsays"-”,heisreferringto.

Theword“一“inLine3,Para5mightmean.

Theword”■一"inLine2,Para2isclosestinmeaningto。

解題策略：查找同位語(yǔ)、同義詞、文中定義、反義轉(zhuǎn)折表達(dá)、例證線索、詞組搭配。

2.全真考題類型分析

2005年全真題目閱讀

I.HowmanydollarsdidMissJoanhandtoMr.Greenly?

2.Thephrase"subjecttochangewithoutnotice^^suggests.

3.Thestudentscouldnotpickasmanyapplesastheywouldlikebecause.

4.“MissJoan'sgoodmoodwasnowhistory?”(thelastparagraph)means.

5.WhatcanweleamaboutMissJoanfromthestoiy?

6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthewords“civilization"and"culture'*?

7.Accordingtotheauthortheword“civilizatiorToriginallyrefersto.

8.TheLatinverbcolereoriginallymeans

9.Theauthorbelievesthatcreativity.

10.Theautfiormentionsmonkeysinthelastparagraphtoshowthat.

11.Ecotourismismeantto.

12.AccordingtoNewScientist,manyeco-touristprojects.

13.Whatwillhappentowildlifeultimatelyifthepresent“ecotourism“practicegoeson?

14.Accordingtothepassage,thegrowthintheglobalUtecotourism^^industry.

15.Accordingtothepassage,asolutiontothe“ecotourism”problemisto.

16.Computerstodayarecapableof.

17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

18.Themajorproblemwithcomputertranslatingprogramsisthatcomputers.

19.lbimprovemachinetranslation,computerprogrammersaretryingto.

20.Thepassagesuggeststhat.

21."Businesscasual”wasprevalentseveralyearsagobecause.

22.Whenthe'businesscasual“prevailed,.

23.TheFortune500executives

24.Atthebeginningoftlie"businesscasual“trend,businesspeopleworecasually.

25.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatthechangeofbusinessdressfromthecasualtotheformalreflects.

第二節(jié)閱讀應(yīng)試總則

翻開(kāi)英語(yǔ)試卷的閱讀部分，考生首先應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的最基本的應(yīng)試總則可以概括為12個(gè)

字：文章思路、圈點(diǎn)到位、重疊原文。這12個(gè)字概括了閱讀解題的全部過(guò)程。

第一步“文章思路”，是指考生首先應(yīng)對(duì)文章總體的思路和結(jié)構(gòu)有一個(gè)大概的了解，

先不要急于去讀題目，而是應(yīng)當(dāng)將文章從頭到尾看一遍，弄清楚文章的中心意思，這一遍

閱讀的目的并不是要立即找到答題所需要的信息點(diǎn)。

第二步“圈點(diǎn)到位”，是就審題而言，實(shí)質(zhì)上就是要求考生審題到位，弄清楚題目針對(duì)

文章的什么內(nèi)容提問(wèn).考生在讀完題目后通常會(huì)返回到文章里去尋找答案，這時(shí)又會(huì)出現(xiàn)

另一種情況，有些考生文章都看懂了，可就是找不到答案在哪里。出現(xiàn)這種情況的根本原

因是考生沒(méi)有審清題意，沒(méi)有弄清楚題目要求考生在文章中尋找什么信息，因?yàn)榻^大部分

題目是針對(duì)文章的具體內(nèi)容提問(wèn).所以只要考生審題到位，返回原文搜索答案時(shí)，即可圈

點(diǎn)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，從而縮小尋找范圍，大大提高正確率.

第三步，，重疊原文，，，即完成題目之后檢查所找到的答案是否正確。只有兩個(gè)圓完全重

合、內(nèi)容完全相符的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。

在判斷選項(xiàng)是否能重疊原文時(shí)，考生常常也會(huì)感到迷惑，無(wú)法判斷選項(xiàng)是否與原文內(nèi)

容完全重疊，這是因?yàn)槊}專家在設(shè)計(jì)考題時(shí)會(huì)使用一些語(yǔ)言來(lái)迷惑考生，從而測(cè)試考生

的英語(yǔ)水平和閱讀能力。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，事實(shí)上命題專家最常用的有四種方式：“語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化”、

“反話正說(shuō)”、“正話反說(shuō)”和“關(guān)鍵詞替換”.

這一原則幾乎在所有的閱讀試題中都有所體現(xiàn)，試看下面一篇閱讀理解文章。

Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastincreaseofwomenintheworkforcemay

portendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothisassumption,wouldratherwork

thanmarry.Theconverse（反面）ofthisconcernisthatthefutureofbecomingamulti-paycheck

（多份工資）householdcouldencouragemarriage.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancial

prospectsofthemanwereimportantinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningability

ofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomic

downturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyor

areconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds（恢復(fù)，反彈）,thenumberof

marriagesalsorises.

