新高考英語三輪沖刺重難點(diǎn)練習(xí)熱點(diǎn)10 科普知識之閱讀理解押題（解析版）

熱點(diǎn)10科普知識之閱讀理解押題

高考卷D篇常為科普類體裁，科普類閱讀理解一般閱讀難度較高，對考生的知識儲備和發(fā)散性思維有一定的要求。如2023年新高考I卷D篇閱讀，主題是進(jìn)行小組討論的重要性。2022年新高考I卷D篇，主題是語音學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。由此可見科普閱讀在高考英語閱讀理解題中占著較大比例。預(yù)測2024年高考科普閱讀題依然平穩(wěn)。科普說明文閱讀技巧策略一：抓住文體特征：主題句：背景引入后\首句四個部分：標(biāo)題（簡明揭示中心）、背景（引入）、主題（明確提出主題+詳細(xì)說明）--通過實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究、舉例、對比等方式進(jìn)行以及結(jié)尾--簡要概括中心Who-文章的主體是誰（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）thefindingsoftheresearch&backgroundWhat-文章的主體做了什么（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特征、功能和用途）Itsfeature,functionsandusageWhenandWhere-何時何地（即何時何地表現(xiàn)Characteristic）How-Howdidtheresearchpreform?（TheDataandAnalysisoftheResearch）Why-特性功能用途的原因（即Whyistheresearchimportant?）策略二：抓關(guān)鍵句--首末句+作者態(tài)度句；

策略三：抓出題處：⑴在列舉處命題。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as、such

as、for

example、for

instance等引導(dǎo)作為例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設(shè)問的焦點(diǎn)。（3）轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however,nevertheless,rather,though,although,while,infact,asamatteroffact,ontheotherhand,bycontrast）;。⑷在比較處命題，無端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對象的比較，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項(xiàng)中，考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復(fù)雜句中命題，包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。

（6）帶總結(jié)歸納（thus,so,therefor,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,inaword,insummary,inbrief）;（7）表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，總括的動詞(believe,think,assume,suggest,show,conclude,findthat,drawtheconclusionthat,discoverthat);（8）問句--設(shè)問句\反問句（問句中的內(nèi)容和答案即文章作者要介紹的主題或觀點(diǎn)）策略四：“玩轉(zhuǎn)”生詞，長難句對于不影響文章整體理解以及解題的生詞，忽略不計(jì)。影響理解及解題關(guān)鍵生詞-一定要猜出。

策略五：判斷推理題

不能夸大事實(shí)，過度推斷。不能主觀臆斷，無中生有。文中細(xì)節(jié)，事實(shí)不是推斷典例分析典例分析（2023·新高考I卷D）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation. B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmall B．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicate D．estimateswerenotfullyindependent3．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups. B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess. D．Theindividualestimates.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在某些情況下大量獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均值可能是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的。1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就會下降)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)，討論了獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步劃分為允許進(jìn)行討論的小組時，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。例如，從四個五人討論組的估計(jì)中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨(dú)立個體獲得的平均值更準(zhǔn)確)”可知，人們在沒有獨(dú)立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準(zhǔn)確的，說明即使在估計(jì)數(shù)字并非完全獨(dú)立的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一項(xiàng)針對100名大學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實(shí)際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對自己的估計(jì)最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎)”可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實(shí)際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.(盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的)”可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。