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文檔簡介

第一章英語動詞時態(tài)

Tenses

英語時態(tài)是英語語法中的第一首難關(guān),攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用

不同詞表達相應(yīng)時態(tài),而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達時態(tài)。

一、英語各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成表:以play為例:

一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)

現(xiàn)在Playishashas

playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying

are

過去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying

wereplaying

將來shallshallshallshall

willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying

過去shouldshouldshouldshould

將來wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying

二、一般現(xiàn)在時:

1.構(gòu)成:使用動詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。

(1)直接加“s",works,takes

(2)以輔音加V結(jié)尾,變V為干,再加“es”

carry-carries

(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動詞加“es”

goesdresseswatchesbrushes

2.功能:

(1)表現(xiàn)在的事實、狀態(tài)或動作:

eg:>.Birdsfly.

>.Shelovesmusic.

>.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.

(2)表習慣性動作或職業(yè),常與often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,

occasionally,frequently等時間副詞連用。

eg:>.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.

>.Shewritestomeveryoften.

>.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicenicoccasionally.

(3)|表客觀真理,格言警句或事英"

>.Theearthmovesroundthesun.

>.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.

>.Twoandtwomakesfour.

>.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣賢,熟能無過。

(4)—將來:

A.在山when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenIf,incase,till,

until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引導的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將

來發(fā)生的動作。(黃金重點,所有考試都不放過它?。?/p>

例如:

>.Illtellherwhenshecomestomorrow.

>.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,111meetyou.

>.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不錯的句型,背下!?。?/p>

>.Illberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)

B.按|時間表示將要發(fā)生的動作或朝,用一般現(xiàn)在時陵達將要時|概念.

>.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.

>.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?

>.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.

>.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthe

morning.(按照時刻表,開往上海的特快列車早上7點出發(fā)。)

測試精編:

1.TheBrownsanicecarandbrown'sbrotheranicejeep.

A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have

2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?

A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is

3.youthinkhewillcome?

Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.

A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.do/willrainD.Are/willrain

4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.

A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved

5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema.

A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go

二、現(xiàn)在進行時:is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示畫畫正在進行的動作。如

>.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?

>.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingovweight.(體重增力口)

>.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrossthereiver.

2.表示|現(xiàn)階段|正進行的動作。

>.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.(本學期)

>.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.

3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進行時態(tài)時表示

即將開始的動作。

>.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!車來了!

>.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.

>.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.

4.與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用,表示說話人帶有感情色彩:贊賞

或厭惡。

>.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他總是想著別人。)

>.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。)

>.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老師一直在批評她遲

到。)

5.|下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動的動詞不可用于進行時

(此條戒律請背10遍?。。。?/p>

believe(相信),doubt(懷疑),see(看見),hear(聽見),know(知道)

understand(理解),belong(屬于),think(認為),consider(認為),feel(覺得)

look(看起來),seem(看上去),show(顯示),mind(介意),have(有)

sound(聽起來),taste(嘗起來),require(要求),possess(擁有),care(關(guān)心)

like(喜歡),hate(討厭),love(喜愛),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)

【簡單記憶工

?永遠不要說I'mbelieving..,或HeIsseeingahouse.再簡單一點說,這些動詞后面不

要隨意加-ing.

?可怕的是:我們在寫作及口語中常犯此類大錯!

?注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用進行時,因為這里have意為“舉行”;think

意為“考慮”。

測試精編:

1.Howcanyouifyouarenot?

A.Ijstening/hearingB.hear/listening

B.belistening/heardC.behearing/listeningto

2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.

A.willfinishB.isfinishing

C.hadfinishedD.finishes

3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(職位)intheoffice.(此題超前)

A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing

C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing

4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.

A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing

C.wishesD.hasbeenwished

5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.

A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping

C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill

三、一般過去時。定義動詞的過去式:

1.表示過去某個特定時間I或某康麗發(fā)生的動作或情況。

>.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.

>.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.

>.Chinawasfoundedin1949.

2.表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。(參)

>.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.

>.Theywouldnotlaveuntilshecameback.

>.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.

3.一般過去時,現(xiàn)在時和過去時的幾組差異:(別以為這很簡單,下面的差異你不一定明白。)

?Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)

?Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)

?ThafsallIhadtosay.(話己說完)

?ThafsallIhavetosay.(言之未盡)

?Itwassonicetoseeyou.(離別時用)

?Itissonicetoseeyou.(見面時用)

?Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(J是當天下午或晚上)

?Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句現(xiàn)在完成時,此乃后話!]

測試精編I:(用所給動詞的正確形態(tài)填空)。

1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.

2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)attheback

thismorning.

3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.

4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.

5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.

測試精編II:

1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.

A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue

C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue

2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyof

hungerandcold,(without在這里表示條件,你知道嗎?)

A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied

3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.

A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves

4.Whenallthosepresent(到場者)hebeganhislecture.(重點題)

A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated

5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.Butinfactnot.

A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad

四、過去進行時:were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞。

1.表示|過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。

>.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.

>.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.

>.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.

2.用于條件狀語從句中表示|過去將來進行的動作。

>.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.

>.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.

3.過去某時將發(fā)生的事。可參考2(4)

>.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.

>.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.

測試精編:

1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding

C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding

2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.

A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying

C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played

3.Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.

Ithoughtthathetoday

A.wascomingB.iscoming

C.willcomeC.comes

4.Jcakwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.

A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome

5.Michikecouldn,tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe

inthelab.

A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking

C.wasworkingD.worked

五、現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+過去分詞

1.表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet,Just,before,recently,

lately(最近),ever,never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。

?Hehasn'tseenherlately.

?Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.

2.表示|一個從過去某個時間開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作I,常與表示一段時間

的時間狀語連用。如:sofar(迄今為止),uptillnow(直到現(xiàn)在),since,foralongtime

(很長時間),uptopresent(直到現(xiàn)在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在過去的幾

年里),thesedays(目前).

>.Hehasworkedherefor15years.

>.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.

>.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.

>.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.

3.某些非延續(xù)性動詞(BP:動作開始便終II二的動詞),在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能叮表示一段時間

狀語搭配。

黃金要點:

I.常見的非延續(xù)動詞:die,arrive(到達),join(加入),leave(離開),go,refuse

(拒絕),fall(失?。琭inish,buy,marry,divorce(離婚),awake(醒),borrow,

lend...(背三遍!)

II.這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時,而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。

III.但若是用在否定句中,非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連

用。

?Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(誤)

?Shehasbeenawayforamonth.(正)

?Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(誤)

?Themanhasbeendeadfortowyears.(正)

?Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(誤)

?Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)

4.注意since的用法:

>.Theyhaven'thadantroublesincetheycamehere.

>.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemelasttime.

>.Hehasbeenheresince1980.

>.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.

5.幾組對比:

HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。

HehasbeentoShanghai.他去過上海。

Shehasgone.她已走了。

SheIsgone.她缺席了。(or她死了)

Thedoorhasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。(動作)

Thedoorisclosed.門是關(guān)著的。(狀態(tài))

測試精編:

1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.

A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping

2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.

A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen

3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.

A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto

C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto

4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.

A.hadn'tB.havenlC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad

5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionand

science.

A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound

六、現(xiàn)在完成進行時:have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生,|一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作|。(最好將此定義讀5

遍)

A?I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.

>.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years,(runafter:追求)

2.表某種感情色彩。

>.Tvebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.

>.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.

釋惑要點:現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的對比:

現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)“結(jié)果”,而完成進行時強調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。

>.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了這一點。)

>.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想這一點。)

>.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已將門油漆過了。)

>.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆門。)

測試精編:

1.Theyussincefiveo'clockthismorning.

A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping

C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped

2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenlfinishedit.

A.havebeenreadingB.haveread

C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading

3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.

A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked

4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.

A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted

C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually

5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.

A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining

用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空。

1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.

2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.

3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.

4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)forBeijing.

5.1(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?

七、過去完成時:had+過去分詞

1.表示過去某表動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動作?!斑^去的過去”。

?TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.

?TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.

2.過去完成時常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。(此乃

超級重點句型,意為:“一……就”)

?Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.

?Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.(,主意no

sooner在句首時句型倒裝。)

3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(計劃)等動詞的

過去完成時用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。

?IhadIntendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenI

wasabouttoleave.(原想昨天去看你)

?Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelit

becausehehadweather.(...原計劃上周舉行一場足球賽...)

測試精編:

1.Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.

Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.

A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim

C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim

2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.

A.wasleavingB.wouldleave

C.hadleftD.Ie代

3.1mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.

A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost

4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.

A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone

5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.

A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were

八、―一般將來時:shall/will+動詞原形

1.表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

?Hewillgraduateformthecollegenextyear.

?Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.

2.將來時的其它結(jié)構(gòu):(務(wù)必背下?。?/p>

I:begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(.美國口語中常讀做begonna)

?I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.

[begoingto與will的對比:下列情況須用will]

?rilbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.

?Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow

?Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.

II.be+todosth.表示計劃安排做某事或用來征求意見。

?AmItotakeoverhiswork?

?Wearetomeetatthegate.

iii.beabouttodosth.即將做某事。

Thetalkisabouttobegin.

3.重點補充:

beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事

setouttodosth.著手做某事

setaboutdoingsth.開始做某事

測試精編:

1.“Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”

“Butadelay."

A.itwillbeB.there'dbe

C.therewillbeD.thereis

2.HellleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.

A.willcomebackB.willbeback

C.comebackD.cameback

3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.

A.hasbeenheldB.willhold

C.istobeheldD.isholding

4.Whereawill,thereisaway.

A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere

C.thereisD.therehasbeen

5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.

A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto

九、過去將來時:should/would+動詞原形

1.表示從過去某個時刻看將要發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。

?Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.

2.此用法常用于間接引語中。

測試精編:

1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.

A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive

2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are

3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.

A.iscomingB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame

4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.

A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt

十、過去完成進行時:hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞

表過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。

?ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.

比較:

>.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.

>.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.

測試精編:

1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.

A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained

2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving

3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.

A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning

C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning

4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.

A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking

C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked

5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtothe

enemyforalongtime.

A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling

H—、將來進行時:shall/wlllbe+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作:

>.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?

K比較■

>.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(說明意圖)

>.Tomwon*1becuttingthegrass.(無意圖、僅陳述事實)

2.用將來進行時詢問別人的計戈k打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。

>.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?

3.將來進行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。

>.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.

>.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.

十二、過去將來進行時:should/wouldbe+現(xiàn)在分詞

表示過去某時看將來某時正在進行的動作。

>.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.

測試精編:

1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.

A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread

2."Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?”

“No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent/

A.IseeB.HIhaveseenC.HIbeseeingD.Icansee

3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughto

seeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?

A.willtheliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living

4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is

5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.

A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows

十三、將來完成時:shall/willhave+過去分詞

表示將來某時之前已完成的動作。

>.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.

>.Bytheenofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.

十四、過去將來完成時:would/shouldhave+過去分詞

表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。

>.Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.

十五、將來完成進行時:shall/willhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞

表示某一動作將繼續(xù)到將來某時,且該動作此時尚未發(fā)生。

>.Weshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhentomarrives.

>.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.

[注:此句型過于復雜,人們很少運用,了解而已。]

單項自測題(綜合訓練)

1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.

A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form

2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.

A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers

C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit

3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.

A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving

C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm

4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersin

Mississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.

A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating

5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.

A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast

C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless

6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowofthemoon.

A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying

C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth

7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationdarkness,.

A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight

C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight

8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrong

cliffsforsupport.

A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso

9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,inallpartsoftheworld.

A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges

B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies

10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.

