2023年12月六級真題

2023年12月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(一)PartⅠWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Asisknowntoall,gainingasoundknowledgeofthebasicsisofvitalimportanceforstudentstomasteranacademicsubject.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words(notincludingthesentencegiven).PartⅡListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Itisclearthatheisexpectedtoenjoyahealthylife.B)Thereisnothingwrongwithhisdigestivesystem.C)Thereissomeindicationofanissuewithhisbloodcirculation.D)Hedoesn’tknowhehaslongbeensufferingfrompoorhealth.2.A)Mistakingsymptomsofillnessforstress.B)Complainingtheyarebeingoverworked.C)Beingunawareofthestresstheyareunder.D)Sufferingfromillnesswithoutrecognisingit.3.A)Prescribesomemedicationforhim.B)Givehimanotherphysicalcheck-up.C)Explaintohimthecommonconsequenceofstress.D)Buysomesleepingpillsforhimfromthedrugstore.4.A)Itcallsforresponsiblemanagement.C)Itisremarkablypromising.B)Itprovestobequiteprofitable.D)Itisfullofcompetition.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Toavoidbeinginthelimelight.C)Topursuealesscompetitivecareer.B)Toseekmedicalhelpforhisinjury.D)Tostayawayfromhishostileteammates.6.A)Ithasupsanddowns.C)Itdoesnotlastlong.B)Itprovesrewarding.D)Itisnotsoprofitable.7.A)Hewasafinancialadvisor.C)Hebecameabasketballcoach.B)Hesufferedfrompoorhealth.D)Hewasbackinthenews.8.A)Studyissuesofpublichealth.C)Raisesufficientpublicfunding.B)Alleviatetheobesityproblem.D)Trainyoungbasketballplayers.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)WhenshestartedteachingatEdinburghUniversityinScotland.B)WhileshewasdoingherdoctoralstudiesonAmericanLiterature.C)AfterpublishingherfirstnovelBehindtheScenesattheMuseum.D)Afterwinningthe1986Woman’sOwnShortStoryCompetition.10.A)Thethemesofloveandloss.C)Thesinsandflawsofeccentrics.B)Thecodeofhumanbehaviour.D)Themannersoffashionablecircles.11.A)Theyareusuallyignorantofcomplexhumanrelations.B)Theysuccessfullyimitatethemannersofcelebrities.C)Theyoftengetrewardedinsteadofbeingpunished.D)Theyaregenerallylookeddownuponinsociety.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Itiswhatmembersusetoalleviatetensioninateam.B)Itiswhatemployersareincreasingseekingafter.C)Itisconducivetogettingoverarecession.D)Itisnecessaryforlearninganewtask.13.A)Makebetterchoices.C)Achieverecognitionduly.B)Followinnovativeideas.D)Accumulateworkexperience.14.A)Workersshowmoreemotionalintelligence.C)Peopleusuallyworkflexiblehours.B)Workersusebrainsmorethanmuscles.D)Peopleoftenworkinteams.15.A)Leavethegroupassoonaspossible.C)Decideonnewprioritiesspeedily.B)Anticipatesetbackswellinadvance.D)Sticktooriginalgoalsconfidently.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Whatdifferentiatespeoplefromanimals.B)Whyphilosophersdisagreewithscientists.C)Wherehumans’greatcognitivecapacityoriginates.D)Whenbeingcreativebecomesabiologicalmandate.17.A)Itiswhattellsaparttwoadjacentgenerations.B)Itiswhatsharpensourappetitefornovelty.C)Itissomethingonlygeniusescanachieve.D)Itissomethingeveryhumanbeingcando.18.A)Itseeksinspirationfornovelinventions.C)Itusesexistingideastocreatenewones.B)Itconstantlyabsorbsnewinformation.D)Itrepeatsprecedentonaregularbasis.