托福模擬考試及答案解析15

托福模擬考試及答案解析（15）

（1~6/共57題）閱讀理解

TheRed-BilledQuelea

NativetoAfrica,thered-billedqueleaisarguablythemostprolificbirdspeciesintheworldas

ornithologistsestimatetheremaybetenbillionindividualbirdslivingontheplanet.Inaddition

toitsgreatnumbers,thequeleaisnotedfortheabilityofthemaletochangeitsplumageand

beakcoloringduringitsbreedingseason.Normally,bothmalesandfemaleshaveadull,

grayish-brownplumage,yetwhenitistimetomate,themale'splumagetransformsintoa

pinkishcolorwhileitsbeakbecomesbrightred,whichenablesfemalestodistinguishmalesin

themassiveflocksthebirdsform.

Thequeleahasafairlyshortbreedingperiodofmerelyafewweekseachyear.Itoccursatthe

beginningoftherainyseasoninvariouspartsofitsAfricanhomelands.Itshabitatisthe

grasslandsofsub-SaharanAfrica,wherethemalesmakenestsfromflexiblegreenstripsofgrass

inthornbushesortrees.Onceamalebeginsconstructinganest,femalesvisittoexamineit,and

ifoneappreciatesthemale'sefforts,shemateswithhim.?Oncebreedingisaccomplished,both

themaleandfemaleworktogetheronthenesttocompleteitbythetimetheeggsarelaid.?The

femalequelealaysanywherefromonetofiveeggs,whicharegreenorblueincolorandrequire

tentotwelvedaystohatch.?Uponhatching,bothparentsfeedthechicks,butaftermerelytwo

orthreeweeks,thechicksbecomeindependentsocanforageandfeedthemselves.?

Beforethenewbornchicksleavethenest,themainsustenancetheyreceiveisinsectsthat

theirparentscapture.?Afterdepartingthenest,however,thequelea'sprimaryfoodsourceis

seedsfromcropssuchaswheat,millet,rice,andsorghum.?Obtaininganyoftheserequiresthat

thequeleavisitinhabitedareaswherehumansarepracticingagriculture.?Millionsofthesesmall

birdsfrequentlyunitetoformgiganticflockswhichmoveacrosstheAfricansavannahindense,

cloudlikeformationsandcauseseriousdisruptionstoagriculturewhentheyswoopdownon

farmers'fields.?Despiteintensiveeffortstoeradicatethembykillingmillionsofbirdsannually,

thequelea'snumbersneverappeartobesignificantlyreduced.

*sub-SaharanAfrica:thepartofAfricathatislocatedsouthoftheSaharaDesert

*savannah:aplainthathasscatteredgrassandfewtreesandthatreceivesseasonalrainfall

第1題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

Thisisanincubationperiodmuchswifterthanthatofmostotherbirdspecies,whichtypically

requireatleasttwicethatamountoftime.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第2題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

Becauseofthedamagetheysubsequentlycause,Africanfarmersconsiderthemamajorpest.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第3題

Vocabulary

=ascientistwhostudiesbirds

第4題

=tosearchforfood

第5題

=thepointedendofabird'smouth;abird'sbill

第6題

=food;nutrition

下一題

（7~12/共57題）閱讀理解

MetamorphicRocks

Thethreemaintypesofrocksareigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphic.Ofthose,

metamorphicrocks,whichincludeschist,slate,marble,gneiss,quartzite,andlapislazuli,arethe

mostcomplexbecausetheyareformedwhenotherrocksaresubjectedtointenseheatand

pressure.Theyallbeginasigneous,sedimentary,orothermetamorphicrocks,butthentheir

mineralcompositionistransformedbyintenseheatandpressuredeepunderground.Onsome

occasions,theymaybechangedthroughtectonicforceswhentheplatescomprisingtheEarth's

crustcollide.

Therearebothfoliatedandnon-foliatedmetamorphicrocks.Thetermfoliatereferstothe

visiblecoloredbandspresentinsomemetamorphicrocks,sofoliatedrockshavethesebands

whilenon-foliatedonesdonot.?Thecreationofthesetwotypesofmetamorphicrocksisthe

resultofthedifferentwaysthatpressureactsontheoriginalrocksbeforetheyare

transformed.?Foliatedmetamorphicrockshavepressureappliedonasingleplane,ordirection,

whilenon-foliatedmetamorphicrockshavepressurefromseveraldirectionsatonceorfrom

severaldirectionsatdifferingtimes,?Themainresultofthispressureistherecrystallizationof

themineralsintheoriginalrocks.?

Slateisacommontypeoffoliatedmetamorphicrockthatisproducedfromthesedimentary

rockshale.Heatandpressuretransformtheclaymineralsinshaletobecomemica,whichis

foundinslate.Schistisanotherexampleofafoliatedmetamorphicrock.?ltcontainshighlevels

ofmica,whichallowsittobebrokenupintothinnerpieces.?Twocommonnon-foliated

metamorphicrocksaremarbleandquartzite.

Marbleisformedfromlimestone,atypeofsedimentaryrock.?ltisregularlyfoundinplaces

wheretwooftheEarth'splatesarecollidingandapplyinggreatpressureagainsteachother.

Underthispressure,thecalcitecrystalsinlimestonetransformfrombeingsmall,loosecrystalsto

beinglarger,moreinterlockingcrystals.Quartziteformsinmuchthesamewayasitchangesfrom

sandstone,anothersedimentaryrock.Theloosesandstonecrystalsundergoaninterlocking,

bindingtransformationtocreatequartzite,atougherandmoredurablerock.

*recrystallization:theactofbecomingcrystalagain

*interlocking:interlaced;connectedwithoneanother

第7題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

Thebandscanbeeasytoseeinrockssuchasgneissbutarenotasapparentinslateandphyllite.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第8題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

Theabsenceofbandsmakesitappealingtolookat,sosculptorscommonlyutilizethismaterialto

makestatueswith.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第9題

Vocabulary

=tochange

第10題

=alongstrip

第11題

=torunintosomething

第12題

=strong;long-lasting

上一題下一題

（13~27/共57題）閱讀理解

JohnB.WatsonandBehaviorism

AmericanpsychologistJohnB.Watsonwasthefounderoftheschoolofpsychologyknownas

behaviorism.WatsonfirstpublicizedhistheorieswhilelecturingatColumbiaUniversityin1913,

andhelaterrefinedhisnotionsinarticlesandbooksafterconductingexperimentsrelatingto

animalbehaviorandtheraisingofchildren.Hisideasonbehaviorismestablishedanentirelynew

branchofpsychologythatwaslaterexploredandenhancedbyvariousluminariesinthefield,

includingB.ESkinner.

Themaintenetofbehaviorismisthatonlyobservablebehaviorcanshowaperson'struemind.

UntilWatson's1913lecture,therehadbeentremendousdisagreementinthefieldregardinghow

exactlytoinvestigatethehumanmind.?Watsonproposeddiscardingtheoldmethodologiesof

beingintrospectiveandtryingtounderstandconsciousnessandinsteadsuggestedthatpeople

concentrateonbehaviorthatcouldbeobservedandpredicted.?Watsoncametohisconclusions

bywayofhisexperimentswithanimalbehavior;particularlywhiterats,whichwasthefocusof

hisPhDdissertation,?WatsonwasalsoaproponentofthetheoriesofRussianIvanPavlov,who

didconditioningexperimentswithdogsthatestablishedthebasisfortheoriesonclassical

conditioning.?

