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文檔簡介

語法與句法

1.概述

II.本專欄目錄

早T內(nèi)容說明

第一節(jié)名詞6

第二節(jié)冠詞6

第三節(jié)代詞6

第四節(jié)數(shù)詞7

第五節(jié)形容詞和副詞7

第六節(jié)介詞和介詞詞組8

第七節(jié)動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)8

第八節(jié)虛擬語氣9

第九節(jié)情態(tài)動詞9

第十節(jié)非謂語動詞10

第H^一■節(jié)名詞從句10

第十二節(jié)定語從句11

第十三節(jié)狀語從句12

第十四節(jié)反意疑問句12

第十五節(jié)強調(diào)句13

第十六節(jié)倒裝句13

第十七節(jié)一致關(guān)系14—17

第十八節(jié)測試1-18節(jié)綜合測試

名詞

1.名詞種類

專有名詞:China,Shanghai,MrSmith

(j個體名詞astudent,abook

可數(shù)名詞一

普通名詞<集體名詞committee,family

、不可數(shù)名詞(物質(zhì)名詞cotton,tea

1抽冢名詞courage,happiness

2.名詞的數(shù)

(a)絕大多數(shù)可數(shù)名詞加-s,-es變成復數(shù)(以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的要先

變-y為-i再力口-es)。如pen-pens,class-classes,country-countries.

此外,常見的變化形式還有:

(b)以f(或fe)結(jié)尾的名詞在構(gòu)成復數(shù)時,一般是改f為v,再加

-eSo如self-selves,leaf-leaves,life-lives,knife-kniveso也有例外,如

roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,safe-safes,etc.

(c)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,構(gòu)成復數(shù)時,一般加-eshero-heroes,

potato-potatoes,echo-echoes,少數(shù)例夕卜,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos;

radio-radios,zero-zeros,bamboo-bamboos.

(d)某些名詞單復數(shù)變化沒有規(guī)則。如:man-men,woman-women,

tooth-teeth,child-children,foot-feet,mouse-mice.

(e)一些單復數(shù)同形的名詞,如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,fish,

deer,means,series,species,aircraft,hovercraft.

(f)一些外來詞保留原有的不規(guī)則變化形式,常用的有

analysis-analysesmedium-media

basis-basesnucleus-nuclei

crisis-crisesphenomenon-phenomena

datum-datadiagnosis-diagnoses

radius-radiiemphasis-emphases

thesis-thesesformu1a-formulae

(g)常用的不可數(shù)名詞:

advice,air,bread,butter,cheese,clothing,coffee,courage,dust,earth,

elastic,enjoyment,equipment,evidence,equality,food,fruit,fun,

furniture,glass,hair,happiness,homework,honesty,housework,ice,

ignorance,information,intelligence,knowledge,leisure,luck,luggage,

mail,money,machinery,magic,meat,milk,music,news,oil,patience,

peace,postage,poverty,progress,rain,rice,salt,sand,snow,soap,sugar,

tea,traffic,violence,vocabulary,water,wealth,wood,work.

(h)常與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的單位名詞:

apieceofpaper/advice/information

abitofink/music/land

anarticleofclothing/fumiture

abarofchocolate/soap

ablockofice/stone/wood

acakeofsoap

aleafofbread

apackofcigarettes/clothes

abasketoffruit/eggs

akilogramofsugar

adropofwater/rain/blood

acrowdofpeople/books/papers

asetofinstruments

apairofshoes/stockings/scissors/trousers

acoupleofplayers/apples

aflockofbirds/sheep/younggirls

apileofletters/books/wood

agrainofrice/sand

(i)一些只用作復數(shù)的名詞:

people,police,personnel,cattle,pants,trousers,jeans,shorts,scissors,

glasses,spectacles,shoes等。

①一些形似復數(shù),實際作為單數(shù)名詞使用的詞:

news,means,works,theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNations,physics,

politics,mathematics,economics,electronics等。

3.名詞所有格

英語的名詞屬格一般采取兩種形式:-s屬格和of-屬格。例如

Shakespeare'splays和theplaysofShakespeare,前者為-s屬格,后者為

of-屬格。-s屬格可以表示:

(a)所有關(guān)系

MrBrown'ssuitcase(相當于MrBrownhasasuitcase)

(b)主謂關(guān)系

DrSmith'sanswer(相當于DrSmithanswered)

thestudent'sapplication(相當于thestudentapplied)

myfather'sdeparture(相當于myfatherdeparted)

(c)動賓關(guān)系

theboy'spunishment(相當于punishedtheboy)

Napoleon'sdefeat(相當于defeatedNapoleon)

(d)事物的來源

Pat'sletter(相當于letterfromPat)

Thegirl'sstory(相當于storytoldbythegirl)

(e)事物的類別

gent'sclothes(相當于clothesforthegents)

women'smagazines(相當于magazinesforwomen)

⑴其它意義

awinter'sday(相當于adayinwinter)

threedays'absence(相當于theabsencelastedthreedays)

of-屬格的意義和用法于-s屬格有許多相似之處。例如of-屬格也可表

(a)所有關(guān)系:

thetrunkofanelephant=anelephant'strunk

theforeignpolicyofChina=China'sforeignpolicy

(b)表示主謂關(guān)系:

thearrivaloftheprimeminister(/目當于Theprimeministerarrived)

theclaimofthebuyers(相當于Thebuyersclaimed)

(c)表示動賓關(guān)系:

theoccupationoftheIsland(相當于occupiedtheIsland)

ourhatredof(for,against)theenemy(相當于Wehatetheenemy)

(d)表示事物的來源:

thecomediesofMoliere(相當于thecomedieswrittenbyMoliere)

thelawsofNewton(相當于thelawsdiscoveredbyNewton)

但是of-屬格在用法上又不能和-s屬格完全等同起來。例如當-S屬格

用來表示事物類別或?qū)傩詴r,就不可用Of-屬格來替代:“兒童畫報”

應該是children'spictorial,而不是pictorialofchildren;“博士學位”應

該是adoctor'sdegree而不是thedegreeofadoctoro在某些習語中如

atone'swit'send,atthesword'spoints,ahair'sbreadth,awolfin

sheep'sclothing,inlife'sstruggle,inone'smind'seye,toone'sheart's

content等也只能用-s屬格而不用of-屬格。但在有些結(jié)構(gòu)中卻只能用

of-屬格而不用-s屬格,例如theopinionofthechairmanappointeda

monthago,thesuggestionofthosepresentatthemeeting,theincomeof

therich,thestruggleoftheexploited等。又of-屬格能表示同位關(guān)系如

(thecityofNewYork),而-s屬格通常不這樣用。

冠詞講析

冠詞分為定冠詞the,不定冠詞a(an)和零冠詞(即不加冠詞)

1.不定冠詞a(an)

(a)當不定冠詞所修飾的那個名詞的第一個音(不是字母)為元音時,

不定冠詞要用an,而以輔音開頭時用“a”。

E.g.Paulsaidhecouldbehappytoteachthechildrentennis,thoughhe

certainlydidnotregardhimselfasanexpert.

Amathematicaleducationisessentialforasuccessfulcareerinthe

insurancebusiness.

Note:a(an)的用法,還要特別注意縮略詞:

E.g.”一位國會議員”為amemberofParliament用a,而改成縮略詞時

用anM.P.,因為m讀音為<em>,頭一個音為元音。

“一個不明飛行物”為anunidentifiedflyingobject,而改成縮略詞時用a

UFOo

(b)物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前一般不用不定冠詞。

E.g.CharlesBrown,usuallyhasexcellentplay,lostseveralgamesduring

thetournament.這里play是抽象名詞,指競賽技能。

Thewinner'sphotographwasofanoldbamwindowcoveredwith

delicatelacyfrost.這里frost為物質(zhì)名詞

(c)可數(shù)名詞用不定冠詞可表示“一”這個數(shù)量和一類。某些習慣用語,

也常用不定冠詞。

E.g.Theaudience,includingasmanyseniorcitizensasyoungpeople,

wasentertainedbybeautifuldancinggirlsandaboy'ssinginggroup.