（建議用時：10分鐘/篇）1.（2023·山東臨沂·統(tǒng)考二模）Haveyoueverwishedyoucouldbebetterorganisedormoresociable?Perhapsyou’reaconstantworrier,andyou’dprefertobealittlemorecarefree?Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesomeelementsoftheirpersonality.Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbialleopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricofourminds.Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality’spermanencewrong.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhattheydesire.Ourgenesalmostcertainlyplayarole:it’swhypeople’spersonalitiesoftenreflecttheirbiologicalparents’ones.Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentwasthoughttoendinearlyadulthood,asthebrainreachedmaturity.Ifthisweretrue,itwouldn’tbepossibletoshiftpersonalityatwill.YetthatisexactlywhatpsychologyprofessorNathanHudsonandhiscolleagueshaveshownwithaseriesofgroundbreakingstudies.Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivitiesthatreflectthepersonalitiespeoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,forexample,mighthavethegoalofintroducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwiththecashierattheirlocalsupermarket.Theaimisforthethinkingpatternsandbehaviourstheygeneratetobecomehabitual.Inthefirsttrial,providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearrangedtasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalatertrial.Thedifferencesofparticipants’personalitiesbeforeandaftertheinterventionwerestillapparentthreemonthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan2,300yearsago,webecomewhatwerepeatedlydo.Theunexpectedplasticityofourmindsshouldbegoodnewsforanyonewhowishestheywereabitmoresociable,organised,orhappy-go-lucky.Anotherpotentialbenefitisthatawarenessofthisresearchcouldhelpimprovementalhealth.1．Whyis“l(fā)eopard”mentionedinparagraph2?A．Toexplainthatourmindsconsistofvirtuesandflaws.B．Toshowthesimilaritybetweenleopardsandhumanbeings.C．Toproveapossibilitythatpeoplecanchangetheirpersonality.D．Todemonstratethepreviousbeliefthatpersonalitiesremainfixed.2．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthe“interventions”?A．Thetwotrialsreacheddifferentconclusions. B．Activitiesaretailoredtospecificpersonalitites.C．Thepurposeistobetterpeople’spersonalities. D．People’spersonalitiescanbechangedbutcan’tlast.3．WhathasNathanHudson’steamshownthroughtheirstudies?A．Thepreviousexpectationofpersonality’spermanencewasconfirmed.B．Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentendswhenthebrainmatures.C．Thedesiretochangesomeelementsofourpersonalitycanbeachieved.D．Ourgenesplayagreaterroleinourpersonalitythansocialenvironment.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．WeAreWhatWeDo B．HabitsMakeThingsEasierC．YourPersonalityIsNotSetInStone D．ALeopardNeverChangesItsSpots【答案】1．D2．B3．C4．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對人格持久性的期望是錯誤的。通過正確的心理策略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個性塑造成他們想要的樣子。文章介紹了研究開展的過程以及發(fā)現(xiàn)和意義：對于那些希望自己更善于交際、更有條理或更隨遇而安的人來說，我們大腦意想不到的可塑性應(yīng)該是個好消息。另一個潛在的好處是，意識到這項(xiàng)研究可以幫助改善心理健康。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesomeelementsoftheirpersonality.Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbialleopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricofourminds.(許多調(diào)查顯示，至少三分之二的人想要改變他們性格中的某些元素。