Watsonbelievedthatallpeoplebeganlifewiththreebasicemotions—fear;rage,and

love-andthattheseemotionsdrovetheirreactionstoexternalstimulations.?Toprovehispoint,

heconductedtheLittleAlbertexperiment,duringwhichhesubjectedaneleven-month-oldchild

namedAlberttoexternalstimulations.?WatsonshowedawhiterattoAlbert,whoinitially

showednofear.?Then,hebeganloudlyclanginganironbarwhenheshowedAlbertthe

rat.?ThiscausedAlberttobeginshowingfearoftherat.EvenwhenWatsonpresentedtherat

withoutclangingthebar,Albertcriedatthesightoftheanimal.InWatson'sthinking,hehad

conditionedthechildtofearsomethinghehadoriginallynotbeenscaredof,andthiswasproof

thatpeoplecouldbeconditionedtobehaveincertainways.Heevenstatedthathecouldtakea

dozeninfantsandconditionthemtobecomeanyprofessionhechoselaterintheiradultlives.

*luminary:atopname;acelebrity

*methodology:awayofdoingsomething;aprocedure

第13題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

Thisworkofhiswaspublishedadecadepriortotheseminallecturehegavethatbroughthimso

muchfame.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第14題

Lookatthefoursquares[?-?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedto

thepassage.

ThiswouldprovetobeanextremelycontroversialexperimentforwhichWatsonwasheavily

criticizedbyothersinhisprofession.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第15題

Vocabulary

=toimprove

第16題

=toexposeapersontosomething

第17題

=asupporter

第18題

=toputintoacertainstate

第19題

Mapping

Thefollowingchartshowsthestructureofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriate

words.

圖片

第20題

Summary

Thefollowingisasummaryofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriatewords.

JohnB.Watsonfoundedthepsychologicalschoolof20.Hefirstpublicizedhistheoriesin

1913andlater21themovertime.Hebelievedthatonlyobservablebehaviorcanshowa

person'strue22.Hewantedpeopletofocuson23thatcouldbeobservedand

predicted.Hedidworkonwhiteratsandbelievedinthetheoriesof24.Watsonthought

peoplestartedlifewiththeemotionsfear,rage,and25.HebecamefamousfortheLittle

Albert26heraninwhichheconditionedababytobe27ofarat.

第21題

第22題

第23題

第24題

第25題

第26題

第27題

上一題下一題

（28~35/共57題）閱讀理解

TheRomanConquestofItaly

TheRomanEmpirehaditsoriginsinasmallvillagealongsidetheTiberRiver.Overtime,the

villageincreasedinsizetobecomeatownand,later,acity,whereuponitwasruledbyaseriesof

kings-sevenaccordingtotradition-formorethantwocenturies.In509B.C.,however;the

peopleofRomedeposedthelastkingandestablishedarepublicansystemofgovernment.

Duringthenext250years,theRomansproceededtodominateLatium,thelandaroundtheircity,

andthenconqueredtheentireItalianpeninsula.

IntheearlyyearsafterthefoundationoftheRomanRepublic,theRomanswereconfinedtoa

narrowstripoflandaroundtheircityandtheTiberRiver.Duringthenextcoupleofcenturies,the

cityexpandedslowlybecauseofthenumerouswarliketribesandcity-stateslocatednearby.

Rome'sprimaryenemy,whichitultimatelyconqueredin396B.C.,wasthecity-stateofVeil；

nevertheless,Rome'svictorydidnotensurepeacebecause,in390B.C.,theGauls,another

barbariantribe,invadedItalyandconquerednumerouscity-states,includingRome,whichthey

sacked.FortunatelyfortheRomans,theGaulswereconcernedwithlootingratherthanconquest,

sotheydepartedafterward.SensingRome'sweaknessfollowingthatdefeat,agroupofLatium

city-statescalledtheLatinLeagueroseinrebellion,buttheRomanscrushedthem.

