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文檔簡介
第一章英語動詞時態(tài)
Tenses
英語時態(tài)是英語語法中的第一首難關(guān),攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用
不同詞表達相應(yīng)時態(tài),而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達時態(tài)。
一、英語各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成表:以play為例:
一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在Playishashas
playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying
are
過去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying
wereplaying
將來shallshallshallshall
willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying
過去shouldshouldshouldshould
將來wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying
二、一般現(xiàn)在時:
1.構(gòu)成:使用動詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。
(1)直接加“s",works,takes
(2)以輔音加V結(jié)尾,變V為干,再加“es”
carry-carries
(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動詞加“es”
goesdresseswatchesbrushes
2.功能:
(1)表現(xiàn)在的事實、狀態(tài)或動作:
eg:>.Birdsfly.
>.Shelovesmusic.
>.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.
(2)表習慣性動作或職業(yè),常與often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,
occasionally,frequently等時間副詞連用。
eg:>.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.
>.Shewritestomeveryoften.
>.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicenicoccasionally.
(3)|表客觀真理,格言警句或事英"
>.Theearthmovesroundthesun.
>.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
>.Twoandtwomakesfour.
>.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣賢,熟能無過。
(4)—將來:
A.在山when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenIf,incase,till,
until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引導的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將
來發(fā)生的動作。(黃金重點,所有考試都不放過它?。?/p>
例如:
>.Illtellherwhenshecomestomorrow.
>.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,111meetyou.
>.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不錯的句型,背下!?。?/p>
>.Illberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)
B.按|時間表示將要發(fā)生的動作或朝,用一般現(xiàn)在時陵達將要時|概念.
>.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.
>.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?
>.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.
>.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthe
morning.(按照時刻表,開往上海的特快列車早上7點出發(fā)。)
測試精編:
1.TheBrownsanicecarandbrown'sbrotheranicejeep.
A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have
2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?
A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is
3.youthinkhewillcome?
Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.
A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.do/willrainD.Are/willrain
4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.
A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved
5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema.
A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go
二、現(xiàn)在進行時:is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞
1.表示畫畫正在進行的動作。如
>.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?
>.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingovweight.(體重增力口)
>.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrossthereiver.
2.表示|現(xiàn)階段|正進行的動作。
>.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.(本學期)
>.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.
3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進行時態(tài)時表示
即將開始的動作。
>.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!車來了!
>.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.
>.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.
4.與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用,表示說話人帶有感情色彩:贊賞
或厭惡。
>.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他總是想著別人。)
>.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。)
>.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老師一直在批評她遲
到。)
5.|下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動的動詞不可用于進行時
(此條戒律請背10遍?。。。?/p>
believe(相信),doubt(懷疑),see(看見),hear(聽見),know(知道)
understand(理解),belong(屬于),think(認為),consider(認為),feel(覺得)
look(看起來),seem(看上去),show(顯示),mind(介意),have(有)
sound(聽起來),taste(嘗起來),require(要求),possess(擁有),care(關(guān)心)
like(喜歡),hate(討厭),love(喜愛),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)
【簡單記憶工
?永遠不要說I'mbelieving..,或HeIsseeingahouse.再簡單一點說,這些動詞后面不
要隨意加-ing.
?可怕的是:我們在寫作及口語中常犯此類大錯!
?注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用進行時,因為這里have意為“舉行”;think
意為“考慮”。
測試精編:
1.Howcanyouifyouarenot?
A.Ijstening/hearingB.hear/listening
B.belistening/heardC.behearing/listeningto
2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.
A.willfinishB.isfinishing
C.hadfinishedD.finishes
3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(職位)intheoffice.(此題超前)
A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing
C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing
4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.
A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing
C.wishesD.hasbeenwished
5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.
A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping
C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill
三、一般過去時。定義動詞的過去式:
1.表示過去某個特定時間I或某康麗發(fā)生的動作或情況。
>.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.
>.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.
>.Chinawasfoundedin1949.
2.表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。(參)
>.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.
>.Theywouldnotlaveuntilshecameback.
>.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.
