雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷3（共360題）

雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷3（共9套）（共360題）雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、綜合題(本題共40題，每題1.0分，共40分。)TheBountyHuntersAHereisadilemma.Supposeyouareacomputerhackerandyoudiscoverabuginapieceofsoftwarethat,ifitwereknowntothebadguys,wouldenablethemtostealmoneyorevenaperson'sidentity.Itwouldbeafeatherinyourcap.Butfeathersdonotpaytherent.Sohowmightyousellyourdiscoveryforthehighestprice?Askingforcashfromthecompanythatsoldthebuggysoftwareinthefirstplacesoundsabitlikeblackmail.Theimplicitthreatisthatifthefirmdoesnotstumpup,theknowledgemightendupindisreputablehands.But,intruth,itismainlythatpossibilitywhichgivesthebugvalueinthefirstplace.What,then,isafairprice,andwhoistonegotiateit?BSinceeconomics,likenature,abhorsavacuum,asmallindustryof"securitycompanies"hasemergedtoexploitthehackers'dilemma.Theseoutfitsbuybugsfromhackers{euphemisticallyknownas"securityresearchers").Theytheneithersellthemtosoftwarecompaniesaffectedbytheflaws,sometimeswithacorrective"patch"asasweetener,orusethemforfurther"research",suchaslookingformoresignificant—andthereforemorelucrative—bugsontheirownaccount.Suchfilmsseektoactasthirdpartiesthataretrustedbyhackerandtargetalike;theideaitsthattheyknowthemarketandthusknowthepriceitwillbear.COften,thoughneithersidetruststhem.Hackerscomplainthat,iftheygotosuchcompaniestotrytoascertainwhatrepresentsaflairprice,thevalueoftheirInformationplummetsbecausetoomanypeoplenowknowaboutILSoftwarecompanies,meanwhile,reckonsuchmiddlemenareofferedonlyuninterestinginformation.Theysuspect,perhapscynically,thatthegoodstuffisgoingstraighttotheblackmarket.Lastweek,therefore,sawthelaunchofaserviceintendedtomakethewholeprocessofsellingbugsmoretransparentwhilegivinggreaterrewardstohackerswhodotherightthing.Thecompanybehindit,aSwissfirmcalledWabiSabiLabi,differsfromtraditionalsecuritycompaniesinthatitdoesnotbuyorsellinformationinitsownright.Instead,itprovidesamarketplaceforsuchtransactions.DAbug-huntercanusethismarketplaceinoneofthreeways.Hecanofferhisdiscoveryinastraightforwardauction,withthehighestbiddergettingexclusiverights.Hecansellthebugatafixedpricetoasmanybuyersaswantit.Orhecantrytosellthebugatafixedpriceexclusivelytoonecompany,withoutgoingthroughanauction.WabiSabiLabibringstwothingstotheprocessbesidesprovidingthemarketplace.Thefirstisanattempttoensurethatonlylegitimatetraderscanbuyandsellinformation.(Itdoesthisbyavettingprocesssimilartotheoneemployedbybankstoclampdownonmoneylaunderers.)Thesecondisthatitinspectsthegoodsbeforehandtomakecertainthattheyliveuptotheclaimsbeingmadeaboutthem.EHermanZampariolo,theheadofWabiSabiLabi,saysthathundredsofhackershaveregisteredwiththecompanysincethemarketplacewassetup.Sofaronlyfourbugshavebeenofferedforsale,andthepricesofferedforthemhavebeenmodest,perhapsbecausebuyersarewaitingtoseehowthesystemwillwork.Afurther200bugs,however,havebeensubmittedandarecurrentlybeingscrutinised.Ifsuchbugauctionsaretosucceed,theywillhavetoovercomeanumberofobstacles.Oneisthatiftheselleristooclearaboutwhatheisoffering,thebuyermightbeabletofigureoutwhatisbeingofferedwithoutactuallypayingforit.Anotheristhatthechanceofsomeoneelsediscoveringabugincreaseswithtime.Ahackerthusneedstosellhisfindquickly,whichrequirestheverificationprocesstobestreamlined.Butperhapsthemostsignificantsnagtorunningabugauctionisalegalone.FJenniferGranlck,alawyeratStanfordUniversitywhohasstudiedtheareaforseveralyears,reckonsthatifsomeoneusingamarketplacelikeWabiSabiLabl'swentontocommitacrimewithabugtheyhadboughtthere