中美農(nóng)業(yè)合作正?；簷C(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn) Normalizing US-China Agriculture Cooperation Opportunities and Challenges

中美農(nóng)業(yè)合作正常化：機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)AMchaMchinaTheAmericanChamberofCommerceinthePeople’sRepublicofChinaActiveandinvolvedAmChamChinamemberswhoareagricultureexpertsdraftedthisreport.WiththeinterestsofbothAmChamChinamembersandChina’sagriculturaldevelopmentforemostinthought,weexpectthattheideasandrecommendationsincludedinthisreportwillbehelpfultoChineseandUSgovernmentdecisionmakersandbusinessleaders.AgricultureindustrydevelopmentcontinuestobeamainstayofChina’seconomicdevelopmentandanimportantaspectofUS-Chinaeconomicrelations.AmChamChinaisencouragedbythegovernment’sfocusonruralrevitalization,capturedbytheexpandedauthorityofthenewlyformedMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs,formedin2018duringChina’sgovernmentreorganization.AmChamChinamembersalsowitnessedseveralimportanteventsin2018,includingfurtherreductionofrestrictionsonforeigninvestmentinagriculture,aswellasconsolidationofanti-monopolyenforcementactivitiesundertheStateAdministrationforMarketRegulation(SAMR)thatwerepreviouslyhousedwithintheMinistryofCommerce,NationalDevelopmentandReformCouncil(NDRC)andtheStateAdministrationforIndustryandCommerce(SAIC)--whichwebelievewillhelpstreamlineantitrustenforcement.Moreover,weappreciatethecontinuousimprovementinChina’scropvarietyregistration,andtheChinesegovern-ment’scontinuingeffortstodevelopmorestringentemissionregulationsfornon-roadmachinery.Atthesametime,AmChamChinamembersaredeeplyconcernedaboutthepresenceofretaliatorytariffsandongoingtradetensionsbetweenChinaandtheUS,whichdrasticallyreducedtradeinagricultureprod-uctsbetweenthetwocountriesthroughout2018.WhilereportsthatChinaisplanningtocommittosignifi-cantpurchasesofUSagriculturalproductsaspartofanegotiatedoutcomeareimportantformembersinthissector,Chinaisthesecond-largestmarketforUSagriculturalproducts--andanysustainedimpositionofthetariffswillharmUSmarketshareasChinadiversifiesitsagriculturalimportbase.GivencurrenttensionsintheUS-Chinarelationshipandinthespiritofworkingtowardmutuallybene-ficialsolutions,theagricultureindustryrepresentsasectorwhereAmChamChinamembercompanieshavelongstandingpartnershipsthatcanhelpstabilizetherelationship.WebelievetherecommendationsprovidedinthisreportwillsupportChinaindevelopinganevenmoremodernagricultureindustry.Tothatend,werecommendimprovingthesustainabilityandcompetitivenessofChineseagriculturebyopeninguptoforeigninvestmentinagriculturalbiotechnology,modernagriculturalprocessing,andbulktrans-portation.Anothersuggestionistosimplifytheapprovalprocedureforimportandexportofseedandbreedingmaterials,whichshouldadvancedevelopmentofChina’sseedvarieties.WealsorecommendChinastreamlineagriculturalbiotechregulatoryandcertificationprocessesandimplementclearlydefined,scheduledtimeframes,toallowforeignbiotechproductstomorerapidlyentertheChinesemarket.ThisshouldacceleratedevelopmentofChina’sdomesticagriculturebiotechindustry.FortheUSgovernment,AmChamChinacontinuestorecommendseriouslyconsideringChineserequestsformarketaccessformeat,fish,andproduce,includingcookedpoultry,apples,pears,andcatfishinafairandreciprocalmanner.TimothyStratfordChairman,AmericanChamberofCommerceinChinaJuly2019|AGRICULTURE|Introduction2AmChamChinawouldliketocongratulatethegovernmentofChinafortheprogressintheagriculturesectorbeginningin2018.Overthepast12monthsChinaexpandedAtheauthorityoftheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs(MARA)(formerlytheMinistryofAgriculture),capturedbythereleaseof2019documentNo.1tobetterreflectthegovernment’sfocusonruraldevelopmentandtheeliminationofruralpoverty.China’soverarchingagriculturalpolicycontinuestofocusonmodernizingtheindustryandencouraginginnovationwhilesimulta-neouslyensuringfoodsecurityandsafety.During2018AmChamChinamemberswitnessedseveralimportantevents:TheMinistryofCommerce(MOFCOM)andNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC)jointlypublishedtheSpecialAdministrativeMeasures(NegativeList)forForeignInvestmentAccess(2018version)andFreeTradeZone(FTZ)SpecialManagementMeasures(FTZNegativeList)forForeignInvestmentAccess(2018version).Similarly,MOFCOMandNDRCpublishedaNegativeListinJuly2018,whichreplacedtheearlierGuidingCataloguesonForeignInvestmentandremovedadditionalsectorsfrominvestmentrestrictions.?ContinuousimprovementinChina’scropvarietyregistrationfollowingamendmentoftheSeedLawTheChinesegovernmentannouncedtheconsolida-tionofanti-monopolyenforcementresponsibilitiespreviouslyresidinginthreeagencies(MOFCOM,NDRC,andStateAdministrationforIndustryandCommerce(SAIC)),underthenewlyestablishedStateAdministrationforMarketRegulation(SAMR),whichshouldstreamlineantitrustenforce-ment.DespiteeconomictensionscreatedbytheuncertaintyofUS-Chinarelations,China’seconomygrewbyanestimated6.6%in2018,inlinewithgovernmentexpec-tations,buttheslowestratesince1990.Chinesecitizenscontinuetoexhibitstrongdemandforhigh-quality,safeandnutritiousfood.AgriculturaltradebetweenChinaandtheUSfalteredin2018(Figures1and2).UScompaniesexportedUS$9.1billionofagriculturalproductstoChina,ayear-on-yeardeclineofoverhalfasmuchas2017.TradetensionsbetweenChinaandtheUShavetakenatollontheagri-culturalindustryinbothcountries.InJuly2018,theUSgovernmentintroduced25%tariffsonUS$34billionofChineseimports.Inresponse,Chinaimposed25%tariffsonUS$34billionofimportsfromtheUSthatheavilytargetedagriculturalproductsincludingsoybeans,sorghum,redmeat,fruits,andproduce.TariffsimposedbyboththeUSandChinainAugust2018onanaddi-tionalUS$16billionofgoodsraisedthetotalofimporttariffsongoodsto$50billionimposedbyeachcountry.50Source:USCensusBureauTradeDataAsacentralpillarofthetradingrelationship,theagri-culturalindustryinbothcountriesbearsthebruntofdeterioratingtraderelations.Theseactionswillhavelongstandingramificationsshouldthetensionscontinue.AdditionalAmericantariffswentintoeffectinSeptember2018onUS$200billionofChineseproductsincludingconsumergoods,whilereciprocalChinese年開始在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域取得的進(jìn)展。在過去的國的總體農(nóng)業(yè)政策繼續(xù)以工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新為重種子產(chǎn)業(yè)市場準(zhǔn)入挑戰(zhàn)4|AGRICULTURE|tariffsannouncedinSeptember2018nowimpactnearly90%ofUSagriculturalexports.AsChinaiscurrentlythesecond-largestmarketforUSagriculturalproducts,sustainedimpositionofthesetariffswillcausetheUSmarketsharetofallasChinadiversifiesitsagricultureimportbase.ThoughAmChamChinamembercompaniesremainconfidentintheirlongstandingpartnershipswiththeChineseagriculturalindustry,wearedeeplyconcernedabouttradetensionsbetweenChinaandtheUS.AmChamChinahopestoseeade-escalationintradetensionsbetweenbothcountriesandintendstoworktogetherwithChineseandUSagriculturalindustriestohelpensurethatbusinesspartnershipsremainstrong.AmChamChinaalsointendstocontinuesupportingChina’sgoalofagriculturalmodernizationandensuringaffordable,healthier,andsustainablefoodproductsforChineseconsumers.OngoingRegulatoryIssuesSeedIndustryWeareencouragedtoseerestrictionsontheagricul-turalindustryinthe2018NegativeListbereducedinInvestment.Inparticular,thenewFTZNegativeListfurtherincreasedtheequitycaponforeigninvestmentinwheatandmaizebreedingandseedproductionfrom49%to66%.Breedingofwheatandmaizecropvarietiesandseedproductioncannowbecontrolledbyforeigninvestors.AmChamChinarecommendsthepoliciesoftheFTZbeextendedtothenationallevelandthegovern-mentfurtherrelaxesrestrictionsonforeigninvestmentintheselectionandbreedingofnewvarietiesofwheatandmaize.prohibitsforeigninvestmentin“genetically-modified(GM)varietiesbreedingandGMseedproduction,”however.ProhibitingforeigninvestmentintheseareaswillnotonlylimitcompetitionandefficiencybutisdetrimentaltoChina’sgoalsemphasizinginnovationandmodernizationoftheagriculturalsector.WeurgetheChinesegovernmentscalebackthisprovisionfrom“prohibited”tonomorethan“restricted”toallowjointventurestoengagemorewidelyinseedtechnologyinnovationandcropproduction.ThisrecommendationisalsoparticularlysalientinlightofChemChina’stake-overofSwisspesticidesfirmSyngentain2016,amovethatshouldleadtoareductionofbarrierstoforeigninvestmentinthissector.AmChamChinasawcontinuousimprovementinChina’scropvarietyregistrationfollowingamendmentoftheSeedLawin2016.Ourmembercompaniesbelievesignificantchangestoregulationsgoverningimportandexportofseedandbreedingmaterialsarenecessarytostreamlinelengthyandcomplexapprovalprocesses.ThiswillreducethedelaysAmChamChinamembersfacefromredundantrequiredapprovals,slowlyprocessedintellectualproperty(IP)phytosanitarycertificationsandpermits,andunclearpolicyguidanceanddirectives.Exportingseedsforresearchpurposesisoverlycompli-catedformultinationalcorporations(MNCs).Forinstance,germplasmexportsfromChinaareprohibitedifdomesticgermplasmisused.Evenwhendomesticgermplasmisnotused,theapplicationandapprovalprocedureisunclear,lengthyandprotracted,andischaracterizedbyverylowapprovalrates.Meanwhile,thegeneralimportprocedurerequiresapprovalsfrommultipleauthoritiesinprovincialseedadministrationagenciesaswellasMARA.SuchapprovalprocedureslowstechnologyexchangeandresearchcooperationbetweenMNCsandthelocalseedindustry,hamperingnewvarietydevelopment.Theseedindustryistechnologyandresearchintensive,makingeffectiveIPprotectioncriticaltoitssuccess.WeakIPprotectionhasbeenamajorbarriertothedevelopmentofChina’sseedindustry.Varietyviolationandcounterfeitseedsarecommonproblemsforbothimportedanddomesticseeds.WerecognizethattheChinesegovernment,includingMARA,theMinistryofPublicSecurity(MPS),andSAMR,areworkingtocreateafavorableenvironmentforinnovationintheseedsectorbystrengtheningIPlegalprotections.AmChamChinamemberswouldliketocontinuetoworkcloselywithrelevantChinesegovernmentagen-cies.WeurgeChineseauthoritiestoimposemoreseverepenaltiesonPlantVarietyProtection(PVP)infringe-mentsasaneffectivewaytoprotectbreeders’PVPrights.AmChamChinaalsorecommendstheprovisionofmoreIPtoolstoprovidecomprehensiveinnovationprotection.Werecommend:ApplyEssentiallyDerivedVarieties(EDV),whicharealreadybeingtrialedbyricecropvarieties,tomoreseedtypeslikecorn;Tradesecretprotectionsshouldbeappliedtogermplasmproductstoprotectbreedinginnovationrights;Source:USCensusBureauTradeData假種子與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)商會促請中國政府對植物品種保護(hù)（PVP）侵權(quán)實(shí)施6|AGRICULTURE|Properpatentrightsshouldbegrantedtoinnova-tivebiotechproductswhicharenotindividualplantvarieties;?Moleculardetectionmethodsshouldbeintroducedtohelpprotectcropsfrompestsanddisease;AnIPcreditsystemforseedcompaniesshouldbeestablishedtobettermanageIPrightsoverseeddevelopmentandenhancePVPenforcement.AgrochemicalIndustryMutualAcceptanceofData(MAD)ProgramforPesticideRegistrationsChinareviseditsdomesticpesticideregulationsin2017.AccordingtoMARA’sinterpretationofthenewregula-tions,toregisteraninternationally-producedpesticideinChina,theforeignenterprisemustappointaMARA-approvedentitytoconductallregistrationtestsinChina.AsofNovember1,2017,MARAhasstoppedacceptingOECD-GoodLaboratoryPractice(GLP)reportsissuedbyoverseaslaboratoriesintheregistrationprocedure.ThesereportssupporttheOECD’sMutualAcceptanceofData(MAD)program,whichprovidesthatafterapesti-cidehasbeentestedandapprovedbyoneMADsigna-tory,itisdeemedacceptedbyall.Therefore,pesticideregistrationauthoritiescanwaivedomesticregistrationrequirementsforrelevant,goodqualitydatageneratedinothercountries.ChinaisindiscussionsbuthasyettojointheMADprogram.Consequently,foreignenterprisesmustnowconductregistrationtestswithaChina-basedentity,atacostofRMB20-30millionperregistration,andfaceanaddi-tionalregistrationprocedurethatcanstretchoutoveranadditionalthreetofouryears.ChinaisnowoneoftheonlycountriesintheworldthatwillnotacceptdataforpesticideregistrationundertheMADprogramandrequiresallregistrationteststobeconductedwithinitsterritory.AmChamChinaurgesMARAtoworkwithindustrystakeholdersandrelevantinternationalorga-nizationstojointheMADprogramandstoprequiringduplicativeregistrationsofforeignpesticides.WenoteinthisregardthatChinesegovernmentauthoritiesareacceleratingtheregistrationofinnovativedrugsbyacceptingoverseasclinicaltestresults.AmChamChinathereforealsourgesMARAtostudytheexperienceoftheNationalMedicalProductsAdministration(NMPA),whichhasoverseenthiseffort.RegistrationManagementofOnly-For-ExporPesticideRegistration,publishedonJunethat“RegistrationManagementofOnly-For-ExportPesticideswillbestipulatedseparatelybytheMinistryofAgriculture.”Todate,theseregulationshaveyettobeintroduced.Thiscreatesoperationaluncertaintyforbothdomesticpesticidemanufacturersandglobalpesticidesupplychains.Consideringthatallpesticideregistrationlicensesforexportswillexpirein2019(theexactexpirationdatedependsonthelicenseholder),AmChamChinamembersareconcernedthiscouldaffectcontinuedproductionofexportpesticides,nega-tivelyimpactingthecompetitivenessofdomesticmanu-facturersinforeignmarketsandendangeringaccesstopesticidesforfarmerswhorelyheavilyontheChinesepesticideindustryandmayproducefoodintendedfortheChinesemarket.AmChamChinaurgesMARAtoreleasetherelevantrulesasearlyaspossible.Inthecontinuedabsenceoffinalregu-lations,interimmeasuresarenecessarytoguidepesticidemanufacturersandtradersonimplementation.In2018,ChineseregulatoryagenciesdetectedtracesofchemicalanaloguesinseveralpesticidesusedthroughoutChina.Whiletheseanalogueshavesimilarpropertiestotheactiveingredientsidentifiedonthepesticidelabel,accordingtonationalChineseregulationsonpesticidemanagement,thepresenceofchemicalanaloguesclassi-fiesthesepesticidesas“fake.”AmChamChinamembershavefound,however,differinginterpretationsattheregionallevelastowhetherthepresenceofthesechem-icalanaloguesviolatesthelawandisthereforesubjecttorelevantlegalproceduresandpenalties.AmChamChinaencouragesMARAtocoordinatewithprovincialgovernmentsandindustryassociationstodevelopunifiedimplementingmeasuresonhowtodealwiththepresenceofillegalanaloguesindomesticpesticides.BiotechnologyTheregulatoryapprovalprocedureforcropcommodi-tieswithbiotechtraitsmadelittleprogressin2018.Nonewapprovalsweregranted.Continueddelaysinapprovingbiotechcommoditiesseverelyinhibitsglobalagriculturalinnovation.AmChamChinaisalsoconcernedbytheincreasingnumberofrepetitivedatalocalizationrequirementsimposedbytheregulatoryauthoritieswithrespecttosafetyapprovalsforimportedbiotechproducts.AmChamChinaencouragesMARAtoadoptmoreflexibledatalocalizationrequirementsthattakeintoconsiderationtheproduct’sintendeduseinChina,ratherthanimposingrestrictive,“one-size-fitsall”datarequirements.?