Whatdidyoudowhenhemadeanoise?習慣上用Makeanoise,它比

makenoise(s)更通用。

使用不定冠詞的常用習語還有:

asamatteroffact(事實上)

asarule(通常、照例)

atatime(個別地,一次)

atadiscount(打折扣)

inapositionto(能夠)

inaword(總而言之)

onalargescale(大規(guī)模地)

tohaveasayin(對有發(fā)言權(quán))

tohaveatry(試一試)

tokeepaneyeon(照看)

totakeaninterestin(對感興趣)

(d)在akind(sort,specties,type,class,form,variety,...)of等結(jié)構(gòu)中,后

面的名詞前一般不用任何冠詞

在4tkinds(types,forms,etc.)of,復數(shù)形式時也一般不加冠詞。

E.g.Afterreviewingthetroops,thevisitinggeneralcommentedthathe

hadfinallyseenthekindofsoldierthatthenationneeds.

Herdresswasspotlesslycleanandwellmade,butitwasthekindofdress

whichthedaughterofapoormanmighthaveworn.

2.定冠詞

定冠詞通常用于特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞前.。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象

名詞前通常不用冠詞。

(a)特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要用冠詞。

E.g.EminentphysicistsfromallovertheworldcametotheUnitedStates

tocelebratethecentennialofEinstein'sbirth,"thecentennial”特指愛因

斯坦百年紀念。(centennial既可作形容詞,又可作名詞,這里用作名

詞。)

Thoughthedustlayheavyuponthefloor,itwasevidentthattheold

house,itswindowscarelesslyboardedup,mustoncehavebeena

magnificentmansion.雖然地板上蓋著厚厚的灰塵,窗戶用木板胡亂

地釘上,顯然這棟老房子是非常富麗堂皇的公館。

Note:same不管作形容詞、代詞或副詞,前面一般都用the。

E.g.Thespeedofradiowaveisthesameasthatoflight.

Whatevertheoldmandid,themonkeydidthesame.

Richorpoor,thatwasallthesametohim.

(b)物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞前通常不加冠詞。

Eg.”Youhavebeenverybusylately.“"SobusyIhaven'thadtimeto

cleanmyhouse.Thereisdustwhereveryoulook.^^

Itisnecessarythatapersondrinkseveralglassesofwaterdailyifhe

wishestoremainhealthy.

Note:但有時物質(zhì)名詞前也可加定冠詞表示特指。但若不是特指,則

一般不應加定冠詞。如:

Gatheringsofmorethanthreepersonswereprohibited,supposedlyinthe

nameoflawandorder.

(這里law和order都是抽象名詞,不用冠詞。)

EventhosewelltrainedinEnglishareoftenpuzzledbytheidiomatic

structureofthelanguage.

(English在這里是專有名詞,前面不應加冠詞。)

(c)most作代詞時表示“大多數(shù),',常用mostof結(jié)構(gòu),前面不加任何冠

詞。most作形容詞時一,前面也不加冠詞。只有作副詞的most(表示

very時一)前面才可加不定冠詞。在most與最高級的形容詞與副詞連

用時一,才可加定冠詞。

E.g.Duringtheseventeenthcenturymostcolonistswereprimarily

concernedwitheconomicsanddefense

Mostofthetheoriesaboutitsoriginassumethattheearthbeganina

gaseousstate,movedthroughaliquidstate,andfinallybecamepartly

solid.

("mostof+the+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”為特指,而“most+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”

為泛指。)

Note:mostof后面的復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,通常要加the,若后面的名詞前

已有專有名詞修飾,則不應加the。如:

MostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsdealwiththeuniversalproblemsof

evilasrepresentedbyfamilydisintegrationanddegeneration.