在過去，這樣的愿望似乎是無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。就像諺語所說的“江山易改本性難移”一樣，我們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是編織在我們的思想結(jié)構(gòu)中)”可推知，在第二段提到了“豹”是為了證明先前的觀點(diǎn)，即人格是固定的。故選D。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivitiesthatreflectthepersonalitiespeoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,forexample,mighthavethegoalofintroducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwiththecashierattheirlocalsupermarket.(在他們的研究中，干預(yù)通常包括安排反映人們希望采用的個性的定期活動。例如，一個安靜的人希望變得更外向，他的目標(biāo)可能是每周向陌生人介紹自己一次，或者在當(dāng)?shù)爻信c收銀員閑聊一次)”可推知，活動是為特定的個性量身定制的。故選B。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Inthefirsttrial,providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearrangedtasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalatertrial.Thedifferencesofparticipants’personalitiesbeforeandaftertheinterventionwerestillapparentthreemonthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan2,300yearsago,webecomewhatwerepeatedlydo.(在第一次試驗(yàn)中，如果參與者確實(shí)完成了這些安排好的任務(wù)，他們的性格就會朝著預(yù)期的方向轉(zhuǎn)變。在隨后的試驗(yàn)中也可以看到同樣令人興奮的結(jié)果。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束三個月后，參與者在干預(yù)前后的性格差異仍然很明顯。正如亞里士多德在2300多年前所說的那樣，我們反復(fù)做什么，我們就會成為什么)”可知，內(nèi)森·哈德森的團(tuán)隊(duì)通過他們的研究表明了改變我們個性的某些元素的愿望是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。故選C。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality’spermanencewrong.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhattheydesire.(然而，最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對人格持久性的期望是錯誤的。通過正確的心理策略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個性塑造成他們想要的樣子)”可知，文章主要介紹了最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對人格持久性的期望是錯誤的。通過正確的心理策略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個性塑造成他們想要的樣子，C選項(xiàng)“你的性格不是一成不變的”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。2.（2023·福建南平·統(tǒng)考三模）Arecentpaperdescribesbeesrollingtinywoodenballs,notforareward,butapparentlyjustforfun.Thisdiscoveryemphasizesalong-standingconflictinourviewofanimals.Ontheonehand,wewanttofindthefeaturesthatdistinguishhumansfromotheranimals:tools,languageandatheoryofmind.Ontheotherhand,wedelightinfindinganimalsthatbreakthoseboundaries:chimps,crowsandnowbeesthatusetools,dolphinswithsignaturewhistles.Butwhatdothoseboundariesmean?Asabiologistwhostudiesanimalbehaviour,Iampuzzledbythisefforttorankanimalsbytheircapabilities.Iapplaudthedesiretoshowthatanimalsarelikeus,butwecanrecognizeanimalsforwhattheyare,andbeamazedattheirabilities,withouthavingtomaketheirbehaviourmirrorthatofhumans.Oncewegetoutfromtheassumptionthatanimalshavetobelikepeoplewithhumanmotivationsandfeelings,wearefreeduptoconsiderthemechanisms(機(jī)理)behindthebehaviours.Forexample,thesameserotonin(血清素)influencesanxietyinhumansandmaze(迷宮)explorationincrayfish.Inatankdividedintowell-litandshadowyareas,crayfishexploreboth,butpreferthedarkerareas,consistentwiththeirnightlifestyle.Doesthismeancrayfishexperienceanxiety?No.Inthebees’case,theymightbeexhibitingsomeveryinterestingbehaviourthathasnothingtodowithwantingto“havefun”—butwewillneverexamineitifwesimplyassumetheyareplayingjustlikepeople.Iamnotdisparagingthebeeresearchers’conclusions,andIamnottryingtobeakilljoy,butthereissomethingaboutallthishumanizingthatpreventexploration,insteadofencouragingit.5．What’sthepurposeofparagraph1?A．