將保護(hù)商業(yè)秘密應(yīng)用于種質(zhì)資源以保護(hù)育種創(chuàng)新農(nóng)藥行業(yè)農(nóng)藥登記數(shù)據(jù)互認(rèn)（MAD）計(jì)劃中國現(xiàn)在是世界上不按照數(shù)據(jù)互認(rèn)計(jì)劃受理農(nóng)藥登記生物技術(shù)許可問題8|AGRICULTURE|In2017severalnewamendmentstoexistingbiotechregulationswereissued.Theseamendmentsremovedin-countrystudiesasapreconditionforapplyingforimportsafetycertificates,andremovedapplicationandtrialfeerequirementsforbiotechproductimportapprovals.WhileourmemberswelcometheChinesegovernment’sintentiontoreducetheadministrativeandfinancialburdenoncompanies,wealsobelievetheamendmentsprovideopportunitiestofurtherreducetherequirementsforin-countrystudieswhichareuniquetoChinaandareconsideredredundantalong-sideimportsafetycertificates.Whentheseamend-mentsareadoptedwithoutacleartransitionperiodordetailedimplementingregulations,theyaddsignificantoperationaluncertaintyforAmChamChinamembercompanies.AmChamChinaurgesMARAtoclarifythechangestotheregulatoryprocedureresultingfromthesenewamendmentsandestablishimplementingrulesafteratransparent,openconsultationprocesswithallstakeholders.AmChamChinaalsonotesthatexportapprovalsfromthecountryoforiginarestillarequiredpreconditiontoapplyforimportsafetycertificatesforbiotechproducts.ThisleadstosignificantdelaysbetweenapprovalbythecountryoforiginandapprovalinChina.AmChamChinaencouragesMARAtoallowcompaniestoapplyforChinaimportsafetyapprovalwhiletheexportapprovalisunderconsiderationinthecountryoforigintoexpeditetheentryoftheseproductsintotheChinamarket.Inadditiontoacquiringanimportsafetycertificate,MARAalsorequiresagriculturalcommoditytraderstoobtainabiosafetycertificateforeachindividualshipmentofbiotechproductsabroad.Theseadditionalapprovalsareredundant.In2018therejectionrateforbiosafetycertificateapplicationsforshipmentpermitsfiledbycommoditytradersincreasedatgreatcostanduncertaintyforcommoditytradingbusinesses.AmChamChinaurgesMARAtoprovideaclearsetofcriteriatoguidedocumentpreparationforthisappli-cationprocess.Itisestimatedthatabout140silagecornvarietieshavebeenregisteredsincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.DuetoChina’sCornSilageStandards,whichfocusondrymatteryield,thesevari-etiesaresubjecttounreasonableevaluationmethodsandstandardsthatdonotcorrespondtothepracticesofthemoderndairyindustry.AmChamChinamemberscallonChinatoadoptscientifically-basedevaluationstan-dardsofsilagecornvarietiesinlinewithDocument2015No.1oftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)CentralCommitteetopromote“foodgraintofeed”inordertocontinuethedevelopmentofChina’sfeedindustry.FeedadditivesandingredientsexportedtoChinaforthefirsttimearerequiredtoundergoagovernmentapprovalprocessthatinvolvesregisteringtheseproductswithMARAandadditionalproductsafetyevaluationsandproducerregistrationwiththeGeneralAdministrationofCustoms(ChinaCustoms).TheMARAandChinaCustomsregistrationproce-duresarelengthyandcomplicated,oftentakingyearstocomplete.ThisdiscouragesnewtechnologyfromenteringChina’sfoodproductionsupplychainandreducestheoptionsavailabletoChinesefarmersforimportantfeedadditives,includingimportantantibi-oticsalternatives,therebyunderminingdomesticfeedandfoodsafety.AmChamChinaurgesthattheprocedurebereformedandthetimeframeshortenedbyallowingcompaniestosubmitthesamedocumentssimultaneouslytobothMARAandChinaCustoms.WefurtherrecommendthatChinaCustomsoverseesupervisionriskcontrolofimportedfeedadditivesandingredients.AgriculturalProcessingandTransportationMerger&AcquisitionReviewAmChamChinawouldliketoseethatSAMRtakestepstoimproveregulatorytransparency.WeurgeSAMRtoreleasemoreinformationpubliclyaboutspecificMergerandAcquisition(M&A)casedecisionsandissuealistofantitrustprinciplesunderconsiderationduringtheM&Areviewprocesssocompaniescanbetterpreparefilingdocuments.Thelengthy,opaqueM&Areviewcommoninthepastcreatedmuchunhelpfuluncertaintyforthebusinesscommunity.Hightransportation,shippingandlogisticscostsimpairstheglobalcompetitivenessofChina’sagriculturalprod-ucts.AmChamChinaisgladtoseethatChinaaimstoincreasetheportionofcross-provincialgrainmovementhandledinbulkto50%by2020.Railwayandtrucktransportationcurrentlycomprisethemajorformsofbulktransportation,buttheyareinhib-itedbylimitedcapacity.Low-cost,integratedlogisticssolutionssuchasbargesystems,whichareusedfortransportalongmajorUSrivers,couldbeaviablesubsti-tute.AmChamChinamemberswouldbepleasedtosharetheirexperiencewiththeirChinesecounterparts.飼料行業(yè)青貯評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對飼料進(jìn)口的批準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)加工與運(yùn)輸并購審核散貨運(yùn)輸牛肉和豬肉貿(mào)易由于中國對各種安全營養(yǎng)蛋白來源的需求不斷增10|AGRICULTURE|China’sgrowingdemandforawiderangeofsourcesofsafeandnutritiousproteinhasresultedinChinabecomingtheworld’slargestimportmarketforbeefandpork,andimportsareexpectedtogrownearly50%year-on-yearoverthemediumterm.Duetomultiplerestric-tionsonmarketaccess,however,USbeef’smarketshareisexpectedtoberoughlyamere1%.China’sdemandforimportedporkislikelytoincreaserapidlyduetotheoutbreakofAfricanSwineFeverinpartsofChinainAugust2018.PorkshipmentstoChinathisyearwillbevaluedatabout$3.4billion.USpork’sshareofthatwillbelessthan10%.ChinacurrentlyhaszerotoleranceforresiduesofFDAandCodexapprovedbetaagonistsandsynthetichormones.Theseveterinarydrugrestrictionsaddsignif-icantproductioncoststobothbeefandporkexportstoChina.ToenableChineseconsumerstohaveaccesstoawiderrangeofporksuppliersatreasonablecost,AmChamChinaurgesChinatoembraceinternationalstandardsforveterinarydrugresiduesbyrecognizingCodexMRL’sfortheseproducts.Otherimpedimentsthatreducethedomesticconsumersaccesstosafeandvariedproteinsourcesincludeunrea-sonabletraceabilityrequirementsforbeef,limitationsontherangeofbeefproductsthatcanbeimported,andabanontheuseofUSDAFoodSafetyInspectionService(FSIS)replacementhealthcertificates.AgriculturalMachineryAgriculturalMachinerySubsidiesSince2004subsidiesandotherfavorablepolicieshavepoweredsalesofagriculturalmechanizationequipmentinChina,reducingtheoverallcostoffoodproductiondomestically.AmChamChinaparticularlyappreciatesthenewsubsidypolicyreleasedin2018,whichaddedimportedagriculturalmachinerytothesubsidylist.Provincialagriculturalauthoritieshavesubstantialautonomyregardingsubsidyimplementation,andpoli-ciesdifferfromprovincetoprovince.Asaresult,agri-culturalmachinerymanufacturersmustworkwithallprovincialauthoritiesresponsibleforsubsidyenforce-ment.AmChamChinaurgesauthoritiestoadoptconsis-tentprovincial-levelsubsidypoliciesinordertofosterahealthybusinessenvironmentandimprovefarmingAmChamChinawelcomesthereleaseofthelong-awaitedemissionregulation(NR4)andsupportsstringentaconsistentenforcementoftheregulationstoensurealevelplayingfieldforthewholeindustry.ThenewNR4emissioncertificationtestismuchmoreintensivethanthepreviousNR3certificationtest,requiringsignificantlylongerpreparationonbehalfoft