英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論 Chapter 5 Morphology(形態(tài)學(xué))

Chapter5Morphology(形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué))Internalstructuresofwordsandrulesofwordformationcarefulwonderfulsuccessfulbeautiful

widendeepenshortenfastensharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,importexporttransportsupportporterrespectinspectexpectsuspectprospectboysgirlstoysbookstablesbottles

working,thinkingspeaking,cutting,hitting

the,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectionalsuffixes,freerootSemantically:root(詞根)andaffixaffix(詞綴):prefix(前綴),suffix(后綴);derivationalaffixes(派生詞綴)andinflectionalaffixes(屈折詞綴)Structurally:freemorphemes(自由詞素,即自由詞根)andboundmorphemes(粘著詞素)5.1whatismorphologyMorphologystudiestheinternalstructures(內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu))ofwordsandwordformationrules.Itdividedintotwofields:inflectionalmorphology(屈折詞法)andderivational/lexicalmorphology(派生詞法).Itstudiesthedifferentcategoriesofmorphemes(bound,free,derivationalandinflectional)morphologicalrules5.2morpheme(詞素,語(yǔ)素)Morphemeisaminimalmeaningfulgrammaticalunitinalanguage.1minimal:smallest,itcannotfurtherbedivided.{un},{bird}butnotblackboard=black+boarddisagree=dis+agree2meaningful:cannotbefurtherdividedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaningcap+tain,man+age==manage3,grammatical:notonlylexicalmorphemeslike{bird,leg,table},butalsogrammaticalones,like{to,for,-s,ed,-er,theaan}international=inter+nation+altourists=tour+ist+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+sClassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemes:thosethatcanexistasindividualwords:the,toforcapshoeLexicalmorphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Openclass,largepartofvocabulary實(shí)詞Functionalmorphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closedclass.虛詞Boundmorphemes(粘著詞素):thosethatcannotoccuraloneasseparatewords.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un-happyRoots(詞根),themostimportantpartofawordthatcarriestheprincipalmeaning:receive,conceive,deceive,Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradictionbirdleghandAffixes(詞綴):thosethatlexicallydependonrootsanddonotconveythefundamentalmeaningofwords.Interralation:allfreemorphemes(likebird)arerootsbutnotallrootsarefreemorphemes.(likespect).Allaffixesareboundmorphemesbutnotallboundmorphemesareaffixes(likeceive)affixesPosition:prefixes,suffixesandinffixes(中綴)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragementspokesman,townspeopleFunction:affixescanbedividedinto:inflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixesInflectionalaffixes:indicategrammaticalfunction,donotproducenewwordsorcauseachangeingrammaticalclass.Number,gender,tense,aspect,caseanddegree(8個(gè):-s,-s,’s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,estP60)Derivationalaffixes:producenewwords,somechangegrammaticalclassesofwords.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P61)root:thebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofitsidentitybase:theformthataderivationalaffixisattached,disagree+ment=disagreemenstem:theformthataninflectionalaffixisattached:reopen+ing=reopening.eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eaterincorrect,impossibleillegalirregularinexactimpracticleillegibleirrelevantinaccurateimproperinefficient{in}---/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/enlargeembodyensureempowerenrich{en}---/en/,/em/Morpheme,morph,allomorphMorphemesaretheminimalmeaningfulunitsinagrammaticalsystemofalanguage.{ing}MorphsaretherealizationsofmorphemesingeneralandaretheactualformsusedtorealizemorphemesAllomorphs(詞素變體):therealizationsofaparticularmorpheme./in/,/il//ir/,/im/hcinwer:/t/aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/t/;hoped,looked,stopped,finished/d/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headed{z}:/s/:aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/s/,//,and//,books,mapsstreets;/z/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/z/,//,//.bags,carskeys/iz/after/s/,/z/,//,//,//,//.sizes,bridgesbosses,matches{haus}---/haus/:house,housework,housewife;or/hauz/:houses{waif}----/waif/wife,housewifeor/waiv/wives{naif}---/naif/knife,or/naiv/knivesMorphsarerelatedtomorphemesingeneralandallomorphsarerelatedtoaspecificmorpheme.

emptymorphandzeromorphemptymorph:amorphwhcuhasformbutnomeaning.children=child+r+enoxen=ox+enzeromorph:amorphwhichhasmeaningbutnoform.TheyworkinNanjing.work=work+//sheep(plural)=sheep+//ICanalysisMorphemicanalysis:toanalysethenumberofmorphemesandtherelationshipsbetweenthemorphemes.linearorderofmorphemes:thehorizontal(水平)orderorthesequentialcharacteristicsofmorphemesinaword:meanings=mean+ing+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+shierarchicalorder:theinternalstructureorrelationshipsofthemorphemes.Immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysis)todividethemorphemesofawordintotwogroupsandthendividethemintosub-groupsandsoon,untiltheirreducibleconstituentsorthemorphemesareobtained.

replacementsreplacement+sreplace+ment

re+place

ultimateconstituents(最后成分):re,place,ment,simmediateconstituents:constituents:alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop(word)

replacementsre+placementsplacement+splace+ment

disagreementsdis+agreementsagreements+sICanalysismustconformtothemorphologicalrules:therulesthatdeterminehowmorphemesarecombinedintonewwords.每次切分所得的詞素都必須有意義,反映詞構(gòu)成的先后順序.

un+truly,unman+ly

5.6word-formationprocesses1coining(創(chuàng)造新詞):thefirst-timecreationofnon-complexwordswhoseformandmeaningiscompletelyunmotivatedandarbitrary.Cloneaspirin,nylon,zipper,dacron,Kleenex,雷人2borrowing:takingoverwordsfromotherlanguages.

borrowedwords,borrowingsorloanwordsfallinto4categories:aliens(非同化詞):elite(精英),coupd’etat(政變)coupe(汽車);denizens(同化詞):get,theater,socio(French)+logy(Greek).translation-loan(譯借詞):blackhumour(humournoir),mothertongue(linguamaterna).semanticborrowings(借義詞):gift(thepriceofwifeinOldEnglish)---”giftorpresent”fromtheScandinavianterm“gift”word-formationprocesses:therule-governedprocessesofformingnewwordsonthebasisofalreadyexistinglinguisticresources.productiveones:derivation(派生),conversion(轉(zhuǎn)換)andcompounding(復(fù)合);lessproductiveones:blending(拼綴法),clipping(截短法),backformation(逆成法),acronymy(首字母法)Derivation:aprocessinwhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtoarootorabasetoproduceanewwordknownasderivedwords.Derivationwilloftenchangethepartofspeechorgrammaticalclassoftherootorbase.happy—happily.Itisthemostcommonword-formationprocess,includingprefixationandsuffixation.compounding:aprocessinwhichtwoormorefreemorphemesarecombinedtoformanewwordcalledcompoundwordorcompound.sleepwalk,forget-me-not,water-bed.3types:hyphenatedcompounds:linkedbyahyphen.father-in-law,baby-faced,whistle-blowing,let’s-make-a-deal.Asolidcompound:twowordsarewrittentogether:fingerprint,sunburndoorknob.Opencompound:thewordsarewrittenseparately:AprilFool’sday,Bostonterrier.AcompoundmaybepermanentortemporaryConversion:aprocesstoturnaowrdintoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofaffix.It