Coincidentwith（巧合的）theincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreasein

divorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-eflfectconclusions.The

impactofawife'sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.The

realizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewill

choosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallypossible.Tensions

basedonfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhigh

unemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecan

increasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesefinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily's

standardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily'sfinancialandemotionalstability.

Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareer

outsidethehomemayffeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekinga

divorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfiilfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workand

marriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.

Also,amajorpartofwomen'sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmost

cases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatus

occupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinthefamily.A

workingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthe

couplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcould

createnewinsecurities.

文章解析：本文是一篇對(duì)比文，文章討論了女性的外出工作對(duì)婚姻的兩種相反的影響。

首段前兩句表明專家觀點(diǎn)：工作女性的劇增可能預(yù)示著拒絕婚姻，后半段又提出轉(zhuǎn)折，工

作女性的劇增可能鼓勵(lì)婚姻。第二段兩種相反觀點(diǎn)繼續(xù)討論女性的外出工作對(duì)婚姻影響。

第三段支持兩種相反觀點(diǎn)的兩種相反的心理因素。最后一段，隨著工作女性的經(jīng)濟(jì)能力的

提高，女性在家庭的地位上升可能導(dǎo)致兩種相反結(jié)果。近年考試對(duì)比型的文章出現(xiàn)頻繁，

包括兩種觀點(diǎn)的議論文和兩種事物的說(shuō)明文，特點(diǎn)是平行論述，沒(méi)有主次之分，作者不發(fā)

表態(tài)度和結(jié)論，一般兩種觀點(diǎn)的開(kāi)頭可當(dāng)作文章主旨。

1.Theword“portend”(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto"詞義題

A)defyB)signalC)sufferfromD)resultfrom

2.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,.細(xì)節(jié)題

A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartners

B)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurity

C)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriages

D)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing

3.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,____.細(xì)節(jié)題

A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartners

B)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehousework

C)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthened

D)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage

4.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat.細(xì)節(jié)題

A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedom

B)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbands

C)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectations

D)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands?loyaltytotheirmarriage

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor'sviewinthepassage?

A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.

B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.

C)Inordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependent

D)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.

SimulatedTest1

PartIIIReadingComprehension(25points)

PassageOne

InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodold

dayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn'tanycrimetoworryabout.

Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld'sbiggestcommunity.A

newstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhis

owncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshave

setuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.

SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewith-

outactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.

Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闖入...彳亍竊).

ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,

eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenew

disorder.

SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWeb

siteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthat

automaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.These

programscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.

Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandother

typesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.

Allthesemakewonderfultoolsfbrantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcause

damage.

Butlefslookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld's

biggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Or

thattherecurrentlyisn'tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(惡意破壞)isn*tmuchfununless

youhaveapeculiardislikefbrsomeone.

Whateverthereason,let'senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecurityto

becomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetareselling

servicestheywanttobepaidfbr.

1.Bysaying"...ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithout

fittinglockstotheirdoors”(Lines3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat.

A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithus

B)theresimplywasn'tanycrimetoworryabout

C)manysitesarenotwell-protected

D)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin

2.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFannercanbeused.

A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsites

B)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystem

C)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsites

D)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation

3.Fannefsprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause.

A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsers

B)itcanbreakintoInternetsites

C)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsites

D)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardSATANis.

A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat.

A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthened

B)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurity

C)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurity

D)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternet

PassageTwo

Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingonthecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconviction

thatenactment(扮演角色)，performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteach-

ing.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningpro-

cess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothe

greaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly、butthatisnonethelessthecase.Of

EzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetime

studentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils"cametoworkas

thoughtheycametoplay,"andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,noted

thatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents"gladtheywerethere/1

Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecture

method,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthin

PatriciaNelsonLimerick'sobservationthat"lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGod

didnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbythe

urgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15

minutesatatime...fbronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...Idonotbelievethat

thisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”

Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedto

writedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearing

unscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents*emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thus

theideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.

Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,some

years.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredatthe

UniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed”apriesthood,ratherunevenintheir

meritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromold

lecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcards

thathadservedfbryears,tojudgebythewornedgesTheteachersbeganontime,endedon

time,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetained

byquestionersTheclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswere

raisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.M

6.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto.

A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents,learning

B)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocess

C)improvestudents'learningperformance

D)makestudyjustaseasyasplay

7.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat

A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudents

B)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreator

C)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemanner

D)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily

8.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat.

A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasures

B)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudies

C)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperfbnnances

D)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching

9.Bysaying"Theyseemed*apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheir

bearing../"(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat.

A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesameway

B)professorsarclikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplay

C)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmerits

D)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriests

10.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?

A)EzekielCheever's.C)AlfredNorthWhitehead's.

B)CottonMather's.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick's.

PassageThree

Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeen

thetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthe

legalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalage

hasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswill

requireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestill

furtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfinding

employmentwhenthatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustput

theminschool.

Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweek

willbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Already

thepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsince

depressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthe

taxpayer.

Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbeborne

bythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcarefbrthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.The

localcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpectto

copewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.Theanswertotheproblem

ofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertothe