東盟能源小冊子第二卷：東盟核能發(fā)展

ASEANEnergy

BookletVolume2

NuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN

DoweneednuclearenergyinASEAN?

DoweneednuclearenergyinASEAN?

EnergytransitioninASEAN

In2022,around34.3%and28.9%ofthegeneratedpowerintheASEANregionwasfromcoalandgas,respectively,whilerenewableenergyonlytookuparound33.29%.Theregionneedstoacceleratethedevelopmentofcleanerenergygenerationbyusingitsdiverseresourcepotential.

FossilvsRenewablesInstalledCapacityin2022

33.29%

Energytransitioninvolvesshiftingfromfossilfuelsandacceleratingthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy(RE).ThroughtheASEANPlanofActionforEnergyCooperation(APAEC)PhaseII,theregionaimstoachievea23%REshareoftotalprimaryenergysupplyby2025.Astheregioncontinuesitsjourneytowardssustainability,increasingtheregion’sshareofcleanerenergytechnologiesisabsolutelyfundamental.

66.71%

Whynuclearmattersinenergytransition?

FossilFuelsRenewableEnergy

Nuclearpower’sglobalimpactonemissionsreduction

TheAMShavepledgedstrongcommitmentstoreducingcarbonemission,asreflectedintheincreasingrenewableenergyshareof33.29%ininstalledcapacityin2022.WhileVariableRE(VRE)isverygoodforemissionsreductionbutposesstabilitychallengesduetoitsintermittency.Nuclearpowerhowever,provideslow-carbonelectricitywhilealsomaintainingsystemstability.NuclearenergyhasthelowestGHGemissionsperkWhofelectricityamongothertechnology,rangesfrom5.1–6.4gCO2eq/kWh(IAEA,2022).Accordingtothe7thASEANEnergyOutlook,theASEANregionisconsideringtheintroductionofabout5.2GWofnuclearpowercapacityby2050(ACE,2022)

CarbonEmissionsAvoided

(inGigatonnesofCO2Emission)

UnitedStatesEuropeanUnion

JapanSouthKoreaCanada

OtheradvancedeconomiesEMDEs

70

mm

Emphasisingitsvitalroleinachievingglobalclimategoalsandsustainableenergytransitions,theIEA’s2021reportonnuclearpowerhighlighted

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1990199520002005201020152020

Year

theemissionreductionfromnuclearpowerutilisation,whichhasavoidedapproximatelyover65gigatonsofCO2emissionsince1971.Thedataemphasisethevitalroleofnuclearpowerinachievingglobalclimategoalsandsustainableenergytransitions.

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|01

BasedonInstalledCapacity

SmallModularReactors(SMRs)

?Capacity:Upto300MW

?Potentiallylowerupfrontinvestmentcosts

?Modulardesignforeasiershipment,installation,andfasterconstruction.

Medium/Large-ScaleReactors

?Capacity:400–1750MW

?Providessubstantialbaseloadelectricity

?Smallercarbonfootprintcomparedtootherbaseloadtechnologies

Whataretherecentdevelopmentsofnuclearpowertechnologies?

Therearetwomethodsinharnessingnuclearenergy,namelynuclearfusionandfission.Whilenuclearfusiontechnologyisstillinthedevelopmentphase,nuclearfissiontechnologyhasbeenwidelyusedforgeneratingelectricity.Nuclearfissiontechnologyisusuallyclassifiedonthebasisofcapacityandtypeofreactor

Thesearethenucleartechnologiesthatarecurrentlyoperationalorarestillunderdevelopment,withdiverserangeofdesignsusedinnuclearenergygeneration.

CanadaDeuteriumUraniumReactors

Imagesource:nuclearfaq.ca

PressurizedWaterReactors

containmentstructure

reactor

turbine

generator

condensar

Imagesource:NRC

primarycircuitheatdumpcircuit

Gas-cooledReactors(GCRs)

Imagesource:Nukeworker

ReaktorBolshoy

MoshchnostyKanalny

BoilingWaterReactors

generat

or

turbine

condenser

Imagesource:NRC

primarycircuitsecondarycircuittertiarycircuit

(heatdump)

BasedonTypesofOperableReactors

Imagesource:Hackaday

vessel

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|02

Whatarethekeysuccessindevelopingnucleartechnology?

Learningfromadvancedcountriesthatusenucleartechnologyintheirenergymix,herearetheimportantmilestonesindevelopingnuclearpower.

Establishastrongpoliticalwilltowardsnuclearpowerandrelevantinstitutionsthroughresearch,regulatorymeasures,etc.

Establishrelatedpoliciesandlawstosupportnucleardevelopment

Establishderivativeenergypoliciesandregulationsfortheuseofnuclearpower

Buildnuclearpowerplants

China

France

Japan

EstablishmentofChinaInstituteofAtomicEnergyoftheChineseAcademyofScience(1950)

EstablishmentoftheNationalNuclearSafetyAdministration(1984)

GridintegrationoftheQinshanNuclearPowerPlant(1991)

EstablishmentofEnergyDevelopmentStrategyPlan,2014-2020in2014tocutrelianceoncoalandpromotecleanenergy(2014)

Fundednuclearresearchprogram

(1954)

DevelopmentofAtomicEnergyBasic

LawandEstablishmentofAtomicEnergyOrganisations(1955-1956)

OperationofTokaiNuclearPowerPlantasthefirstNPPinJapan(1966)

EstablishmentofEnergyPolicyLaw

(2002)tomoveawayfromfossilfuels

InclusionofnuclearpowergenerationinthelatestPDP

CreationofFrenchAlternativeEnergiesandAtomicEnergyCommistion(1945)

Developmentoftheinitialnuclearenergyplan(1952)andlaunchingofthefirstplutogenicreactor(1956)

The1973oilcrisisincreasedFrance’soilbillby400%withintwoyears

DevelopmentoftheMessmerPlanin1973(Constructionofover13NPPs)

Planstoincreasenuclearcapacityto70GWby2025asreflectedinthedraft14thFive-YearPlan(2021)

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|03

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WhatchallengesdoesASEANfaceindevelopingnuclearpowerplants?

Thefourmainchallengesrelatetoinfrastructure,finance,technicalquestions,andsocietalconcerns

Infrastucture&Technical

?SomeASEANMemberStates(AMS)straddlethetectonicbeltofvolcanoesknownasthe

“PacificRingofFire”

.Nuclearwastemanagement

requiresadvancedtechnologiesandlong-termplanningtoensureenvironmentalandpublicsafety.

?Establishmentandenhancementofsafetyinfrastructure.

Policy&Regulation

.“NuclearPhase-out”policiesinadvancedcountrieswithnuclearintheenergymix,post-Fukushimaincident

?Theelectricitypoliciesare

non-inclusivetonuclearpower

.Strictregulationsand

customarytoensurecompliancewithinternationalsafetystandards(IAEA,2022)

Financial

.Highupfrontcost,highfuelprice(especiallyforimportingcountries)

.Limitedaccesstofinancingorfinancingschemesandgainingtraction/attractivenessofnuclearprojectsfromafinancialinstitutionalpointofview.

Social

.Nuclearliteracytoovercomepublicperceptioninnuclearenergy'ssafetyandreliability

.Limitedhumanresource

capabilitiesonnuclear

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|05

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ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|06

WhatopportunitiescouldarisefromnuclearenergydevelopmentinASEAN?

ThedevelopmentofnuclearenergyinASEANcouldofferseveralopportunitiesacrossvarioussectors:

1.Providingflexibleandreliableelectricitywithlow-carbonemissions,contributingtothedecarbonisationofthepowergenerationsector.

2.PotentialofusinggeneratedheatfromNuclearReactorforotherapplicationotherthanpower,suchasdistrictheating,hydrogenproduction,andwaterdesalination.

DistrictHeating

WaterDesalination

HydrogenProduction

source:

source:

source:

ACE.Allrightsreserved

NuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|07

WhatarethenextstepsforASEANtocontinuedevelopingnuclearenergy?

ThenextstepsfornuclearenergydevelopmentinASEANinvolveacomprehensiveapproachthataddresseskeyconsiderationsandchallenges.HerearesomeimportantactionsandconsiderationsinadvancingnuclearenergyinASEAN:

EstablishLegalandRegulatoryFrameworksforNuclearSafety

Legalandregulatoryframeworksarerequiredtoensurethesafeoperationofnuclearpowerplantsinthefuture.

IntegrateEnablingPoliciesand

RegulationonNuclearPowerintheNationalandRegionalEnergy

Planning

Considernuclearpowergenerationinthelong-termnationalpower/generationdevelopmentplan,alongwiththeimplementationroadmapandregionalMeasurement,Reporting,andVerification(MRV)framework

IncreasingNuclearLiteracyandCapacity

Increasenuclearliteracythroughworkshops,capacitybuildings,andtrainings.

PromotingRegionaland

InternationalCollaboration

Fosterregionalandinternationalcooperationasforum/informationexchangetolearnthebestpracticesandupdateonthecurrenttrends,technology,andotherimportantaspectsofNPPdevelopment.

EstablishNuclearEnergyPlanningCoordination

EstablishNEPIOtobettercoordinateeffortsamongthemanyorganisationsandindividualsthathaverolesinthenuclearenergyplanningandexecutionprocess.

FinancingMechanismandInvestmentPlan

EstablishingasuitableandattractivefinancingmechanismandclearinvestmentplanfornuclearinfrastructuredevelopmentshouldenablehighernuclearutilisationinASEAN.

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|08

ACEstudies&projectstoincreasenuclearliteracyinASEAN

Throughtargetedstudiesandprojects,ACEaimstoelevateawarenessandknowledgeregardingnuclear

technologies,applications,andsafetymeasuresamongASEANmemberstates.Theseinitiativesplayapivotalroleinfosteringinformeddiscussionsanddecision-makingaroundnuclearenergy,therebycontributingto

regionalenergysecurityandsustainabilitygoals

ASEANNuclearEnergyPortal

EngagementwiththeGlobalCooperationonNuclearEnergyPartnershipIndiaandKoreaNuclearAssociation

CivilianNuclearEnergyFactsheet(2020)

PolicybriefonSmallModularReactor(SMR)DeploymenttowardsaLow-CarbonASEANEconomy(2022)

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|09

References

DataSources

?ASEANCentreforEnergy,“The7??ASEANEnergyOutlook”(2022).

?IEA,“NuclearPowerandSecureEnergyTransitions”(2022).

?IAEA,“ClimateChangeandNuclearPower”(2022).

?WNA,“PerformanceReport”(2023).

?CNA“HowaNuclearReactorWorks”.

?WNA,“NuclearPowerinJapan”(2024)

?WNA,“NuclearPowerinChina”