同樣,some是形容詞性時,前面也不用冠詞,而“someof+the+復數(shù)

可數(shù)名詞''也為特指,“some+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”也為泛指。如:

Whilesomeofthelawyerswouldendorsetheoppositeview,mostwould

probablyagreethatfreedomofthepressisnotabsolute.

(d)習慣上用冠詞的常用習語:

alltheyearround(一年至!J頭)

bytheway(在途中)

forthetimebeing(暫時)

inthedistance(在遠處)

onthepartof(在方面)

onthetrack(未離題)

theotherday(前幾天)

underthecircumstances(在這種情況下)

tofollowtheplough(種田,務農(nóng))

togobytheboard(落空,失敗)

totellthetruth(講實話)

(e)習慣上不用冠詞的常用習語:

attable(在進餐)

atrest(安寧的,解決了的)

atstake(在危險中,處于成敗關(guān)頭)

beyondhope(力量不及)

dayandnight(夜以繼日地)

indistress(窮困,不幸)

inhonorof(向...表示敬意,為紀念)

instock(現(xiàn)有的,存貨)

onboard(在船上,上船)

outofjob(失業(yè))

withinreachof(在附近,容易達到)

withoutresult(無效地,徒勞地)

withoutquestion(doubt)(毫無疑問,的確)

tosetsail(出航)

totakecareof(照顧,照料)

totakecommandof(指揮)

代詞講析

1.人稱代詞

(a)人稱代詞作主語時用主格;作賓語時用賓格。作表語時,特別在

口語中用賓格居多。如:

Whobrokethevase?It'sme.

Who'sthere?Me,mother.

IfIwereher,Ishoulddoitfirst.

(b)人稱代詞的次序

單數(shù)復數(shù)

you,heandIweandyou/they

youandheyouandthey

you/heandIwe,youandthey

如:JaneandIhavealreadyeaten.

(c)當代詞與名詞為同位語時一,兩者單復數(shù)形式應該保持一致。如:

WestudentsshouldstudyEnglishwell.

Thepartywaspreparedbythemgirl-students.

She可以用來代表國家、船只、大地、月亮等。如:

Note:注意it的正確用法:

*it用來表示天氣、時間、距離等。

It'sJune25th.

It's50milesfromShanghai.

It'snottoday.

*用作形式主語或形式賓語,其真正的主語或賓語可能是不定式短

語、動名詞短語或that從句。如:

It'spleasanttolieinthesun.

It'sapitythatyoucannotcome.

it無具體意義,用在類似以下若干句型中。如:

Itseemsthatnoonehasnayobjectiontotheidea.

ItappearsthatIamwrong.

Itissaidthattherehasbeenaseriousearthquakethere.

用于“Itis(was)”..that(who)..強調(diào)句型。如:

ItwasFredawhophonedJacklastnight.

ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIwastoldthenews.

2.物主代詞

要注意名詞性物主代詞mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours和theirs的用法;

它們在句中可作主語、賓語和表語如:

Hisisalightandspaciousroom.

Ourclassroomisonthefirstfloorandtheirsonthesecond.(以上作主

語)

Doyoupreferhisormine?Let'scleantheirroomfirstandourslater.(作

賓語)

That'soursnottheirs.(作表語)

3.不定代詞

英語中有下列不定代詞:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,

little,few,many.much,other,another,some,any,no還有由

some,any,no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。這些不定代詞中,多數(shù)都能

作主語、賓語、表語或定語。但none和含有some,any,no,every的合

成代詞只能作主語、賓語、表語,而every和no只能作定語。

(a)both和all

both是在談到兩個人或東西時用的,all是在談到兩個以上的人或東

西時使用。如:

Ihavetwosisters;bothareteachers.

Ihavethreebrothers;allareengineers.

Ilikeallthesebooks.

Bothroadsleadtotheshoppingcenter.

在談到不可數(shù)東西時,也可以用all,連用的動詞要用單數(shù)第三人稱。

Allisgoingwell.

Isthatallyouwanttoknow?

Thatisall.

(b)each和every

*each是“每一個,,的意思,但又不同于every,在把一些人或東西一

個個加以考?時,多用each。如:

Eachoneofushashisduty.我們每個人都有各自的職責。

Theywenteachtotheroomassigned.他們各自回到指定的房間去。

Hetellseachofusonlywhatwehavetoknow.

*every也是“每一個”的意思,只能作定語。比起each來,every更

強調(diào)“每一…都...”,“全體”,“所有”。

Everystudentistogivehishomeworktotheteachertomorrow.所有學

生明天都得把家庭作業(yè)交給老師。

Shemadeeveryattempttogo.她想盡辦法去。

Note:every和body,one,thing構(gòu)成合成代詞,主要用作主語,賓語或

表語。如:

Everythinggoeswellwithus.(主語)

Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.(賓語)樣樣想懂,樣樣不通。

Herdaughteriseverythingtoher.(表語)

(c)either和neither

*either是指“兩個中的任何一個”,動詞用單數(shù)。

Eitherofthetwobookswilldo.(兩本書)哪一本都可以。

Ifeitherofyoucarestocall,Ishallbeinthisevening.不論你倆誰想找

我,我今晚都在家。

*neither表示兩者之中的任何一個都不……意思既非這個,也非那

個。其動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:

DidyouseeLeeandSmith?No,Isawneitherofthem.

BothJoeandDavidarethere,butneitherhassaidanything.

Neitheransweriscorrect.

Note:neither也可用作副詞,用于強調(diào)語氣的句子時,應與表示肯定

意義的動詞連用。如:

Youdon'tbelievethis?NeitherdoI.此句也可說成:

Youdon'tbelievethis?Idon'teither.

(d)other和another

other和another具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。other用作名詞時,有數(shù)和格

的變化,可與定冠詞連用,用作形容詞時一,后接復數(shù)名詞,而another

只能代替或修飾單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,前面不可用冠詞。如:

Heboughttwocopiesof“ChinaDaily”.Hekeptoneforhimselfandsent

theothertohisfriend.

Theyliveontheothersideofthestreet.

Someoftheenemieswerekilled,otherswounded.

Weshouldconsiderothers'opinions.

Youcangohome,buttheothersmuststayhere.

Ifyoufinishthebook,Icangiveyouanother.

Ofcourse,that5sanothermatter.

(e)Some和any

*some和any是表示不定數(shù)量的代詞,相當于“一些”,但意思不強,

翻譯時不一定這樣譯出,在句中多用作定語,可形容可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)以

及不可數(shù)名詞。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句、否定句或條

件句。如:

Haveyouanyquestionstoask?-Yes,Ihavesome,(or:No,Idon't

haveanyquestionstoask.)

Ifthereisanytrouble,letmeknow.

Note:有些疑問句表示請求、建議、反問時,這時多用some而不用

any。如:

Willyouhavesomecoffee?

Haveyouborrowedsomebooks?

*Some和any還可修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),這時some表示“某一個”,any

表示“隨便哪一個”或“任何一個如:

Irememberhavingreadaboutitinsomemagazine.

HewenttosomeplaceinFrance.

Youmaytakeanybookyoulike.

*some和連詞連用,表示“大約”,“大概”。

Somefiftypeoplewerekilledinthetrafficaccident.

Ourbridgeclubhassomefortymembers.

*some還可和one,body,thing構(gòu)成合詞someone,somebody,

something.如:

Somebodycametoseeyouyesterday.

Someonewantstoseeyou.(someone比起somebody來,顯得更文言一

j二th。)\

Somethingorotherpreventedhimfromcoming.

*與something有關(guān)常用詞組有:orsomething(…或什么的,

somethinglike(有點像,大約)somethingofa(有一點)

Sheisastewardessorsomething.她是位空中小姐或什么的。

Thebuildinglookedsomethinglikeachurch.