Tolistoutfacts. B．Toraiseanargument.C．Toarousereaders’interest. D．Toexplainaconcept.6．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph3?A．Behaviourmechanismswork. B．Crayfishpreferthelightsections.C．Theassumptionprovesreasonable. D．Animalsaresimilartohumaninmind.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disparaging”meaninparagraph4?A．Criticizing. B．Explaining.C．Confirming. D．Acknowledging.8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Feelings:GuidingHumanBeing B．Boundaries:MakingNoSenseC．Humanizing:CoveringtheTruth D．Animals:MirroringHumanBehaviours【答案】5．B6．A7．A8．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文，主要講的是作者贊賞展示動物和我們一樣的愿望，但我們可以認(rèn)識動物的本來面目，并對它們的能力感到驚訝，而不必把它們的行為模仿成人類的行為，一旦我們擺脫了動物必須像人類一樣具有人類動機(jī)和情感的假設(shè)，我們就可以自由地考慮行為背后的機(jī)制。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Arecentpaperdescribesbeesrollingtinywoodenballs,notforareward,butapparentlyjustforfun.Thisdiscoveryemphasizesalong-standingconflictinourviewofanimals.(最近的一篇論文描述了蜜蜂滾動小木球，不是為了獎勵，而顯然只是為了好玩。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了我們對動物的看法中一個長期存在的沖突。)”可推知，第一段的目的是提出論點(diǎn)——我們對動物的看法中一個長期存在的沖突。故選B。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Oncewegetoutfromtheassumptionthatanimalshavetobelikepeoplewithhumanmotivationsandfeelings,wearefreeduptoconsiderthemechanisms(機(jī)理)behindthebehaviours.Forexample,thesameserotonin(血清素)influencesanxietyinhumansandmaze(迷宮)explorationincrayfish.Inatankdividedintowell-litandshadowyareas,crayfishexploreboth,butpreferthedarkerareas,consistentwiththeirnightlifestyle.(一旦我們擺脫了動物必須像人類一樣具有人類動機(jī)和情感的假設(shè)，我們就可以自由地考慮行為背后的機(jī)制。例如，同樣的血清素影響人類的焦慮和小龍蝦的迷宮探索。在一個被分成光線充足和陰暗的區(qū)域的水箱里，小龍蝦會在兩個區(qū)域都探索，但更喜歡黑暗的區(qū)域，這與它們的夜間生活方式一致。)”可知，我們可以從第三段中了解到行為機(jī)制起作用。故選A。7．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Inthebees’case,theymightbeexhibitingsomeveryinterestingbehaviourthathasnothingtodowithwantingto“havefun”—butwewillneverexamineitifwesimplyassumetheyareplayingjustlikepeople.(在蜜蜂的例子中，它們可能會表現(xiàn)出一些非常有趣的行為，這些行為與想要“玩得開心”無關(guān)——但如果我們簡單地假設(shè)它們像人一樣玩耍，我們就永遠(yuǎn)不會研究它。)”和“andIamnottryingtobeakilljoy,butthereissomethingaboutallthishumanizingthatpreventexploration,insteadofencouragingit(我并不想掃興，但所有這些人性化的東西阻礙了探索，而不是鼓勵探索)”可知，作者在此聲明的是自己并不是在貶低蜜蜂研究人員的結(jié)論，也不是想要掃興，因此劃線詞disparaging的意思是“貶低，詆毀”，和criticizing意思相近，故選A。8．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段的“Asabiologistwhostudiesanimalbehaviour,Iampuzzledbythisefforttorankanimalsbytheircapabilities.Iapplaudthedesiretoshowthatanimalsarelikeus,butwecanrecognizeanimalsforwhattheyare,andbeamazedattheirabilities,withouthavingtomaketheirbehaviourmirrorthatofhumans.(作為一名研究動物行為的生物學(xué)家，我對這種按能力給動物排序的做法感到困惑。我贊賞展示動物和我們一樣的愿望，但我們可以認(rèn)識動物的本來面目，并對它們的能力感到驚訝，而不必把它們的行為模仿成人類的行為。)”和第三段的“Oncewegetoutfromtheassumptionthatanimalshavetobelikepeoplewithhumanmotivationsandfeelings,wearefreeduptoconsiderthemechanisms(機(jī)理)behindthebehaviours.(一旦我們擺脫了動物必須像人類一樣具有人類動機(jī)和情感的假設(shè)，我們就可以自由地考慮行為背后的機(jī)制。)”可知，本文主要講的是作者贊賞展示動物和我們一樣的愿望，但我們可以認(rèn)識動物的本來面目，并對它們的能力感到驚訝，而不必把它們的行為模仿成人類的行為，一旦我們擺脫了動物必須像人類一樣具有人類動機(jī)和情感的假設(shè)，我們就可以自由地考慮行為背后的機(jī)制，也就是說動物的人性化掩蓋了關(guān)于它們的行為，因此最好的標(biāo)題是C選項(xiàng)“Humanizing:CoveringtheTruth(人性化：掩蓋真相)”，故選C。3.（2023·福建泉州·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）Allhumanlanguagesusevowelsandconsonants(元音和輔音)toexpressideas.Mostprimates(靈長類)communicatealmostusingvowel-likecalls,butnon-humangreatapes(猿),likechimpanzees,produceconsonant-likesoundstovaryingdegrees.Thisraisesthequestionofwhereconsonantscamefrom,saysAdrianoLameiraattheUniversityofWarwick.Tofinditout,hestudiedexistingliteraturetoseehowcommonconsonantsareamongthegreatapes.Hefoundthatorangutans(猩猩),whichspendmostoftheirtimeinthetrees,produceagreaternumberandvarietyofconsonantsoundsthangorillasandchimpanzeeslivingontheground.“Orangutanshaverichsoundslikekisssounds,scrapesandclicks.”saysLameira.Theytypicallyusethesesoundswhilebuildingnestsorcommunicatingwiththeiryoung.LameirathinksthatlivinginthetreesmayexplainthatGreatapesareexportatprocessingprotectedfoods,likenuts,whichoftenrequirestools.Whilelivingintrees,however,orangutansmustalwaysuseatleastonearmtomaintainstability.Theyhavethereforedevelopedmorecomplexcontroloftheirlips,tonguesandjaws,allowingthemtousetheirmouthsasa“fifthlimb”orangutanscanpeelorangesjustwithlips,forexample.Thisadvancedmotorskillenablesorangutanstomakeconsonant-likesounds,arguesLameira.Thiscouldmeanthatourearlyancestorsdevelopedconsonantsoundswhilehangingaroundinthetrees,too.“There’sagrowingsensethatourdependencyontreeswasmuchlargeranddeeperthanwethink,”saysLameira.Thelinkbetweenfeedingandsoundsdoesn’tapplytosmallertree-livingprimateslikemonkeys,arguesLameira,becausetheirsizeandtailsmakethemmorestableonbranchesandtheyeatdifferently.“Thisisaninterestingassumptionworthtesting,”saysChrisPetkovatNewcastleUniversity,thoughhequestionssomeaspects.Ashumansaren’ttree-living,theremustbeotherreasonswhyconsonantsremain,whichcouldbetestedbycharacterisingconsonant-likesoundsmoresystematicallyacrossspecies,hesays.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph1referto?A．Whyvowelsandconsonantsareused. B．Whatideastheconsonantsexpress.C．Wheretheconsonantscamefrom. D．Howcommontheconsonantsare.10．WhatfactcansupportAdrianoLamerica’sassumptionaboutorangutans?A．Theybuildnestswiththeiryoung. B．Theyareskillfulinemployingtools.C．Theyshowstabilityincontrollingarms. D．Theygainadvancedmotorskillofmouths.11．WhatcanweinferfromAdrianoLameira’sfindings?A．Consonantsoundsweremadebyourearliestancestors.B．Ourancestorsdependedmoreontreesthanbelieved.C．Thelinkbetweenfeedingandsoundsappliestomonkeys.D．Monkeysdifferfromorangutansineatinghabits.12．WhatisChrisPetkov’sattitudetoAdrianoLameira’sassumption?A．Opposed. B．Puzzled. C．Confident. D．Cautious.【答案】9．C10．D11．B12．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分時間生活在樹上的猩猩比生活在地面上的大猩猩和黑猩猩發(fā)出的輔音數(shù)量和種類都要多。9．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段的“Thisraisesthequestionofwhereconsonantscamefrom(這就提出了輔音從何而來的問題)”和“hestudiedexistingliteraturetoseehowcommonconsonantsareamongthegreatapes(他研究了現(xiàn)存的文獻(xiàn)，想看看類人猿的輔音有多普遍)”可知，AdrianoLameira是為了發(fā)現(xiàn)輔音從何而來，it指的是“輔音的來源”，故選C。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Whilelivingintrees,however,orangutansmustalwaysuseatleastonearmtomaintainstability.Theyhavethereforedevelopedmorecomplexcontroloftheirlips,tonguesandjaws,allowingthemtousetheirmouthsasa“fifthlimb”orangutanscanpeelorangesjustwithlips,forexample.(然而，當(dāng)生活在樹上時，猩猩必須至少使用一只手臂來保持穩(wěn)定。因此，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出對嘴唇、舌頭和下顎的更復(fù)雜的控制，使它們能夠把嘴作為“第五肢”來使用，例如，猩猩只用嘴唇就能剝橙子。)”和第四段的“Thisadvancedmotorskillenablesorangutansmakeconsonant-likesounds,arguesLameira.