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Dogsknowwhentheirownersarenotfeelingwell.B)Dogshavethecognitionfortellingrightfromwrong.C)Dogshaveanaptitudefordevelopingskillstointeractwithhumans.D)Dogsknowwhentheirhumancompanionscannolongerstandthem.20.A)Theycanreadilydetectdifferentillsmellsofviruses.B)Theycaneasilytellwhatbacteriacauseodorchange.C)Theyareparticularlysensitivetostrangesmells.D)Theyhaveanextremelypowerfulsenseofsmell.21.A)Itcanensureownerssufferfewerchronicdiseases.B)Itcanbenefitownersbothphysicallyandmentally.C)Itcanreduceowners’riskofgettingcancerordiabetes.D)Itcanalertownerstotheseriousnessoftheirconditions.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Crackdownoncourseslikescience,technology,engineeringandmath.B)Restricttheabilityofcreativeartscoursestorecruitnewstudents.C)Lookathowtoreformtechnicalandvocationaleducation.D)Ensurecreativeartsstudentsgetbettervalueformoney.23.A)Seeminglyreasonable.C)Extremelyirrational.B)Clearlywell-grounded.D)Apparentlysimplistic.24.A)Ahighproportionofthemhaven’ttriedtosavemoney.B)Mostofthemneverhopetobuyahouseortoretire.C)Fortypercentofthemearnlessthan￡25,000ayear.D)Themajorityofthemhavefairlywell-payingjobs.25.A)Thecontextofabankbalance.C)Thespecificdegreeastudentearns.B)Britain’seconomyasawhole.D)Britain’sdefectiveeducationalsystem.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Ourbrainsrespondtolanguageexpressingfactsdifferentlythantheydotowordsconveyingpossibility,scientistsatNewYorkUniversityhaverecentlyfound.Theirworkoffersnewinsightsintotheimpactwordchoicehasonhowwe26betweenstatementsexpressingwhatisrealversuswhatismerelypossible.Theresearchersasserttheirfindingsareimportantbecausewearepresentedwithfalseinformationallthetime.Someofthisis27,asisthecasewithdeceptiveadvertisements,buttheproblemis28byindividualswhobelievetheyaresharingcorrectinformation.Thus,itismoreimportantthanevertoseparatethefactualfromthepossibleormerely29inhowwecommunicate.Thisisespeciallytrueasthestudymakesclearthatinformationpresentedasfact30specialresponsesinourbrains,whicharedistinctfromwhenweprocessthesamecontentwithclearindicatorsof31.Intheirnewstudy,thescientistsintendedto32howthebraincomputespossibilitiesasexpressedbywordssuchas“may,”“might,”and“if.”Theresearcherscomparedbrainresponsestostatementsexpressingfactual33andthoseexpressingpossibility.“Thereisamonsterundermybed”exemplifiesafactualstatement.“Iwillstayhome,”isalsofactual.Thisisopposedtostatementsthatexpresspossibility,like“Theremightbeamonsterundermybed,”or“Ifitrains,Iwillstayhome.”Theresultsofthestudyshowedthatfactuallanguage34arapidincreaseinbrainactivity,withthebrainrespondingmorepowerfullyandshowingmoreengagementwithfactualphrasescomparedtothosecommunicatingpossibility.Thus,factsrulewhenitcomestothebrain.Brainregionsinvolvedinprocessing35rapidlydistinguishfactsfrompossibilities.Further,theseregionsrespondinamuchmorerobustfashiontofactualstatements.A)activatedI)manuscriptB)aggravatedJ)marvelsC)ascertainK)remnantsD)deliberateL)scenariosE)differentiateM)speculativeF)discourseN)unanimousG)evokesO)uncertaintyH)inhibitSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.AfricancountriesmustgetsmarterwiththeiragricultureA)OnthehillsofcentralKenya,almostlime-greenwiththesparkleofteabushesinthesunlight,farmersknowallaboutclimatechange.