Heissomethingofacarpenter.他有一點木工常識。

(f)One

*one有時可作代詞,代替上文中提到過的人或事物,以避免重復。

如:

Haveyouanybooksoncomputer?Iwanttoborrowagoodone.

*有時它還可以有自己的定語或冠詞,甚至可以有復數(shù)形式。如:

Arethoseyourbooks?Iwanttoborrowagoodoneoncomputer.

Idon'tlikethishat.Showmeabiggerone.

Whichoneisyours,thisone,thatoneortheoneonthetable?

Givemeapples.Iwantbigones.

*one可以用來泛指一個人,任何人。如:

Onecannotsucceedatthisunlessonetrieshard.

Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.

(g)all,bothandevery在否定句式中

all,both,every等與謂語動詞和否定式連用時一,表示部分否定。如:

Alltheanswersarenotright.

Idon'tlikebothofthenovelsyougavemeyesterday.

Everyonecannotunderstandballet.

4.指示代詞

(a)This,these和that,those的基本用法:

指比較近的事物,單數(shù)用this,復數(shù)用these:指比較遠的事物,單數(shù)

用that,復數(shù)用those。如果指時間、程度,只能用單數(shù)this或that。

如:

Morehasbeenlearnedsince1945aboutchemicalchangesinthebody

thaninallhumanhistorybeforethattime.

Thattimehelivedinaigloointhewintermonths.

(b)用于避免重復的指示代詞that和those

為了避免重復,用that代替前面提到過的單數(shù)名詞,用those代替復

數(shù)名詞。如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,多用the加不定代詞來表示。如:

Aninternationallyfamousballerina,MariaTallchiefdemonstratedthat

thequalityofballetintheUnitedStatescouldequalthatoftheballetin

Europe.

Forestanimalsutilizethesenseofsmelllessthanthoseinthe

countryside.

Today'slibrariesdiffergreatlyfromthoseofthepast.

riltaketheseatnexttotheonebythewindow.

數(shù)詞講析

數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞(one,two,three,)和序數(shù)詞(first,second,

third,)

1.數(shù)詞與名詞的連用

數(shù)詞與名詞連用時,它們的次序為“名詞+基數(shù)詞”,或者“the+序數(shù)詞

+名詞如:

“HowmanypresidentsaretherebeforeAbrahamLincoln?

"Fifteen,soheisthesixteenthpresident.^^

GertrudefinallygottothetheaterjustbeforetheendofActTwo.

Becausehisparentsdidn'tapproveofhismajoringinphysicaleducation,

Williamhadreluctantlytakencivilengineeringasthesecondchoice.

Note:有時,對編了號碼的東西,要用基數(shù)詞表示順序,如數(shù)字較長,

更要避免序數(shù)詞。等通常都用“名詞+基數(shù)詞”的形式。如:

“Whichisthecarhedrives?”"It'scarfifty-four.^^

2.數(shù)詞和其它詞構(gòu)成復合形容詞

這種復合形容詞通常用“數(shù)詞+名詞”和“數(shù)詞+名詞+ed”兩種形式,一

般中間有連字符號,而且都不用復數(shù)。如:

five-room,three-year

one-eyed,four-legged

aten-poundnote一張十磅的鈔票

asix-wheelcar一輛六輪汽車

atwentypamphlet一本二十頁的小冊子

atwo-footruler一把二英尺長的尺

Ihadtowriteatwo-thousand-wordreport.^^

Iboughtthreefive-dollartiesforjusttwelvedollars.

3.數(shù)詞的語法作用

(a)序數(shù)詞作表語和定語。

序數(shù)詞作定語時,后面被修飾的名詞往往可以省略。如:

“Haveyouflownverymuch?^^“Asamatteroffact,thistripismyfirst.^^

SaudiArabia'soilreservesaresecondonlytothoseofKuwait.

(b)one與不定冠詞a,an的區(qū)別。

onebook指一本書,abook指任何一本書。如:

“Howmanychairsarethereintheroom?”“There'sone.”