A.elementsfromgroupliving

B.elementsofanormalgrouplife

C.livingareagroupofelements

D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife

第二章名詞

Nouns

(-).名詞變復數(shù):

1.規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式:

在單數(shù)名詞后加"s"day-daysweek-*weeks

2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加"es".

hero—heroesboxboxesclass-*classes

bushfbusheswatch-*watches

3.黃金重點:

I.有些以。結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復數(shù)形式只加“s”。

II.以元音字母加。結(jié)尾的單詞只加“S”。(不認識的單詞,請你查詞典,懶惰是學英語的

唯一大忌。)

piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano

教你一招。

如果以o結(jié)尾的名詞有生命力,則該詞匯一般加-es.

hero,tomato,potato,Negro(,黑人)、簡記:黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯.]

4.以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為I再加“es”。

family—familiescity—cities

5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”。

keyfkeysboyboysplay—?playstoy—■toys

6.以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f,fe為v加es.

Calffcalvesknife-knives

應(yīng)當心當心:

I.下列名詞直接加“S”.(褚大聲朗禳三通,然后背下。技意稼音〃

roof(房頂),reef(喑礁),chief(首領(lǐng)),cliff(懸崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),

belief(信仰),gulf(港灣),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保險箱),sheriff(長官),

tariff(關(guān)稅)

II.scarf(頭巾),wharf(碼頭),staff(全體職員),handkerchief(手帕),hoof(蹄)

既可直接加又可變f為v加es.

(二).不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式:

1.foot—feetmouse—?micegoose一geesechildtchildrenox—>oxen

louse—?licewoman—womenman—men

2.單復數(shù)同形:

sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks(兵營),bellows(風

箱),kennels(狗窩)

3.一些英語外來詞的復數(shù)形式:

crisis—crises危機

analysisfanalyses分析

oasis—oases綠洲

parenthesisfparentheses括號

axisfaxes軸心

ellipsisfellipses日蝕

hypothesisfhypotheses假定

synopsissynopses內(nèi)容提要

erratum-errata勘誤誤表

addendumfaddenda補遺、附錄

medium-media媒體

(以上單詞熟悉即司)

(三).復合名詞復數(shù)形式:

1.中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復數(shù):

bookshelffbookshelveshandfulfhandfuls

2.man和woman構(gòu)成的復合名詞,二者均變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)。

manservant—menservants

womanteacherfwomenteachers

3.中間有連字符的合成詞,在主體詞(中心意義的詞)末尾變復數(shù):

sister-in-lawfsisters-in-law

looker-onlookers-on

editor-in-chief-editors-in-chief

4.下列合成名詞后一個詞上變化:

sit-in-*sit-ins,grown-up一grown-ups

stand-by-*stand-bystouch-me-not-touch-me-notsgo-between—go-betweens

(四).名詞所有格

1.在大多數(shù)名詞末加“'s”

theboy'stoy,men'swork

2.以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞直接加'

thestudents,readingroom

3.以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加'

Dickens1novelsTheactress*performance

4.合成名詞在最后一個詞上加“s”

herbrother-in-law'spiano.

Somebodyelse'sbooks.(重要!)

【金牌重點】:除用于有生命的人外,“牙格還可用于度量衡、地域、天體及?些習語中

anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourney

tenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweather

theearth'ssurface

astone、throw投石之距離

atone'switsend智窮計盡

toone'sheartscontent盡情地

byahair'sbreadth千鈞一發(fā)

atasnail'space緩慢地

5.雙重所有格:

如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重

所有格。

afriendofmine(名詞性物主代詞)

achildofhers

thelovepoemsofyoursister's

注意區(qū)別:

?aportraitofhermother她母親的畫像(畫中人)

?aportraitofhermothers她母親擁有的畫像中的一幅(不一定是她母親的畫像)

測試精編:

1.Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.

A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstore

C.shoestoreD.shoes,store

2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora

bill.

A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollars

C.tens-dollarD.ten-dollafs

3.Recently,hehaslostallhisatcards.

A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsaving

B.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings

4.1want.

A.adollarworthcandy

B.candyadollar'sworth

C.adollar'sworthofcandy

D.adollarworth'scandy

5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusuallyaneffectonhisdevelopment.

A.haveB.hadC.doD.has

第三章形容詞、副詞比較級和最高級

Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree

比較級構(gòu)成方式:

A.adj

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