“Therainyseasonisnolongerpredictable,”saysone.“Whenitissupposedtorainitdoesn’t,thenitallcomesatonce.”Climatechangeisanissuethatwillaffecteveryoneontheplanet.ForAfricansitsconsequenceswillbeparticularlybitter:whereasotherregionswereabletogrowrichbyburningcoalandoil,Africawillpaymuchofthehumanpricewithouthavingenjoyedthebenefits.“Africaonlyrepresents2%ofglobalgreenhouse-gasemissionsbutitisthecontinentthatisexpectedtosufferthemostfromclimateimpacts,”saysMafaldaDuarte,whorunstheWorldBank’s$8bnClimateInvestmentFunds.B)Althoughtherearehugeuncertaintiesastothepreciseimpactsofclimatechange,enoughisknowntosaythatglobalwarmingrepresentsoneofthemainthreatstoAfrica’sprosperity.Partsofthecontinentarealreadywarmingmuchmorequicklythantheaverage:temperaturesinsouthernAfricahaveincreasedbyabouttwicetheglobalrateoverthepast50years.Eveniftheworldweretocutemissionsenoughtokeepglobalwarmingbelow1.5℃,heat-waveswouldintensifyinAfricaanddiseaseswouldspreadtoareasnotcurrentlyaffected.Farmingwouldalsobehithard.About40%ofthelandnowusedtogrowmaize(玉米)wouldnolongerbesuitableforit.Overall,itisestimatedthatmaizeyieldswouldfallby18%-22%.C)Africaisparticularlyvulnerable,inpartbecauseitisalreadystrugglingtofeeditselfanditwillhavetovastlyincreaseyieldsandproductivityifitistoputfoodontheplatesofafast-growingpopulation,evenwithoutclimatechange.TheUN’sFoodandAgricultureOrganisationreckonsthatby2050globalfoodproductionwouldhavetorisebyabout70%overitslevelof2009tomeetdemandfromapopulationthatisgrowinginnumbersandappetite.MuchofthisnewdemandwillbeinAfrica.Yetthecontinentalreadyimportsabout$50bn-worthoffoodayearandthatfigureisexpectedtomorethandoubleoverthenextfiveyears.Self-sufficiencyisnotAfrica’sgoal,butthefactthatitspendsmoremoneyimportingfoodthanitdoesbuyingcapitalgoodssuggestsithasroomforimprovement.D)Findingoutwhyisnothard.Mostfarmsaretiny,ploughedbyhandandreliantonrain.MorethanhalfofAfrica’speoplemaketheirlivingfromfarming.Althoughitstotalharvesthasclimbedoverthepastfewdecades,thisismainlybecausetherearemorepeoplefarmingmoreland.Butinmanyplacesthereisnosparelandtofarm.PlotsinRwandaaresosmallthatyoucouldfit250ofthemontotheaverageAmericanfarm.Andalthoughoutputperworkerhasimprovedbymorethanhalfoverthepast30yearsinAfrica,thatisstillfarbehindthe2.5timesimprovementinAsia.Yieldsofmaizearegenerallylessthantwotonnesperhectare,afifththelevelinAmerica.E)ThelowproductivityofAfricanfarmersisreflectedinnationaleconomicstatistics—despiteabsorbingsomuchlabour,farminggeneratesjust15%ofGDP.“Theycan’tevenfeedtheirfamilies,”saysJenniferBlanke,avice-presidentoftheAfricanDevelopmentBankinchargeofagriculture.“Farmproductivityhasn’timprovedinmanypartsofAfricafor100years.”F)Onereasonisthatinthefirstfewdecadesofindependence,manyAfricangovernmentsneglectedfarmingastheyfocusedonindustrialisingtheireconomies.Othersdamageditbypushingdownthepricesthatstatemonopoliespaidfortheircropsinordertosubsidiseworkersincitieswithcheapfood.Ghanataxedcocoa(可可粉)exportssoheavilythatproductioncollapsedbyhalfbetweenthe1960sand1980s,despiteajumpintheglobalpriceofcocoa.Yetoverthepasttwodecadesorsogovernmentsanddonorshavebeguntolookagainatfarmingasawayofprovidingjobsforthe13millionyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforceeachyear.Muchofthefocushasbeenongettingsmallfarmerstousefertiliserand,moreimportant,betterseeds.Theresultscanbeimpressive.Improvedvarietiesofsorghum(高粱),forinstance,canproduceacropthatis40%largerthantheusualvariety.Infrastructureisimportant.AWorldBankirrigationprojectinEthiopiahelpedfarmersincreasetheirpotatoharvestfromabout8tonnesperhectareto35tonnes.G)Bettertechniqueshelp,too.SmallcoffeefarmersinKenyaareabletoincreasetheirincomesby40%byfollowingafewsimpleguidelinesoncaringfortheirbushes,suchastrimmingallbutthreeoftheirstems.Manyoftheirneighboursdonotfollowtheadvice,becauseitseemscounter-intuitive.Morestemsoughttoleadtomorecoffeebeans,theysay.Yetafterseeingthosefollowingtheadvicegetbiggerharvestsforaseasonortwo,manyothersstartdoingthesame.H)Onewayofspreadingknowledgeistolinkfarmstobigbuyersoftheirharvests.WhenDiageo,aBritishdrinksgiant,builtabreweryinwesternKenya,itwantedtouselocalcropstomakeabeercheapenoughtocompetewithillicithomebrew.Itorganisedfarmersintogroups,improvedsupplychainsforthemtogetseedsandfertiliserandthenagreedtobuytheirgrain.Itnowprovidesamarkettoabout17,000farmers.Acrosstheregionithasdoubleditsuseoflocalrawmaterialtoabout80%overfiveyears,saysJohnO’Keeffe,whorunsitsAfricabusiness.I)Anevenmoreimportantchangeisthemovefromtraditionalfarmingtobuildingbusinessesthatcanprofitablybringtechnologyandinvestmenttosmallfarms.TaitaNgetich,ayoungKenyan,wasstudyingengineeringwhenhewantedtoearnalittlemoneyontheside.Hescrapedtogether20,000Kenyanshillings(about$200)toplanttomatoes.Everythingwentwrong.Thecropwasattackedbypests.“Thentherewasamassivefloodthatswallowedallourcapital,”hesays.MrNgetichperseveredbylookingintobuyingagreenhousetoprotecthisplantsfrombugsandrain.Thecheapestonescostmorethan$2,500each,sohedesignedhisownforhalftheprice.Soonneighbouringfarmersstartedplacingorderswithhim,andnowhisfirm,IlluminumGreenhouses,hassoldmorethan1,400greenhousesthatprovidelivelihoodstoabout6,000people.Thebusinessdoesnotstopthere;healsosuppliesfertiliser,high-qualityseedlingsandsmartsensorsthatincreaseyields.J)Illuminum’ssuccessshowshowtechnologycanhelpevensmallfarmsbecomemoreproductive.BecausesuchalargeshareofAfrica’spopulationearnsalivingfromagriculture,evensmallimprovementsinproductivitycanlifttheincomesofmillionsofpeople.Butoverthelongerrunsmall-scalefarmingcangoonlysofar,especiallyinthefaceofclimatechangeandpopulationpressure.K)“Ifwereallywanttoliftpeopleoutofpovertywehavetofinanceprojectsthatwillgetthemanincomeofatleast$100amonthsothattheycanpayforhealthcareandeducation,”saysMrNgetich.“Projectsthatgivethemanextra$2amonthfromgrowingbeansormaizearen’tgoingtogetthemthere.”Gettingthosebigjumpswillneedbetterjobsinfactoriesandcities.36.ItissaidthatagriculturalproductivityinmanyAfricancountrieshasremainedlowforacentury.37.BuildingconnectionsbetweenfarmsandmajorpurchasersoftheirproducecanpromoteAfricanfarmers’useofadvancedfarmingtechniques.38.PartsofAfricaaregettingwarmermuchfasterthantheaverage,withsouthernAfricawitnessingroughlytwicetheglobalwarmingrateoverthelasthalfcentury.39.ImprovedfarmingpracticeshaveenabledKenyanfarmerstoincreasefarmproduceremarkably.40.Africaisespeciallysusceptibletotheeffectsofglobalwarmingpartlybecauseithasdifficultyfeedingitsincreasingpopulationevenwithoutclimatechange.41.TheuseoffertiliserandimprovedseedscanhelpAfrica’ssmallfarmersimpressivelyincreasecropyields.42.IthasprovedevenmoreimportanttoshiftfromtraditionalfarmingtosettingupbusinessesthatcanbringtechnologyandinvestmenttosmallfarmersinAfrica.43.Everyoneintheworldwillhavetobeartheconsequencesofclimatechange,especiallyAfricans.44.ImprovementinfarmoutputperworkerinAfricafallsfarshortofthatinAsia.45.Inthelongterm,thepotentialforsmallfarmsinAfricatoincreaseproductivityisquitelimited,especiallyowingtothewarmingclimateandagrowingpopulation.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OneofthegreatsuccessesoftheRepublicanPartyinrecentdecadesistherelentlesspropagationofasimpleformulaforeconomicgrowth:taxcuts.Theformuladoesn’twork,butthathasnotaffecteditspopularity.Andwhilethecultoftaxcutshasattractedmanycritics,itlacksforobviousrivals.Democraticpoliticianshavetendedtocampaignonhelpingpeopleleftbehindbyeconomicgrowth.WhenDemocratsdotalkaboutencouragingeconomicgrowth,theyoftensoundlikeRepublicans.ThisisnotjustapoliticalproblemforDemocrats;itisaneconomicproblemfortheUnitedStates.Thenationneedsabetterstoryaboutthedriversofeconomicgrowth.Thepainfullessonsofrecentdecadespointtoapromisingcandidate:higherwages.RaisingthewagesofAmericanworkersoughttobethepriorityofeconomicpolicymakers.We’dallbebetteroffpayinglessattentiontoquarterlyupdatesonthegrowthofthenation’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andfocusinginsteadonthegrowthofworkers’paychecks.Setaside,forthemoment,thefamiliarargumentforhigherwages:fairness.Theargumenthereisthathigherwagescanfueltheengineofeconomicgrowth.PerhapsthemostfamousillustrationofthebenefitsisthestoryofHenryFord’sdecisionin1914topay$5adaytoworkersonhisModelTassemblylines.Hedidittoincreaseproduction—hewaspayingapremiumtomaintainareliableworkforce.TheunexpectedbenefitwasthatFord’sfactoryworkersbecameFordcustomers,too.Thesamelogicstillholds:ConsumptiondrivestheAmericaneconomy,andworkerswhoarepaidmorecanspendmore.Mainstreameconomistsinsistthatitisimpossibletoorderupasustainableincreaseinwagesbecausecompensationlevelsreflecttheunerringjudgmentofmarketforces.Theconventionalwisdomheldthatproductivitygrowthwastheonlyroutetohigherwages.Throughthatlens,effortstonegotiatehigherwageswerecounterproductive.Minimum-wagelawswouldraiseunemploymentbecausetherewasonlysomuchmoneyinthewagepool,andifsomepeoplegotmore,otherswouldgetnone.Itwasinthecontextofthisworldviewthatitbecamepopulartoarguethattaxcutswoulddriveprosperity.Richpeoplewouldinvest,productivitywouldincrease,wageswouldrise.Intherealworld,thingsaremorecomplicated.Wagesareinfluencedbyatugofwarbetweenemployersandworkers,andemployershavebeenwinning.Oneclearpieceofevidenceisthewideninggapbetweenproductivitygrowthandwagegrowthsinceroughly1970.Productivityhasmorethandoubled;wageshavelaggedfarbehind.Afocusonwagegrowthwouldprovideanantidote(矯正方法)totheattractivesimplicityofthebeliefinthemagicalpoweroftaxcuts.46.Whydoestheformulaoftaxcutsremainpopularthoughineffective?A)Itscritics’voicehasnotbeenheardthroughoutthecountry.B)Thereseemtobenootheroptionsavailabletoreplaceit.C)Thecultoftaxcutshasbeenrelentlesslypropagatedbyallpolicymakers.D)Thereappearstobeamisunderstandingoftheformulaamongthepublic.47.WhatdoestheauthorthinkisamoreeffectivemeasurefordrivingeconomicgrowthintheU.S.?A)Aidingpeopleleftbehindbyeconomicgrowth.B)Prioritizingthegrowthofthenation’sGDP.C)Increasingthecompensationforlabor.D)Introducingevenmoreextensivetaxcuts.48.Whatisthelogicunderlyingtheauthor’sviewpoint?A)Thegrowthofworkers’paychecksultimatelybooststhenation’seconomy.B)Payingapremiumtomaintainareliableworkforceattractsmorecustomers.C)Consumptionstimulatesthedesireforhigherwages.D)Familiarargumentsforhigherwagesareoutdated.49.Whatisthebasisforhigherwagesaccordingtotheconventionalwisdom?A)Fairnessindistribution.C)Thepriorityofeconomicpolicymakers.B)Increaseinproductivity.D)Theunerringjudgmentofmarketforces.50.WhatdowelearnaboutthingsintherealworldinAmericaforthepast50yearsorso?A)Peoplehavefailedtoseeacorrespondingincreaseinwagesandinproductivity.B)Peoplehavebeendisheartenedbythewideninggapbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.C)PeoplehavewitnessedatugofwarbetweenRepublicansandDemocratsovertaxcuts.D)Peoplehaveseenthelinkdisappearingbetweenproductivityandworkers’well-being.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Journaleditorsdecidewhatgetspublishedandwhatdoesn’t,affectingthecareersofotheracademicsandinfluencingthedirectionthatafieldtakes.You’dhope,then,thatjournalswoulddoeverythingtheycantoestablishadiverseeditorialboard,reflectingavarietyofvoices,experiences,andidentities.UnfortunatelyanewstudyinNatureNeurosciencemakesfordishearteningreading.TheteamfindsthatthemajorityofeditorsintoppsychologyandneurosciencejournalsaremaleandbasedintheUnitedStates:asituationthatmaybeamplifyingexistinggenderinequalitiesinthefieldandinfluencingthekindofresearchthatgetspublished.Menwerefoundtoaccountfor60%oftheeditorsofpsychologyjournals.Thereweresignificantlymoremalethanfemaleeditorsateachlevelofseniority,andmenmadeupthemajorityofeditorsinoverthreequartersofthejournals.Crucially,theproportionoffemaleeditorswassignificantlylowerthantheoverallproportionofwomenpsychologyresearchers.Thedifferenceswereevenstarkerintheneurosciencejournals:70%ofeditorsweremale,andmenheldthemajorityofeditorialpositionsin88%ofjournals.Inthiscase,theproportionoffemaleeditorswasnotsignificantlylowerthantheproportionoffemaleresearchersworkinginneuroscience—afindingthatrevealsenduringgenderdisparitiesinthefieldmorebroadly.Basedontheirresults,theteamconcludesthat“theideas,valuesanddecision-makingbiasesofmenareoverrepresentedintheeditorialpositionsofthemostrecognizedacademicjournalsinpsychologyandneuroscience.”Genderinequalityinscienceisoftenattributedtothefactthatsenioracademicsaremorelikelytobemale,becausehistoricallysciencewasmale-dominated:it’sarguedthatastimegoesonandmorewomenrisetoseniorroles,thefieldwillbecomemoreequal.Yetthisstudyshowedthateventhejuniorrolesinpsychologyjournalstendedtobehelddisproportionatelybymen,despitethefactthatthereareactuallymorefemalethanmalejuniorpsychologyfaculty.Thisimpliesthatalackoffemaleacademicsisnottheproblem.Instead,therearestructuralreasonsth