(c)表示幾月兒日,后面的日期要用序數(shù)詞,而且月份名稱要大寫。

通常有兩種表達形式:

Marchthetwenty-first

Thetwenty-firstofMarch

(d)基數(shù)詞可用作主語

基數(shù)詞指代可數(shù)名詞時,要注意單復數(shù)。

SixoftheplayershavebeenchosentoparticipateintheAllStarGame.

Fourareabsent.

當基數(shù)詞用于數(shù)學運算時,常用單數(shù)謂語,也可以用復數(shù)謂語。

Eightminusfourleaves(remains)four.

Sevenplusthreeequalsten.

形容詞和副詞講析

形容詞有性質(zhì)形容詞和關(guān)系形容詞。其中性質(zhì)形容詞有原級、比較級

和最[Wj級的區(qū)別。

注意若干常用的形容詞和副詞的級的不規(guī)則變化。

原級比較級最高級

good,wellbetterbest

bad,illworseworst

many,muchmoremost

farfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest

latelater,latterlatest,last

1.原級比較

肯定式原級比較:"as…as…”“nomore/less+比較級+than…”

HeisastallasI(am)

Janeisnolessdiligentthanheroldsister.(Jane不比她姐姐少用功,即

她跟她姐姐一樣用功。)

否定式原級比較“notso…as…"或"notas…as…”

Mr.Greenisnotsooldashelooks.

It'snotascoldasitwasyesterday.

2.比較級+than…

Soundtravelslessfastthanlight.

Toomuchhelpissometimesworsethannohelp.太多的幫助有時比

沒有幫助更糟。

(a)形容詞比較級前有時可加程度或數(shù)量詞語來強調(diào)修飾。如:even,

still,rather,any,much,far,no,alittle,alot,agreatdeal,twoweeks,three

times等。如:

Diamondisstill(or:even)harderthansteel.金剛石比鋼更硬。

Thepropertiesofaloysarefarbetterthanthoseofpuremetals.

Lighttravelsmuch(or:agreatdeal)fasterthansound.

(b)the+比較級...,the+比較級要注意本句型中,前面是從句,后

面是主句,前后呼應。前面的從句可用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。如:

Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.

Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.

3.最高級比較

(a)最高級比較常有一格介詞短語如“0h.”。!1...”,、111011夕來指出比

較范圍,如:

Ofallelementshydrogenisthelightestone.

Sheisthemostactivegirlintheirclass.

(b)最高級前冠詞的用法:

形容詞最高級前通常須加the,但當形容詞最高級作表語或補足語時,

不加the,如:

Ofallshoestheseareleastexpensive.

Tosolvetheprobleminthiswayisthoughtmostconvenient.

這樣解題方法被認為是最簡便的。

Note:副詞最高級前一般不加the,如:

Lighttravelsfastestofallmatter.

(c)“most+形容詞”作定語,有時不作“最”講,而是“很”、“非?!钡囊?/p>

思,相當于very,這時在“most+形容詞+名詞”前有不定冠詞,如:

Themeetingproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.

Thepresentworldsituationismostfavorableforus.

4.一些源于拉丁文的形容詞本身含有比較意義,后接t。,不接than

superior(優(yōu)于)senior(長于)

inferior(差于)junior(幼于)

major(多于)prior(早于)

minor(少于)prefer(更喜歡)

Heissuperiortoanyotherclassmateinmathematics.

Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.我的知識不及他。

5.形容詞修飾后置規(guī)則

(a)修飾any,some,no,和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞時需后置,如:

Shesaidnothinginteresting.

Ihavenothingtoboastof.我沒什么事值得自傲的。

(b)當形容詞后跟有介詞短語或不定式短語時后置:

Allthesearemethodsworthyofnote.所有這些方法都值得注意。

Inthisclassroomthereare50seatsenoughtoholdalargeclass.

*一些常用來作表語的形容詞用來作定語時常后置:

Allthepeoplepresentatthemeetingaremathematicsteachers.

