專題二　第1講　名詞

語(yǔ)法專題專題二第1講名詞CLICKTOADDTITLE

英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)匯報(bào)人姓名內(nèi)容索引考點(diǎn)精講一可數(shù)名詞考點(diǎn)精講二

不可數(shù)名詞考點(diǎn)精講三

名詞的構(gòu)詞法<考點(diǎn)精講一可數(shù)名詞01>MrSmithisverybusybecauseherunsseveralcompanies①.Heworkssevendays①aweekand12months②ayear.Inhissparetimehelikeswatchingfootballmatches③.Helikeseatingtomatoes④buthedoesn’teatvegetableswithleaves⑤.Hehastwopethorses⑥andheoftenridesthemwithhisfriendsonMrBlack’sfarm⑦becausehethinksthesceneryofthefarm⑧isverybeautiful.MrBlackisafriendofhis⑨，whoraisessomecows⑥andgoats⑥.規(guī)則感悟1.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es；以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，加-s。②以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es(如果詞尾-ch發(fā)音為/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o結(jié)尾加-es的單詞有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞，多變f或fe為v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的單詞，如：屋頂(roof)上的首領(lǐng)(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可數(shù)名詞直接加-s。2.名詞的所有格⑦有生命名詞，不以-s結(jié)尾的名詞加-’s；以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞都加-’。⑧無(wú)生命名詞，通常用of所有格表示。⑨雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為“名詞＋of＋名詞所有格”或者“名詞＋of＋名詞性物主代詞”。1.不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)(1)通過內(nèi)部元音變化構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如：foot—feet腳goose—geese鵝tooth—teeth牙齒mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人woman—women女人(2)有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如：sheep—sheep綿羊deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中國(guó)人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法series—series系列species—species物種crossroads—crossroads十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器(3)有的名詞在詞尾加-ren或-en構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如：child—children孩子ox—oxen公牛(4)由man，woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞在變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，與man，woman的變化形式相同。如：gentleman—gentlemen紳士Englishman—Englishmen英國(guó)男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手藝人注意：German，human的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans，humans。(5)外來(lái)詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：analysis—analyses分析basis—bases基礎(chǔ)crisis—crises危機(jī)thesis—theses論文medium—media媒介物phenomenon—phenomena現(xiàn)象2.復(fù)合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化(1)中間沒有連字符也沒有間隔的復(fù)合名詞將最后一個(gè)詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：birthday—birthdays生日blackboard—blackboards黑板bookshelf—bookshelves書架gentleman—gentlemen紳士(2)中間有連字符或間隔的復(fù)合名詞將其中主要的詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：bookworm—bookworms

son-in-law—sons-in-lawlooker-on—lookers-on

passer-by—passers-by

story-teller—story-tellers(3)無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)通常在最后一個(gè)詞后加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups

standby—standbys(4)“man/woman＋名詞”構(gòu)成的合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，man/woman和名詞均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。womensingers女歌手menservants男仆人(5)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工廠)，manners(禮貌)，instructions(指導(dǎo)；用法說明)，times(時(shí)代)等。(6)一些固定短語(yǔ)中的名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式，常見的有taketurnstodosth，inhighspirits，makefriendswith，shakehandswith，makepreparationsfor，make(both)endsmeet，takepainstodo等。3.名詞所有格的特殊形式(1)并列的名詞變所有格時(shí)，若表示不同的所有關(guān)系，則分別在兩個(gè)名詞后加-’s；如果表示共有關(guān)系，則只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加-’s。如：KateandMary’sroom凱特和瑪麗共有的房間Kate’sandMary’srooms凱特和瑪麗各自的房間(2)表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：atthedoctor’s(office)在(醫(yī)生的)診所里atthebarber’s(shop)在理發(fā)店atMrGreen’s(house)在格林先生家1.Theteamwhowonthethreeworld

(championship)wouldalwaysgetthiscup.2.Duringthefestival，whichlaststhreeorfourdays，peoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipateinavarietyofrichandcolourful__________(activity).3.Thebestsolutionmightbetofindthe

(weakness)intheideaandtotryandstrengthenthem，ratherthanusethemsimplyasanexcuseforrejectingthewholeidea.對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)championshipsactivitiesweaknesses4.Timmisandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseon

____________

(passer-by).5.WeusuallyexpectHollywood

(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.6.Hegoestothe

(barber)tohavehishaircuteverymonth.對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)passers-byheroesbarber’s返回<考點(diǎn)精講二不可數(shù)名詞02>Tolearnmoreknowledge①，Ihavetodolotsofhomework①everydayandhavenotime①tohavefun②ordohousework①.LastweekwehadanexambutIdidn’tperformwell.However，myteachersaidthatIhadmadegreatprogress②.Sothisexamisnotafailure③.Onthecontrary，itisasuccess③inaway.規(guī)則感悟①不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，也不能與不定冠詞連用。②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news為永久性不可數(shù)名詞，前面不能加不定冠詞，也不能具體化。③抽象名詞具體化：?表示情感、情緒的抽象名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的人或事的時(shí)候，可以在前面加不定冠詞，如asurprise，acomfort等。?表示“一……”的概念時(shí)，常與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成詞組，名詞前常常有形容詞。如haveagoodtime，haveagoodknowledge/commandof等。1.不可數(shù)名詞不可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算，多為物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，常見的有：fun樂趣homework作業(yè)bread面包wealth財(cái)富progress進(jìn)步equipment設(shè)備room空間weather天氣work工作music音樂news新聞meat肉word消息traffic交通luck運(yùn)氣housework家務(wù)milk牛奶advice建議man人類orange橙汁knowledge知識(shí)furniture家具baggage/luggage行李information信息2.抽象名詞與a(n)連用時(shí)，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.英語(yǔ)知識(shí)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中是必不可少的。Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.讀這種小說就是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.她為自己做錯(cuò)的事向母親道歉。3.有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些飲料，adrink一杯飲料，threedrinks三杯飲料；hishair他的頭發(fā)，afewgreyhairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，aglass一個(gè)玻璃杯。1.

camethathewouldstartyetanothertradewaragainstothercountriesashewouldn’tkeephis

onthatmatter.(word)2.Asawarreporter，Jennywentthroughalotofadventurous___________，whichcontributedtoherrich

inherjob.(experience)3.Idon’tthinkIam

failure；itissaidthat

failureisthemotherofsuccess.(冠詞填空)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)Wordwordexperiencesexperiencea/返回<考點(diǎn)精講三名詞的構(gòu)詞法03>1.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-alapprove贊成→approval贊成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到達(dá)→arrival到達(dá)；到達(dá)者；到來(lái)物refuse拒絕→refusal拒絕propose提議→proposal提議；建議后綴例詞-ance/-enceappear出現(xiàn)→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌perform表演→performance表演guide指引→guidance引導(dǎo)；指導(dǎo)exist存在→existence存在prefer較喜歡→preference偏愛refer參考；查閱→reference參考；查閱depend依靠→dependence依賴；依靠-ion/-tion/-ationdirect指揮；指導(dǎo)→direction方向；指導(dǎo)expect期待→expectation期待；期望invite邀請(qǐng)→invitation邀請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)柬solve解決→solution解決compete競(jìng)爭(zhēng)→competition比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)describe描述→description描寫repeat重復(fù)→repetition重復(fù)explain解釋→explanation解釋pronounce發(fā)音→pronunciation發(fā)音后綴例詞-s(s)iondiscuss討論→discussion討論admit承認(rèn)→admission承認(rèn)；準(zhǔn)許加入decide決定→decision決定-inghear聽→hearing聽力；聽覺listen聽→listening聽；聽力-mentachieve達(dá)到；完成→achievement成就develop發(fā)展→development發(fā)展argue爭(zhēng)論→argument爭(zhēng)論；論據(jù)punish懲罰→punishment懲罰-ure/-turefail失敗→failure失敗press壓；擠→pressure壓力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面臨；暴露后綴例詞-yrecover恢復(fù)→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover發(fā)現(xiàn)→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)-er/-orteach教→teacher老師announce播報(bào)→announcer播音員conduct指導(dǎo)，指揮→conductor指揮；售票員其他常見變化choose選擇→choice選擇vary相異→variety多樣化；品種tend傾向→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)，grow生長(zhǎng)→growth生長(zhǎng)marry結(jié)婚→marriage婚姻pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒2.形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-cyfluent流利的→fluency流利；流暢accurate準(zhǔn)確的→accuracy準(zhǔn)確(性)private私有的→privacy隱私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率-domfree自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧-nessdark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虛弱的→weakness虛弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠a(chǎn)ware知道的；意識(shí)到的→awareness知道；意識(shí)后綴例詞-thwarm溫暖的→warmth溫暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong強(qiáng)壯的→strength力量long長(zhǎng)的→length長(zhǎng)度wide寬的→width寬度-y/-ty/-itydifficult困難的→difficulty困難honest誠(chéng)實(shí)的→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)safe安全的→safety安全cruel殘忍的→cruelty殘忍responsible負(fù)責(zé)的→responsibility責(zé)任后綴例詞-cedifferent不同的→difference不同(之處)silent沉默的；不說話的→silence寂靜patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)significant重要的，意義重大的→significance重要性，重大意義1.SinceJune2017，rightbeforethe

(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas，MengMengandJiaoQing，IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorecomfortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ)2.Whentheanswerwasno，shedeclinedthe

(invite).(2022·浙江1月)3.Chinahasa

(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.(2022·全國(guó)乙)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)arrivalinvitationresponsibility4.In1844，theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser，wh