Next,RomedealtwiththeSamnites,atribeofwarriorsinsouthernItalywhothreatenedthe

city-stateofCampania,whichbeseechedRomeforhelp.TheSamnitesheartilyresistedRoman

attacks,sothewarfarebetweenthemandRomelasteddecadesandrequiredthreelongwars

beforetheRomansemergedtriumphantin290B.C.TheRomanarmyattemptedtoemploythe

Greekphalanxasitstacticalformation,yetitwasill-suitedforfightingtheSamnitesintheirhilly

homeland.TheRomansconsequentlyadoptedthelooserSamniteformationofsmallertactical

unitsequippedwithjavelinsandshortswords,whichenabledthemtodefeattheSamnites,and

thenthoseweaponswereusedbytheRomanlegionsforcenturies.

Bythattime,mostoftheItalianpeninsula,exceptfortheextremesouthernpart,whereGreek

city-stateshadestablishedmanycolonies,wasunderRomancontrol.FearingRome,the

city-statestherebandedtogetherand,in280B.C.,hiredanarmyledbyKingPyrrhusof

Epirus.?PyrrhusdefeatedtheRomansseveraltimes,buthisownarmiessufferedgreatlossesas

well.?lnspiteofthesesetbacks,Romerefusedtosurrender,andaRomanarmyfinallydefeated

Pyrrhus'sarmyin272B.C.?ThiswasthelastmajorenemyRomefacedinItaly,soalmostthe

entirepeninsulawaspossessedbyRomeby265B.C.?

Aftervanquishingtheirfoes,theRomansneededtoretainpoweroverthem,andthey

accomplishedthisbybeingbenevolentmastersratherthancruelconquerors.Theygavemost

defeatedpeopletheopportunitytobecomeRomancitizens,therebyentitlingthemtonumerous

benefits.Additionally,Romansoldiersweregrantedlandinoccupiedregions,sotheyremainedin

thoseplacesasfarmers.Thispolicyhadtwoadvantages.First,theRomansservedasaforceof

experiencedsoldierswhocouldswiftlyformmilitaryunitstoquellanyrebellionsthatstarted.It

alsoinfusedtheconqueredpeoplewithindividualsloyaltoRomewho,overthecourseoftime,

marriedlocalwomenandhadfamiliesthatthemselvesbecameloyaltoRome.

*sack:topillageorlootaftertakingcontrolofaplace

*phalanx:agroupofheavilyarmedinfantrythatfightcloselytogetherwhilejoiningtheir

shields

第28題

Vocabulary

=tocontrol;toruleover

第29題

______=kind

第30題

=adefeat

第31題

=todefeat;toputdown

第32題

NegativeFactualInformationQuestion

Inparagraph2allofthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

A.WhatwastherelationshipbetweenRomeandthecity-stateVeil?

B.Whatcausedsomecity-statestouniteandtoestablishtheLatinLeague?

B.WhatpartoftheItalianpeninsuladidRomecontrolby396

C.C.?

D.WhathappenedtoRomeaftertheItalianpeninsulawasinvadedbybarbarians?

第33題

VocabularyQuestion

Thewordbeseechedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.demanded

B.approached

C.begged

□.considered

第34題

InsertTextQuestion

Lookatthefoursquares[?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothe

passage.

HisactionsgaverisetothetermPyrrhicvictory,whichreferstoabattlethatiswonbutinwhich

thevictorsuffersheavylosses.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第35題

ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelongbecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe

passageorareminorideasinthepassage.

OncetheRomanRepublicwasestablished,theRomansslowlybutsteadilybegantoexpandtheir

territoryuntil,around250yearslater,theycontrolledtheentireItalianpeninsula.

ANSWERCHOICES

@ManyRomansoldierswerestationedinconqueredlandssothattheycouldbeorganized

quicklyincasetherewererebellions.

?AlthoughtheysufferedseveraldefeatsatthehandsofKingPyrrhus,theRomanspersistedand

defeatedhim,sotheygainedcontroloftherestoftheItalianpeninsula.