3.一般過去時,現(xiàn)在時和過去時的幾組差異:(別以為這很簡單,下面的差異你不一定明白。)
?Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)
?Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)
?ThafsallIhadtosay.(話己說完)
?ThafsallIhavetosay.(言之未盡)
?Itwassonicetoseeyou.(離別時用)
?Itissonicetoseeyou.(見面時用)
?Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(J是當天下午或晚上)
?Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句現(xiàn)在完成時,此乃后話!]
測試精編I:(用所給動詞的正確形態(tài)填空)。
1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.
2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)attheback
thismorning.
3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.
4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.
5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.
測試精編II:
1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.
A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue
C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue
2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyof
hungerandcold,(without在這里表示條件,你知道嗎?)
A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied
3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.
A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves
4.Whenallthosepresent(到場者)hebeganhislecture.(重點題)
A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated
5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.Butinfactnot.
A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad
四、過去進行時:were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞。
1.表示|過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。
>.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.
>.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.
>.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.
2.用于條件狀語從句中表示|過去將來進行的動作。
>.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.
>.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.
3.過去某時將發(fā)生的事。可參考2(4)
>.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.
>.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.
測試精編:
1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.
A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding
C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding
2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.
A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying
C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played
3.Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.
Ithoughtthathetoday
A.wascomingB.iscoming
C.willcomeC.comes
4.Jcakwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.
A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome
5.Michikecouldn,tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe
inthelab.
A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking
C.wasworkingD.worked
五、現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+過去分詞
1.表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet,Just,before,recently,
lately(最近),ever,never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。
?Hehasn'tseenherlately.
?Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.
2.表示|一個從過去某個時間開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作I,常與表示一段時間
的時間狀語連用。如:sofar(迄今為止),uptillnow(直到現(xiàn)在),since,foralongtime
(很長時間),uptopresent(直到現(xiàn)在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在過去的幾
年里),thesedays(目前).
>.Hehasworkedherefor15years.
>.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.
>.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.
>.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.
3.某些非延續(xù)性動詞(BP:動作開始便終II二的動詞),在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能叮表示一段時間
狀語搭配。
黃金要點:
I.常見的非延續(xù)動詞:die,arrive(到達),join(加入),leave(離開),go,refuse
(拒絕),fall(失?。琭inish,buy,marry,divorce(離婚),awake(醒),borrow,
lend...(背三遍!)
II.這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時,而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。
III.但若是用在否定句中,非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連
用。
?Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(誤)
?Shehasbeenawayforamonth.(正)
?Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(誤)
?Themanhasbeendeadfortowyears.(正)
?Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(誤)
?Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)
4.注意since的用法:
>.Theyhaven'thadantroublesincetheycamehere.
>.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemelasttime.
>.Hehasbeenheresince1980.
>.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.
5.幾組對比:
HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。
HehasbeentoShanghai.他去過上海。
Shehasgone.她已走了。
SheIsgone.她缺席了。(or她死了)
Thedoorhasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。(動作)
Thedoorisclosed.門是關(guān)著的。(狀態(tài))
測試精編:
1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.
A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping
2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.
A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen
3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.
A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto
C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto
4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.
A.hadn'tB.havenlC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad
5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionand
science.
A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound
六、現(xiàn)在完成進行時:have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
1.表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生,|一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作|。(最好將此定義讀5
遍)
A?I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.
>.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years,(runafter:追求)
2.表某種感情色彩。
>.Tvebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.
>.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.
釋惑要點:現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的對比:
現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)“結(jié)果”,而完成進行時強調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。
>.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了這一點。)
>.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想這一點。)
>.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已將門油漆過了。)
>.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆門。)
測試精編:
1.Theyussincefiveo'clockthismorning.
A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping
C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped
2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenlfinishedit.
A.havebeenreadingB.haveread
C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading
3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.
A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked
4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.
A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted
C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually
5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.
A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining
用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空。
1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.
2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.
3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.
4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)forBeijing.
5.1(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?
七、過去完成時:had+過去分詞
1.表示過去某表動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動作?!斑^去的過去”。
?TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.
?TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.
2.過去完成時常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。(此乃
超級重點句型,意為:“一……就”)
?Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.
?Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.(,主意no
sooner在句首時句型倒裝。)
3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(計劃)等動詞的
過去完成時用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。
?IhadIntendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenI
wasabouttoleave.(原想昨天去看你)
?Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelit
becausehehadweather.(...原計劃上周舉行一場足球賽...)
測試精編:
1.Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.
Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.
A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim
C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim
2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.
A.wasleavingB.wouldleave
C.hadleftD.Ie代
3.1mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.
A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost
4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.
A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone
5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.
A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were
八、―一般將來時:shall/will+動詞原形
1.表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
?Hewillgraduateformthecollegenextyear.
?Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.
2.將來時的其它結(jié)構(gòu):(務(wù)必背下?。?/p>
I:begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(.美國口語中常讀做begonna)
?I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.
[begoingto與will的對比:下列情況須用will]
?rilbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.
?Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow
?Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.
II.be+todosth.表示計劃安排做某事或用來征求意見。
?AmItotakeoverhiswork?
?Wearetomeetatthegate.
iii.beabouttodosth.即將做某事。
Thetalkisabouttobegin.
3.重點補充:
beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事
setouttodosth.著手做某事
setaboutdoingsth.開始做某事
測試精編:
1.“Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”
“Butadelay."
A.itwillbeB.there'dbe
C.therewillbeD.thereis
2.HellleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.
A.willcomebackB.willbeback
C.comebackD.cameback
3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.
A.hasbeenheldB.willhold
C.istobeheldD.isholding
4.Whereawill,thereisaway.
A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere
C.thereisD.therehasbeen
5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.
A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto
九、過去將來時:should/would+動詞原形
1.表示從過去某個時刻看將要發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。
?Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.
2.此用法常用于間接引語中。
測試精編:
1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.
A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive
2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.
A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are
3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.
A.iscomingB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame
4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.
A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt
十、過去完成進行時:hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞
表過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。
?ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.
比較:
>.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.
>.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.
測試精編:
1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.
A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained
2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.
A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving
3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.
A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning
C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning
4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.
A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking
C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked
5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtothe
enemyforalongtime.
A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling
H—、將來進行時:shall/wlllbe+現(xiàn)在分詞
1.表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作:
>.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?
K比較■
>.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(說明意圖)
>.Tomwon*1becuttingthegrass.(無意圖、僅陳述事實)
2.用將來進行時詢問別人的計戈k打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。
>.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?
3.將來進行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。
>.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.
>.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.
十二、過去將來進行時:should/wouldbe+現(xiàn)在分詞
表示過去某時看將來某時正在進行的動作。
>.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.
測試精編:
1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.
A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread
2."Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?”
“No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent/
A.IseeB.HIhaveseenC.HIbeseeingD.Icansee
3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughto
seeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?
A.willtheliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living
4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.
A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is
5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.
A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows
十三、將來完成時:shall/willhave+過去分詞
表示將來某時之前已完成的動作。
>.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.
>.Bytheenofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.
十四、過去將來完成時:would/shouldhave+過去分詞
表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
>.Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.
十五、將來完成進行時:shall/willhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞
表示某一動作將繼續(xù)到將來某時,且該動作此時尚未發(fā)生。
>.Weshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhentomarrives.
>.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.
[注:此句型過于復雜,人們很少運用,了解而已。]
單項自測題(綜合訓練)
1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.
A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form
2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.
A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers
C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit
3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.
A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving
C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm
4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersin
Mississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.
A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating
5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.
A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast
C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless
6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowofthemoon.
A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying
C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth
7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationdarkness,.
A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight
C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight
8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrong
cliffsforsupport.
A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso
9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,inallpartsoftheworld.
A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges
B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies
10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.