(拉米拉認(rèn)為，這種先進(jìn)的運(yùn)動技能使猩猩能夠發(fā)出類似輔音的聲音。)”可知，支持AdrianoLameira關(guān)于猩猩的假設(shè)的是他們獲得了高級的嘴巴運(yùn)動技能，故選D。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的“Thiscouldmeanthatourearlyancestorsdevelopedconsonantsoundswhilehangingaroundinthetrees,too.“There’sagrowingsensethatourdependencyontreeswasmuchlargeranddeeperthanwethink,”saysLameira.(這可能意味著我們的早期祖先在樹上閑逛時也學(xué)會了輔音。Lameira說：“人們越來越意識到，我們對樹木的依賴比我們想象的要大得多，也要深得多。”)”可知，我們的祖先比人們想象的更依賴樹木，故選B。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Thisisaninterestingassumptionworthtesting,”saysChrisPetkovatNewcastleUniversity,thoughhequestionssomeaspects.Ashumansaren’ttree-living,theremustbeotherreasonswhyconsonantsremain,whichcouldbetestedbycharacterisingconsonant-likesoundsmoresystematicallyacrossspecies,hesays.(“這是一個值得檢驗(yàn)的有趣假設(shè)，”Newcastle大學(xué)的ChrisPetkov說，盡管他對某些方面提出了質(zhì)疑。他說，由于人類不是在樹上生活的，所以輔音保留下來一定有其他原因，這可以通過在不同物種之間更系統(tǒng)地描述類似輔音的聲音來驗(yàn)證。)”可知，ChrisPetkov對AdrianoLameira的假設(shè)的態(tài)度是謹(jǐn)慎的，故選D。4.（2023·福建福州·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）Duringthesummerof2021,BeverlyWaxhadanexperiencethatfilledherwithawe.Itwasthesightofherson,Justin,dragginga36-kilogramportableairconditionerupstairs.Beverly’scentralairconditioninghadstoppedworkinginthemiddleofa32℃heatwave.Shehadmentionedtohersonandhe’dshownupasasurprise.Asshewatchedhimsweatandstrugglewhilefixingit,shefeltawaveofgratitudeandappreciation.Aweisthatfeelingwegetwhensomethingissovastthatitstopsusinourtracks.Often,itchallengesorexpandsourthinking.Researchshowsthataweexperiencesdecreasestressandincreaseoverallsatisfaction.Itcanalsohelpourrelationships,makingusfeelmoresympatheticandlessgreedy,moresupportedbyandmorelikelytohelpothers.Mostofusassociateawewithsomethingrareandbeautiful:nature,musicoraspiritualexperience.Butpeoplecanbringaboutawe,andnotjustpublicheroes.Often,thisinterpersonalaweisaresponsetolife’sbig,sweepingchanges.Wecanbeawedbyournearestanddearest—thepeoplesittingnexttousonthesofa,orchattingonthephone.Butithappensinsmallermoments,too.JohnBargh,apsychologist,saidhewastrulyawestruckbyhisthen-five-year-olddaughter.Whensheheardanotherchildcrying,shegrabbedhertoy,walkedovertotheboyandhandedittohim.Unfortunately,wecan’tmakesomeoneelsebehaveinawaythat’sawesome.Butwecanprepareourselvestonoticeitwhentheydo—andtakestepstoboosttheemotion’spositiveeffects.13．WhydoesthewritertellBeverly’sstory?A．Toshowsympathyforher. B．Tociteanexampleofawe.C．Toexpressappreciationtoherson. D．Tostartadiscussionaboutawe.14．Whatisthebenefitofawe?A．Itstopsouranxiety. B．Itsimplifiesourthinking.C．Itsatisfiesregularneeds. D．Itpromotespositiveemotions.15．Inwhichsituationcanwefeelawedbetweenthenearest?A．Admiringsceneryinanationalpark.B．Enjoyingclassicmusicinaconcerthall.C．Receivingacallfromalong-lostfriend.D．Gettingthesignatureofafamousathlete.16．Whatcanbeimpliedfromthelastparagraph?A．Ariseintimeoftrouble.B．Behaveinanawesomeway.C．Senseamazementindailylife.D．Increasechanceoffindingawe.【答案】13．B14．D15．C16．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究表明敬畏會讓我們感覺得更好。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Duringthesummerof2021,BeverlyWaxhadanexperiencethatfilledherwithawe.(在2021年的夏天，貝弗利·瓦克斯經(jīng)歷了一次讓她充滿敬畏的經(jīng)歷)”及第一段可推斷，作者講述貝弗莉的故事是為了舉一個敬畏的例子。故選B。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Researchshowsthataweexperiencesdecreasestressandincreaseoverallsatisfaction.