③WhentheRomanRepublicbeganexpandingataslowrateinitsearlyyears,manyRomans

demandedareturntotheruleofkings.

@TheRomansusedthetacticsemployedbytheSamnitestodefeattheminbattleandtogain

controlofpartofsouthernItaly.

⑤TheLatinLeagueposedaseriouschallengetothepowerofRome,sotheRomanssoughtallies

inordertofightit.

?City-statessuchastheVeilwerewarlikeinnatureandclosetoRome,whichpreventedthecity

fromexpandingveryquickly.

上一題下一題

（36~43/共57題）閱讀理解

PlantPollination

Plantsreproducewhenpollenfromtheanther-themalepart-spreadstothestigma-the

femalepart—andfertilizestheplant,enablingittoproducetheseedsnecessaryforreproduction.

Becausetheantherandstigmaarefarapartinmostplants-andnotevenpresentinthesame

plantattimes—thepollenmustspreadfromtheanthertothestigmabyexternalmeans.

Pollinationoccursinmostplantsbyoneoftwomethods:Thepollencanbespreadbytheactions

ofinsectsandbirds,oritcanbecarriedbythewind.Insectsandbirdsspreadpolleninmost

floweringplantswhilethewindcarriespolleninafewfloweringplantsandmostnonflowering

plants,includingmembersoftheconiferfamily,grasses,andcerealcropssuchaswheat.

Themajorityofplantspollinatedbythewindhaveevolvedwithoutcolorful,scentedflowers

thatcontainthenectarwhichattractsinsectsandbirds,sotheycannotrelyonthemfor

pollination.Inaddition,whilemanynonfloweringplantshavebothmaleandfemaleparts,nature

hasmadethemunabletoinbreed,soaplantcannotusethepollenfromitsanthertopollinateits

ownstigma.?Therefore,theseplantsmustspreadtheirpollentothefemalepartsofotherplants,

whichcouldbegrowingnearbyormightbehundredsofmetersaway.?Theseplantsmust

thereforerelyonthewindtocarrytheirpollentootherplantsofthesamespecies,?Some

nonfloweringplantshavedevelopedsothattheycontainonlymalepartsoronlyfemaleparts,

makingitimpossibleforthemtoinbreed,sotheymustbepollinatedbyanotherplant.?

Nonfloweringplantshave,however;evolvedinamannerthathasbestowedthemwithseveral

characteristicsmakingitsimplerforthemtobepollinatedbythewind.Forexample,pollenis

producedintheantherinfargreaterquantitiesinnonfloweringplantsthaninfloweringplantsto

increasethesuccessrateofpollination.Themajorityofthispollenneverarrivesatitsintended

destination,butsomedoes,sohavingmorepollenincreasesthechancesofsuccessful

interactionwiththestigmaofanotherplant.Furthermore,theantherinnonfloweringplantsis

verylooselyattachedanddanglesmoreoutsidetheplantcomparedtotheantherinflowering

plants.Thisallowsthewindtostrikeitandthencarrypollenaway.Plantsthatreceivepollenalso

possessenhancedabilitiestocatchit.Thestigmahangsoutsidetheseplantssothatitcanliein

thepathofwindblownpollen,andmanynonfloweringplantshaveafeatheryornetlikestigma,

permittingthemmoreeasilytocapturepollen.

Unlikefloweringplants,whichhavestickypollenthatcanclingtoinsectsandbirds,

nonfloweringplantshaveloosepollenthatthewindcanpickupanddistribute.Thepollenisalso

light,ensuringthatitcantravelgreatdistances.Thepollenissmallandnotparticularlynutritious,

soitisunattractivetoinsectsandbirds.Thesecharacteristicsallcombinetoincreasethe

likelihoodthat,oftheentiremassofpollenreleasedbyaplant'santher,atleastsomewillsurvive

thejourneytothestigmaofanotherplantandpermitreproductiontotakeplace.