A.elementsfromgroupliving
B.elementsofanormalgrouplife
C.livingareagroupofelements
D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife
第二章名詞
Nouns
(-).名詞變復數(shù):
1.規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式:
在單數(shù)名詞后加"s"day-daysweek-*weeks
2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加"es".
hero—heroesboxboxesclass-*classes
bushfbusheswatch-*watches
3.黃金重點:
I.有些以。結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復數(shù)形式只加“s”。
II.以元音字母加。結(jié)尾的單詞只加“S”。(不認識的單詞,請你查詞典,懶惰是學英語的
唯一大忌。)
piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano
教你一招。
如果以o結(jié)尾的名詞有生命力,則該詞匯一般加-es.
hero,tomato,potato,Negro(,黑人)、簡記:黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯.]
4.以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為I再加“es”。
family—familiescity—cities
5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”。
keyfkeysboyboysplay—?playstoy—■toys
6.以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f,fe為v加es.
Calffcalvesknife-knives
應(yīng)當心當心:
I.下列名詞直接加“S”.(褚大聲朗禳三通,然后背下。技意稼音〃
roof(房頂),reef(喑礁),chief(首領(lǐng)),cliff(懸崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),
belief(信仰),gulf(港灣),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保險箱),sheriff(長官),
tariff(關(guān)稅)
II.scarf(頭巾),wharf(碼頭),staff(全體職員),handkerchief(手帕),hoof(蹄)
既可直接加又可變f為v加es.
(二).不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式:
1.foot—feetmouse—?micegoose一geesechildtchildrenox—>oxen
louse—?licewoman—womenman—men
2.單復數(shù)同形:
sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks(兵營),bellows(風
箱),kennels(狗窩)
3.一些英語外來詞的復數(shù)形式:
crisis—crises危機
analysisfanalyses分析
oasis—oases綠洲
parenthesisfparentheses括號
axisfaxes軸心
ellipsisfellipses日蝕
hypothesisfhypotheses假定
synopsissynopses內(nèi)容提要
erratum-errata勘誤誤表
addendumfaddenda補遺、附錄
medium-media媒體
(以上單詞熟悉即司)
(三).復合名詞復數(shù)形式:
1.中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復數(shù):
bookshelffbookshelveshandfulfhandfuls
2.man和woman構(gòu)成的復合名詞,二者均變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)。
manservant—menservants
womanteacherfwomenteachers
3.中間有連字符的合成詞,在主體詞(中心意義的詞)末尾變復數(shù):
sister-in-lawfsisters-in-law
looker-onlookers-on
editor-in-chief-editors-in-chief
4.下列合成名詞后一個詞上變化:
sit-in-*sit-ins,grown-up一grown-ups
stand-by-*stand-bystouch-me-not-touch-me-notsgo-between—go-betweens
(四).名詞所有格
1.在大多數(shù)名詞末加“'s”
theboy'stoy,men'swork
2.以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞直接加'
thestudents,readingroom
3.以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加'
Dickens1novelsTheactress*performance
4.合成名詞在最后一個詞上加“s”
herbrother-in-law'spiano.
Somebodyelse'sbooks.(重要!)
【金牌重點】:除用于有生命的人外,“牙格還可用于度量衡、地域、天體及?些習語中
anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourney
tenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweather
theearth'ssurface
astone、throw投石之距離
atone'switsend智窮計盡
toone'sheartscontent盡情地
byahair'sbreadth千鈞一發(fā)
atasnail'space緩慢地
5.雙重所有格:
如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重
所有格。
afriendofmine(名詞性物主代詞)
achildofhers
thelovepoemsofyoursister's
注意區(qū)別:
?aportraitofhermother她母親的畫像(畫中人)
?aportraitofhermothers她母親擁有的畫像中的一幅(不一定是她母親的畫像)
測試精編:
1.Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.
A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstore
C.shoestoreD.shoes,store
2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora
bill.
A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollars
C.tens-dollarD.ten-dollafs
3.Recently,hehaslostallhisatcards.
A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsaving
B.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings
4.1want.
A.adollarworthcandy
B.candyadollar'sworth
C.adollar'sworthofcandy
D.adollarworth'scandy
5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusuallyaneffectonhisdevelopment.
A.haveB.hadC.doD.has
第三章形容詞、副詞比較級和最高級
Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree
比較級構(gòu)成方式:
A.adj
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