,thentheownersofthatmarketplacecouldbeintrouble.UnderAmericancriminallaw,thoseownerswouldhavetobeshowntohavebeenactingknowinglyinorderforaprosecutiontosucceed.Acivilaction,however,wouldhavetodemonstrateonlyrecklessness.Incowboyfilms,thegoodieswearwhitehatswhilethebaddieswearblackones.Computerhackershaveadoptedthesesymbolstodescribe,respectively,legitimatepractitionersoftheirartandtheirnefariouscounterparts.Inbecomingthefirstcompanytoestablishbugauctions,WabiS-abiLabimayhavebreathedlifeintoathirdtypeofcowboy,thesortthatsportsagreyhat.Andthefieldofhacking,throughlosingitsmoralcertitude,mayhavegrownupalittle.1、Questions1-4Thetexthas6paragraphs(A-F).Whichparagraphcontainseachofthefollowingpiecesofinformation?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：暫無解析2、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：暫無解析3、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點解析：暫無解析4、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：暫無解析5、Questions5-8CompletethefollowingsentencesusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthetext.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：possibility知識點解析：暫無解析6、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：(corrective)patch知識點解析：暫無解析7、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：auction知識點解析：暫無解析8、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Legitimatepractitioners知識點解析：暫無解析9、Questions9-13Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthetext?WriteTRUEiftheinformationinthetextagreeswiththestatement.WriteFALSEiftheinformationinthetextcontradictsthestatement.WriteNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：假知識點解析：暫無解析10、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：NotGiven知識點解析：暫無解析11、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：NotGiven知識點解析：暫無解析12、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：假知識點解析：暫無解析13、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：真知識點解析：暫無解析BookValueAOlderpeopleinparticularareoftentakenabackbythespeedwithwhichtheInternet's"nextbigthing"canceasebeingthat.ItevenhappenstoRupertMurdoch,aseptuagenarianmediamogul.TwoyearsagoheboughtMySpace,asocial-networkingsitethathasbecomedtheworld'slargest.Theotherday,however,MrMurdochwasheardlamentingthatMySpaceappearsalreadytobelastyear'snews,becauseeverybodyisnowgoingtoFacebook,thesecond-largestsocialnetworkontheweb,with31millionregisteredusersatthelastcountFacebookwasstartedin2004byMarkZuckerberg,astudentatHarvardandnoteven20athetime,alongwithtwoofhisfriends.Thesiterequiresuserstoprovidetheirrealnamesande-mailaddressesforregistration,anditthenlinksthemupwithcurrentandformerfriend.,andcolleagueswithamazingease.EachFacebook,profile"becomesbotharepositoryofeachuser'sinformationandphotos,andasocialwarrenwherefriendsgossip,exchangemessagesand"poke"oneanother.BFacebookisgeneratingsomuchexcitementthissummerthatbloggersarelikeningMiZuckerbergtoSteveJobs,thecharismaticbossofApple,andcallinghiscompany"thenexGoogle"ontheassumptionthatastockmarketlistingmustbeimminent.Itmaybe.MrZuck.erberghasrejectedbigoffersfromnew-andold-mediagiantssuchasYahoo!andViacomOneofhisthreesisters,whoalsoworksforFacebook,haspostedasillyvideoonlinethatmakesfunofYahoo!'stakeoverbidandsingsabout"goingforIPO".AndFacebookhasadvertisedfora"stockadministrationmanager"withexpertiseinshareregulations.YetMrZuckerberginsiststhatheis"alittlebitsurprisedabouthowfocusedeverybodyisonthe'exit'."Thetruthisthatheissickoftalkingaboutit.TheventurecapitalistsbackingFacebookmaywanttocashout,butMrZuckerbergisonly23anddoesn'tneedthemoney.Healsohappenstobelieve—ratherasGoogle'syoungfoundersdo—thathecan,andshould,changetheworld.Aflotationwouldbeabigdistraction.CMetaphorically,MrZuckerbergviewshimselfassimilartothepioneeringRenaissancemap-makerswhoamassedandcombinedsnippetsofinformationandthenchartednewlandsandseassothatotherpeoplecouldusetheirmapstofind,say,newtraderoutes.InMrZucker-berg'scase,themapchartshumanrelationships.Whereasmanyoftheothersocialnetworksonthewebprimarilyhelppeopletomakenewcontactsonline—whetherforhankypanky,marriageorbusiness—MrZuckerbergisexclusivelyinterestedin"mappingout"the"realandpre-existingconnections"amongpeople,hesays.DThefancymathematicalnamehehasforthismapisa"socialgraph",amodelofnodesandlinksinwhichnodesarepeopleandconnectionsarefriendships.Oncethissocialgraph,ormap,isinplace,itbecomesapotentmechanismforspreadinginformation.Forinstance,hesays,"weautomaticallyknowwhoshouldhaveanewphotoalbum,"becauseassoonasonepersonuploadsittothesite,allherfriendsseeit,andthefriendsoffriendsmightnoticetoo.Othersocialnetworkscanalsodothis,ofcourse,butFacebookisdistinctiveinseveralways.First,itiscurrentlyconsideredclassierthan,say,MySpace.OneacademicresearcherarguesthatFacebookisfor"goodkids",whereasMySpaceisforblue-collarkids,"artfags","goths"and"gangstas".Facebook'srootsareindeedpreppie.MrZuckerbergtookLatin,GreekandfencingatPhillipsExeterAcademyandstartedFacebookatHarvard,afterall.Fromthere,itspreadtoothereliteuniversities,anditonlyopeneduptothegeneralpopulationlastSeptember.EMrZuckerberg,however,thinksthatthebiggerdifferenceisthatFacebookisnowbecominga"platform".Bythishemeansthatitisevolvingintoatechnologyontopofwhichotherscanbuildnewsoftwaretoolsandbusinesses.InMay,MrZuckerbergopenedFacebookupforoutsiderstodojustthat,promisingthatanyadvertisingrevenuesthatthirdpartiescollectwithinFacebookaretheirstokeep.Already,thousandsoflittletoolshavebeencreatedthatallowFacebookuserstoshareanddiscovermusic,playSudoku,lendeachothermoney,andsoon.Thesetoyscanthenspreadthroughthesocialgraph.IfoneuserplaysSudoku,hisfriendsseeitandmighttryittoo.Theseinnovativeusesofthesocialgraphare,inMrZuckerberg'smind,thepreciseanalogytothetraderoutesthatwerefoundoncetheancientmapmakershaddonetheirpart.FCleverthoughthisis,thecomparisonstoMrJobsand(3ooglearenotmeritedyet.MrZuckerberghasevidentlystudiedMrJobs'sspeakingstyleclosely;andjustasMrJobsisknownforhisuniformofjeansandablackmock-turtleneck,soMrZuckerberghasturnedhiscombinationofAdidassandals,jeansandfleecesweatersintoatrademark.ButhehasnothadthechancetoprovewhetherhehasMrJobs'sabilitiestotriumphoveradversityanddelivernotjustonebigidea,butastringofthem.GMrZuckerbergisabouttobetestedintwoways.Athree-year-oldlawsuitiscomingtocourtinwhichheisaccused,ineffect,ofstealingtheideaforFacebookfromthreeotherHarvardstudents.IfFacebookreallyisgoingtodoa(3oogleandgopublic,hewillhavetoconvinceinvestorsthatmapmakingcanbeabusiness.Oneofitsinvestorsrecentlysaidrevenuesmightcometo$100millionthisyear.ButitisnotclearhowmuchofthiscomesfromonebigdealwithMicrosoft,whichneedsFacebookasapartnerandmightevenlikeitasadivision.Advertising,theobviousbusinessmodel,doesnotseemtoworkwellonFacebook,perhapsbecausepeoplegotheretosocialise,nottoshop.Tryingtomakemoneyinotherwayscouldberisky,sinceitmightalienateusersanddamagethesocialgraph.Anditis,remember,awfullyeasyforone"nextbigthing"tobeovertakenbythenext.14、Questions14-17Thetexthas7paragraphs(A-G).Whichparagraphdoeseachofthefollowingheadingsbestfit?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識點解析：暫無解析15、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：暫無解析16、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識點解析：暫無解析17、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點解析：暫無解析18、Questions18-22Accordingtothetext,FIVEofthefollowingstatementsaretrue.Writethecorrespondinglettersinanswerboxes18to22inanyorder.A.MySpacehasmorethan31millionusers.B.MrZuckerbergfinancedFacebookalone.C.MrZuckerbergisnotsointerestedinhelpingpeopletoestablishnewcontacts.D.ItiseasierforpeopletouploadphotographsontoFacebookthanontoMySpace.E.FacebookisconsideredmoreupmarketthanMySpace.F.Facebookusersusuallycopyeachother.G.MrJobsandMrZuckerbergdressdifferently.H.MrZuckerberghasnotyetprovenhecandealwithbigproblems.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：暫無解析19、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：暫無解析20、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點解析：暫無解析21、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識點解析：暫無解析22、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：H知識點解析：暫無解析23、Questions23-26Accordingtotheinformationgiveninthetext,choosethecorrectanswerfromthechoicesgiven.A、ownsmanyIntemetcompanies.B、realisesthatMySpaceisgoingoutoffashion.C、hassoldMySpace.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：暫無解析24、*A、donotinterestMrZuckerberg.B、arenotlargeenoughforMrZuckerberg.C、arenotlargeenoughforMrZuckerberg’ssisters.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：暫無解析25、*A、tradeinformationaboutpeopleusingthewebsite.B、selltheirproductsandservicesforfree.C、keepthemoneytheymakefromthewebsite.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：暫無解析26、*A、ofabigdealwithMicrosoft.B、itisbasicallyasocialnetwork.C、advertisersarewaitingfor"thenextbigthing".標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：暫無解析TheTurthAboutRecyclingItisanawfullotofrubbish.Since1960theamountofmunicipalwastebeingcollectedinAmericahasnearlytripled,reaching245milliontonnesin2005.AccordingtoEuropeanUnionstatistics,theamountofmunicipalwasteproducedinWesternEuropeincreasedby23%between1995and2003,toreach577kgperperson,(Somuchfortheplantoreducewasteperpersonto300kgby2000.)Asthevolumeofwastehasincreased,sohaverecyclingefforts.In1980Americarecycledonly9.6%ofitsmunicipalrubbish,todaytheratestandsat32%.AsimilartrendcanbeseeninEurope,wheresomecountries,suchasAustriaandtheNetherlands,nowrecycle,60%ormoreoftheirmunicipalwaste.Britain'srecyclingrate,at27%.islow,butitisimprovingfast,havingnearlydoubledinthepastthreeyears.Evenso,whenacityintroducesakerbsiderecyclingprogramme,thesightofallthoserecyclinglorriestrundlingaroundcanraisedoubtsaboutwhetherthecollectionandtransportationofwastematerialsrequiresmoreenergythanitsaves."Weareconstantlybeingasked:Isrecyclingworthdoingonenvironmentalgrounds?saysJulianParfitt,principalanalystatWaste&ResourcesActionProgramme(WRAP),anon-profitBritishcompanythatencouragesrecyclinganddevelopsmarketsforrecycledmaterials.StudiesthatlookattheentirelifecycleofaparticularmaterialcamshedlightonthisquestionInaparticularcase,batWRAPdecidedtotakeabroaderlook.ItaskedtheTechnicalUniversityofDenmarkandtheDanishTopicCentreonWastetoconductareviewof55life-cycleanalyses,allofwhichwereselectedbecauseoftheirrigorousmethodology.Theresearchersthenlookedatmorethan200scenarios,comparingtheimpactofrecyclingwiththatofburyingorburningparticulartypesofwastematerial.Theyfoundthatin83%ofallscenariosthatincludedrecycling,itwasindeedbetterfortheenvironment.Basedonthisstudy,WRAPcalculatedthatBritain'srecyclingeffortsreduceitscarbon-dioxideemtssionsby10-15milliontonnesperyear.Thatisequivalenttoa10%reductioninBritain'sannualcarbon-dioxideemissionsfromtransport,orroughlyequivalenttotaking3.5millioncarsofftheroads.Similarly.America'sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyestimatesthatrecyclingreducedthecountry'scarbonemissionsby49mllliontonnesin2005.Recyclinghasmanyotherbenefits,too.Itconservesnaturalresources.Italsoreducestheamountofwastethatisburiedorburnt,hardlyidealwaystogetridofthestuff.