*pollen:thefertilizingpartofaplant,whichoftenappearsinpowderform

*conifer:atypeoftreethatproducespolleninconesandincludesevergreentrees

*inbreed:tobreedwithcloselyrelatedunitsoroneself

第36題

Vocabulary

=havingastrongsmell,usuallypleasantinnature

第37題

=improved

第38題

=togive;togrant

第39題

=toholdonto;tostickto

第40題

FactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofnonfloweringplants?

A.Theyproducenectarintheirstemsandbranchesinordertoattractbirdsandinsects.

B.Theytypicallycontainbothmaleandfemalepartslocatedclosetooneanother.

C.Theyrelyuponboththewindandtheactionsofanimalsinordertopollinateotherplants.

D.Theycanonlyreproducebyspreadingtheirpollentootherplantsofthesamespecies.

第41題

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion

Theworditinthepassagerefersto

A.thestigma

B.theplant

C.theanther

D.thewind

第42題

InsertTextQuestion

Lookatthefoursquares[?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothe

passage.

Thegingkotree,whichisnativetoChinabutiscultivatedallaroundtheworld,isoneofthese

plantsastherearebothmaletreesandfemaletreesofthatspecies.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第43題

FillinaTableQuestion

Selecttheappropriatestatementsfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtothetypeofplant

towhichtheyrelate.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.

圖片.STATEMENTS

@lsonlycapableofreproducingduringcertainmonthsoftheyear

②Mayhaveitspollenconsumedbyanimalsbecauseofitsparticulartaste

(3)lsmostlypollinatedthankstotheactionsofvariousanimals

@Mayhaveitsantherorstigmadanglingoutsidetheplant

⑤Haspollenthatisstickysodoesnotneedtobetransportedbythewind

?Produceslargeamountsofpollentoincreasethechancesoffertilizationhappening

?Mayhaveonlymaleorfemaleparts上一題下一題

(44~57/共57題)閱讀理解

WoodrowWilson'sEconomicPolicies

WoodrowWilsonservedasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1913to1921.Whileheis

mostlyrememberedforleadingthecountryintoWorldWarIandforhispeaceefforts

followingthewar,hewasalsoheavilyinvolvedindomesticaffairs,particularlythoseregarding

theAmericaneconomy.Duringhispresidency,theFederalReservebankingsystemwas

established,antitrustlawswerestrengthened,tariffreformswereinstituted,andthefirstbroad

incometaxbecamelaw.Qntopofthosemeasures,theeight-hourworkdaywasestablished,and

financialassistancewasprovidedtofarmersduringWilson'stwotermsinoffice.

OneofWilson'sfirstmovestowardeconomicreformwastheRevenueActof1913,whichhad

twoobjectives:theloweringoftariffsandtheimplementingofabroadincometaxonallsources

ofincome.Theincometaxwasintendedtomaintaingovernmentrevenuesthatwouldbelost

throughtheloweringoftariffs.TheincometaxhadbecomelawoncetheSixteenthAmendment

wasratifiedinFebruary1913,onemonthpriortoWilsontakingoffice;however,thedetailsof

thenewlawhadnotbeenworkedoutyet.Wilson'sgovernmentproposedaone-percenttaxon

allannualincomesexceeding$4,000forcouplesand$3,000forsingles.?Thenewlawalso

allowedhighertaxestobeleviedonthoseearninggreaterincomes.?Anditloweredtariffson

foreigngoods,whichwasdoneinthehopeofincreasinginternationaltrade.?Theimmediate

effectivenessofthisactontheAmericaneconomyisdifficulttocalculatethoughbecausethe

outbreakofWorldWarIin1914tremendouslyupsetglobaltrade.?