Itcanalsohelpourrelationships,makingusfeelmoresympatheticandlessgreedy,moresupportedbyandmorelikelytohelpothers.(研究表明，敬畏體驗(yàn)可以減輕壓力，提高整體滿意度。它還可以幫助我們的人際關(guān)系，使我們更有同情心，不那么貪婪，更有可能得到別人的支持和幫助)”和第三段“Mostofusassociateawewithsomethingrareandbeautiful:nature,musicoraspiritualexperience.(我們大多數(shù)人都將敬畏與稀有而美麗的事物聯(lián)系在一起:自然、音樂或精神體驗(yàn))”可推斷，敬畏的好處是可以促進(jìn)積極情緒。故選D。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Wecanbeawedbyournearestanddearest—thepeoplesittingnexttousonthesofa,orchattingonthephone.(我們可以敬畏我們最親近的人——坐在我們旁邊的沙發(fā)上，或者在電話里聊天的人)”可知，接到久違朋友的電話會讓我們對最親近的人感到敬畏。故選C。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Unfortunately,wecan’tmakesomeoneelsebehaveinawaythat’sawesome.Butwecanprepareourselvestonoticeitwhentheydo—andtakestepstoboosttheemotion’spositiveeffects.(不幸的是，我們不能讓別人表現(xiàn)得很好。但我們可以做好心理準(zhǔn)備，在情緒出現(xiàn)時注意到它，并采取措施增強(qiáng)這種情緒的積極影響)”可推斷，感受日常生活中的驚奇，可以讓我們感受到敬畏。故選C。5.（2023·福建三明·統(tǒng)考三模）“Shynesscanstopyoufromdoingallthethingsinlifethatyou’dliketo,”theSmithsoncesang.However,researchsuggeststhatmaynotbethecasewhenworkingasateam.Researchershavefoundthatwhenanimalstempertheirpersonalitiesbecauseofsocialrules,theefficiencyofagrouptoundertakeriskymissions—suchasforaging(覓食)forfood—isboosted.“Weseethisphenomenonhappeningwhenwemixtogetheraschooloffishwithwildlydifferentpersonalities:theveryfearlessindividualsandtheveryshyindividualstendtocontrolwhattheywouldnormallybedoingwhentheystickwiththerestofthegroup,”saidDr.SeanRands,theleadauthoroftheresearchattheUniversityofBristol.WritinginthejournalPLoSComputationalBiology,theresearchersreportedhowtheybuiltacomputermodeltoinvestigatetheimpactofsocialconventionsandanimals’personalitiesonthemovementofindividualswithinagroup.Themodelwasbasedonanassumptioninwhichagroupofanimalsinasafe“home”setouttotraveltoafoodforagingsitesomedistanceaway.Theresultsrevealedthatwhennosocialconventionswereinplace,theirmovementsweregovernedbytheirpersonalitiesalone—inotherwordshowfearlessorshytheyweredeterminedhowquicklytheylefthomeandarrivedattheforagingsite.However,whensocialconventionswereintroduced,sothattheindividualshadtokeepaneyeoneachotherandadjusttheirmovementsaccordingly,theimpactofpersonalityreducedwithlessvariationinhowquicklytheyreachedthedestination.Theteamfoundwheresocialconventionswerepresent,thegroupforagedmoreefficientlythanwhenindividualsbehavedindependently.“Wefindthatifindividualspayattentiontotheothermembersofthegroup,thegroupwilltendtoremainatthesafesiteforlonger,butthentravelfastertowardstheforagingsite,”theteamwrote.Randsaddedthatformanysocialanimals,beingpartofagroupcanbringhugebenefits,andthesecanoutweightheinfluenceofpers