(Landfillstakeupvaluablespaceandemitmethane,apotentgreenhousegas;andalthoughincineratorsarenotaspollutingastheyoncewere,theystillproducenoxiousemissions,sopeopledislikehavingthemaround.)Butperhapsthemostvaluablebenefitofrecyclingisthesavinginenergyandthereductioningreenhousegasesandpollutionthatresultwhenscrapmaterialsaresubstitutedforvirginfeedstock."Ifyoucanuserecycledmaterials,youdon'thavetomineores,cuttreesanddrillforoilasmuch,"saysJefreyMorrisofSoundResourceManagement,aconsultingfirmbasedinOlympia,Washington.Extractingmetalsfromore,inparticular,isextremelyenergy-intensive.Recyclingaluminium,forexample,canreduceenergyconsumptionbyasmuchas95%.Savingsforothermaterialsarelowerbutstillsubstantial:about70%forplastics,60%forsteel,40%forpaperand30%forglass.Recyclingalsoreducesemissionsofpollutantsthatcancausesmog,acidrainandthecontaminationofwaterways.Thevirtueofrecyclinghasbeenappreciatedforcenturies.Forthousandsofyearsmetalitemshavebeenrecycledbymeltingandreformingthemintonewweaponsortools.ItissaidthatthebrokenpiecesoftheColossusofRhodes,astatuedeemedoneofthesevenwondersoftheancientworld,wererecycledforscrap.Duringtheindustrialrevolution,recyclersbegantoformbusinessesandlatertradeassociations,dealinginthecollection,tradeandprocessingofmetalsandpaper.America'sInstituteofScrapRecyclingIndustries(ISRI),atradeassociationwithmorethan1,400membercompanies,tracesitsrootsbacktoonesuchorganizationfoundedin1913.Inthe1930smanypeoplesurvivedtheGreatDepressionbypeddlingscrapsofmetal,ragsandotheritems.Inthosedaysreuseandrecyclingwereofteneconomicnecessities.RecyclingalsoplayedanimportantroleduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenscrapmetalwasturnedintoweapons.Asindustrialsocietiesbegantoproduceever-growingquantitiesofgarbage,recyclingtookonanewmeaning.Ratherthanrecyclingmaterialsforpurelyeconomicreasons,communitiesbegantothinkabouthowtoreducethewasteflowtolandfillsandincinerators.Around1970theenvironmentalmovementsparkedthecreationofAmerica'sfirstkerbsidecollectionschemes,thoughitwasanother20yearsbeforesuchprogrammesreallytookoff.In1991Germanymadehistorywhenitpassedanordinanceshiftingresponsibilityfortheentirelifecycleofpackagingtoproducers.Inresponse,theindustrycreatedDualesSystemDeutschland(DSD),acompanythatorganisesaseparatewastemanagementsystemthatexistsalongsidepublicrubbish-collection.Bychargingalicensingfeeforits"greendot"trademark,DSDpaysforthecollection,sortingandrecyclingofpackagingmaterials.Althoughthesystemturnedouttobeexpensive,ithasbeenhighlyinfluential.ManyEuropeancountrieslateradoptedtheirownrecyclinginitiativesincorporatingsomedegreeofproducerresponsibility.In1987arubbish-ladenbargecruisedupanddownAmerica'sEastCoastlookingforaplacetounload,sparkingapublicdiscussionaboutwastemanagementandservingasacatalystforthecountry'sgrowingrecyclingmovement.Bytheearly1990ssomanyAmericancitieshadestablishedrecyclingprogrammesthattheresultingglutofmaterialscausedthemarketpriceforkerbsiderecyclablestofallfromaround$50pertontoabout$30,saysDrMorris,whohasbeentrackingpricesforrecyclablesinthePacificNorthwestsincethemid-1980s.Aswithallcommodities,costsforrecyclablesfluctuate.Buttheaveragepriceforkerbsidematerialshassinceslowlyincreasedtoabout$90perton.Evenso,mostkerbsiderecyclingprogrammesarenotfinanciallyself-sustaining.Thecostofcollecting,transportingandsortingmaterialsgenerallyexceedstherevenuesgeneratedbysellingtherecyclables,andisalsogreaterthanthedisposalcosts.Exceptionsdoexist,saysDrMorris,largelynearportsindenseurbanareasthatchargehighfeesforlandfilldisposalandenjoygoodmarketconditionsforthesaleofrecyclables.27、Questions27-30Foreachquestion,onlyONEofthechoicesiscorrect.Writethecorrespondingletterintheappropriateboxonyouranswersheet.A、moremunicipalwastethananyothercountries.B、moremunicipalwastethananyotherEuropeancountries.C、morethanhalfoftheirmunicipalwaste.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：暫無解析28、*A、reducescarbonemissionsinmostcases.B、onlyreducesemissionsifitisnotdoneusingroadtransport.C、reducescarbonemissionsinalimitednumberofcases.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：暫無解析29、*A、hasbeengoingnoforacenturies.B、beganduringtheindustrialrevolution.C、startedasabusinessintheUnitedStates.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：暫無解析30、*A、alwaysgeneratelessrevenuethantheyspend.B、usuallygeneratelessrevenuethantheyspend.C、usuallygeneratemorerevenuethantheyspend.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：暫無解析31、Questions31-35CompletethefollowingsentencesusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthetext.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：recyclingrate知識點解析：暫無解析32、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Recyclinglorries知識點解析：暫無解析33、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：virginfeedstock知識點解析：暫無解析34、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：(an)ordinance知識點解析：暫無解析35、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：glut知識點解析：暫無解析36、Questions36-40Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthetext?WriteTRUEiftheinformationinthetextagreeswiththestatement.WriteFALSEiftheinformationinthetextcontradictsthestatement.WriteNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：NotGiven知識點解析：暫無解析37、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：NotGiven知識點解析：暫無解析38、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：真知識點解析：暫無解析39、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：真知識點解析：暫無解析40、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：假知識點解析：暫無解析雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、綜合題(本題共40題，每題1.0分，共40分。)COMPUTERSECURITYItisbelievedthattheproblemofcomputersecurityhaschangedoveraperiodoftimeasbusinesses,throughanincreaseduseofinformationtechnology(IT),havebecomemoreandmoredependentoninformationandtheassociatedinformationsystems(IS).However,atthesametime,therehasbeenlimitedchangeintheimplementedsecurityorsafeguardstotheseinformationsystems.Infactmanyexecutivesormanagersfailtoevenidentifytherelevantrequirementforsecurityorpolicies.A.TheInternethasbeenroughlydoublinginsizeeveryyear,andtheassociatedsecurityincidentshavebeenrunninginparity.Evenifthepercentageofmalicioususersissmall,theincreaseinsizeoftheInternetandinthenumberofincidentsoffailedsecurityissignificant.TheimportanceofthegrowthintheInternetcanbehighlightedbythefactthatinJuly1991,33%ofInternetuserswerefromthecommercialsector,whereasinJuly1996,thisfigurehadrisento50%.B.In1988,theMorris"worm"wasintroducedontheInternettoinvade,attackandreplicateitselfonthenetwork.TheresponsewastoshutdownE-mailandconnectivity.However,the"fixes"weretobedistributedviaE-mailandsothesolutionwasself-defeating.Asaresultofthiswormvirus,CERT(ComputerEmergencyResponseTeam)wasformed,withtheAustralianversion(AUSCERT)startingin1992.C.OneoftheproblemswithInternetsecurityisthefactthattheincidentsareincreasinginsophistication.Oneofthereasonsforthishasbeentheincreasingavailabilityoftoolkits.Althoughthesetoolkitsaredesignedtoassistcomputersystemsdesignerstoprotectanddeveloptheirsites,theyalsoallowrelativelyignorantintruderstocarryoutincreasinglycomplexincidentswiththeutilisationofmanyroutersanddisguisestoreachtheir"target".AccordingtoaUSDepartmentofDefencereport,lessthan1%ofincidentsareidentifiedbut65%ofthesearesuccessful.Anotherthingtobearinmindwithintrudersandhackersisthattheydonotrespectgeographicaloradministrativeboundaries,ortimezones.Theymaybegeographicallydislocatedfromthepointofattackandthereforeoperatingin"off-duty"hours.D.Thethingtorememberwithsecurityisthatthesystemadministratorsmustgetitfightallthetime;theintrudermustgetitrightjustonce.Evidenceofthisiseasytofind.In1997,ateenagerhackedintoaBellAtlanticnetwork.Hishackingcrashedthecomputerandresultedin600homes,aregionalairportandemergencyservicesbeingwithouttelephonecommunicationsforsixhours.Andwhatwasthepunishmentforthisoffence?Twoyearsofprobation,communityserviceandafineofUS$5,000.E.Governmentsaregettingtoughoncybercrimes,especiallyinthewakeofSeptember11th.Thesecrimesarebeinglinkedtonationalsecurity,whichintheUSisnowofmajorconcerntogovernmentofficialsandthegeneralpublicalike.Andthegovernmenthasbeenswifttoact.Inlate2001,theUSPatriotActwasintroduced.ThisActincreasedthemaximumsentenceforbreakingintoacomputerfromfivetotenyears.TheninJuly2002,theHouseofRepresentativesapprovedtheCyberSecurityEnhancementAct.Nowifacybercrimeresultsinthedeathofanindividual,theoffendercouldfacealifesentence.Therehasbeenadditionalfall-outfromtheSeptember11thattackswiththeFBIandothergovernmentsecurityagenciesdramaticallyescalatingtheirmonitoringoftheInternet.Thishaspushedsomehackersfurtherunderground,fearfulthatwhattheyhadpreviouslybeendoingoutofboredomorchallengecouldnowbeviewedasanactofterrorism.F.Ontheotherhand,theeventsofSeptember11thhaveledtosomeex-hackersusingtheirextensiveknowledgeandexperiencetojoinforceswithsecurityforcestoaidthefightagainstterrorism.G.However,evenwiththeincreasedthreatsofpunishment,computervirusesandincidentsofhackingcontinuetobewidespread.Long-timesecuritymeasureswhichhavebeenutilisedbycompaniesandindividualsarenotfail-safe.OneofthemoreprevalentISsecuritymeasuresistheuseoffirewalls,which"filter"thedataentering/leavingthecorporateIS.Itistruethatthesefirewallshaveanumberofadvantages,nevertheless,theyshouldnotbeseenasapanaceatoallISsecuritywoes,merelyanenhancement.Theycanprovideafalsesenseofsecurityandhavelimitedprotectionfrominternalattackers.Inshort,thecorporateworldneedstorealisethatcomputersecuritywillbeanon-goingproblemandexpense.1、Completethetablebelowwithinformationfoundinthetext.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-3onyourAnswerSheet.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：50%知識點解析：暫無解析2、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1988知識點解析：暫無解析3、*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：monitoringtheInternet/monitoringofInternet/Internetmonitoring知識點解析：暫無解析4、InReadingPassage1thereareseveralsections.Choosethemostsuitableheading(I-IX)fromtheboxbelowwhichbestmatchestheSectionsA-G.Writeyouranswersinboxes4-9onyourAnswerSheet.NOTE:therearemoreheadingsthansectionssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.LISTOFHEADINGSIApositiveaspectofhackingIITougherpunishmentsforbackersIIIResponsetoInternetsecurityIVGrowthoftheInternetVResponsibilitiesofmanagersVIHackersvs.administratorsVIIDifficultyofdetectionVIIIGovernmentagenciesIXComm