WilsonadditionallysethissightsonreformingtheAmericanbankingsystem.MostAmerican

bankswereprivateenterprises,andnumerousbankshadfailed,leavingtheirdepositors

impoverishedwhenalltheirsavingswerelost.Wilsonwasdeterminedtocreateafederal

bankingsystemwhichwouldhaveawiderangeofresponsibilities,amongthemprotecting

people'ssavingsandservingasthegovernment'sbank.Thisnewbankwouldadditionallybethe

onlylegalauthoritypermittedtoissueAmericanmoney.Afterconsiderabledebate,theFederal

ReserveActwaspassedinDecember1913.

AntitrustreformandconsumerprotectionwereWilson'snexttargets.Duringhistime,many

ofthe

largestAmericancompaniesdominatedcertainaspectsoftheeconomy,includingoil,steel,and

shopping.Antitrustlawsweredesignedtohaltthesepractices,whichtheyaccomplishedwiththe

breakupofStandardOilintoseveralsmallcompaniesin1911.Thecourtsystemhandledantitrust

cases,butWilsonbelievedtheyshouldbetheresponsibilityofaregulatorybodythatwould

overseeallsuchbusinesspractices.Therefore,theFederalTradeCommissionwasestablishedin

1914toregulatecompetitionbetweencompaniesandtoprotectconsumersfromunfairbusiness

practices.

WilsoncontinuedtofocusonreformingtheAmericaneconomywhenhetackledtwomore

majorissues,agricultureandlaborlaws.Farmingwasthelivelihoodofagreatmajorityof

Americansinthe1910s,butfarmswerenotoriouslysusceptibletoinstability,sufferingbothgood

andbadyears.Mostfarmerswerecashpoorandunabletoimprovetheirfarmsorequipment.

Banksfrequentlyrefusedtolendmoneytofarmers,or,iftheydid,theloanswereshorttermand

hadinterestratesthatwereruinousinnature.TheFederalFarmLoanActof1916waspassedto

enablefarmerstoborrowmoneybyusingtheirlandascollateral.Underthisact,farmerscould

borrowupto$10,000atlowinterestratesandhaduptofortyyearstorepaythefunds.Themain

resultsweretherevitalizationofthesmallAmericanfarmerandtheprotectionofthesefarmers

fromabsorptionbybigagriculturalcompanies.

LaborreformduringWilson'sadministrationcameaboutduetoathreatenedmajorrailway

strikein1916thatwasavertedonlywhenworkerswerepromisedaneight-hourworkday,which

wouldreducetheworktheydidonadailybasis.Thisestablishedaprecedentthatlaterledto

mostworkersgettingeight-hourworkdays.Wilsonattemptedtoreformchildlaborlawsthrough

theKeating-OwenLaborActof1916,buttheSupremeCourtruleditwasunconstitutionaland

struckitdownin1918.Despitethissetback,Wilson'seconomicreformsasawholehada

significantandlong-lastingimpactontheAmericaneconomy.

第44題

Inparagraph1,theauthor'sdescriptionofWoodrowWilsonmentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT:

A.thereasonsheisprimarilyrecalledbypeoplethinkingbackonhistimeaspresident

B.themannerinwhichtheAmericaneconomychangedonaccountofhisreforms

C.someoftheeconomicreformsthathewasresponsibleforduringhispresidency

D.theyearsduringwhichheservedasthepresidentoftheUnitedStates

第45題

TheauthordiscussestheRevenueActof1913inparagraph2inorderto

A.explainhowtheAmericanpeoplefeltaboutthereformsitinstituted

B.arguethatitwasactuallylessinfluentialthantheSixteenthAmendmentwas

C.describethemannerinwhichitaffectedtheeconomyafteritwaspassed

D.discussitseffectsontheglobaleconomypriortotheoutbreakofWorldWarI

第46題

SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesfromparagraph2thatidentifytheresultsoftheRevenueActof

1913.Toreceivecredit,youmustselectTWOanswers.

A.TheSixteenthAmendmentwasratifiedandbecamelaw.

B.TaxesonforeignimportstotheUnitedStateswerelowered.

C.GIobaltradewasaffectedinanegati