Chinesecommoditiesavailableforexportcomefromalltheprovincesof

ourcountry.

*表示度量的短語后置:

Childrenunderten一■群十歲以下的兒童

Sometimebetweensevenandeightintheevening晚間7-8點鐘的某——

個時間。

6.在“限定詞+形容詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中多個形容詞的排列順序

(a)名詞限定詞(如a,the,my等);

(b)所有格名詞(如man's,John's等);

(c)序數(shù)詞(也包括next,last等)

(d)基數(shù)詞(也包括few,several等);

(e)描述性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等形容詞;

(f)大小尺寸長短等形容詞;

(g)顏色詞;

(h)類屬形容詞(有關(guān)國籍、歷史時期和政治派別歸屬);

(i)名詞作為修飾語;

①被修飾的名詞。

如:

Maryhasjustboughtherselfanexpensivebluecottondress/

Alltheoldredbrickhousewillberebuilt.

Sheissuchakindoldlady.

7.某些副詞的用法

(a)副詞作狀語常置于句子之后,但頻度副詞(按頻度大小排列),如

always,almostalways,nearlyalways,generally,normally,regularly,

usually,frequently,oftensometimes,occasionally,almostnever,hardly

ever,rarely,scarcelyever,seldom,not...ever,never等可置于謂語動詞

之前。如:

IhardlyeverseeBrianthesedays.這兒天難得看到Brian0

HealwayscomeshomeonSaturday.

(b)若謂語動詞由兩部分組成,則頻度副詞常置于助動詞,情態(tài)動詞

之后,實意動詞之前,夾在中間。(故頻度副詞也可稱中位副詞)如:

Youcanalwayscontactmeon6345760.

Youcanhardlyblamehimfordoingthat.

(c)當句中只有一個動詞be時,頻度副詞位于be之后。如:

Iwasneververygoodatmoths.

(d)另夕卜,還有一些副詞如:already,(not)yet,once,just,still,suddenly,

certainly,nearly,almost,soon等可置于頻度副詞的位置,有時也可后

置。如:

Hehasjustlefthere.

Shewillsoonbeback.

Itisnottimetodoityet.

(e)當一個句子中有兒個副詞并用時,它們的使用順序通常是:程

度方式地點時間。如有兩個以上表示時間、地點的副詞時?,按

先小后大順序排列。如:

ThefamilycametotheUnitedStatesbyboatin1975.

Isawhimatthelibrarylastnight.

Theyoftengotothemoviestogetherduringthesummervacation.

8.有些詞可作形容詞,也可作副詞

如:early,past,half,long,straight,fast,slow,deep,pretty,awful,wrong,

right,late,hourly,weekly,yearly.

9.有些形容詞在詞尾加-ly,但詞義不同

bad(壞)badly(非常)

bare(光禿的)barely(僅僅)

easy(安逸的)easily(容易地)

high(高的)highly(非常)

hard(辛苦的)hardly(幾乎不)

late(遲的)lately(最近)

near(靠近的)nearly(幾乎)

10.少數(shù)以-ly結(jié)尾的不是副詞,是形容詞

costly(貴的)lonely(孤獨的)

lovely(可愛的)deadly(致命的)

ugly(丑陋的)friendly(友好的)

lively(活潑的)

介詞和介詞詞組講析

介詞是一種虛詞,不能單獨作句子成分。必須有名詞或代詞作它的賓

語構(gòu)成介詞詞組或短語。英語中的介詞大致可以分為:

簡單介詞,如:at,after,by,in,of,till,to,with

合成介詞,如:into,outside,upon,without等

成語介詞,如:accordingto,asto,becauseof等

1.介詞的位置

(a)介詞一般放在名詞或代詞前。

Thearrivalofthedelegationwaswarmlywelcomed.

Aftermidnight,therainbegantofall.

(b)介詞可放在疑問句或定語從句末。

Who(m)wereyoutalkingtojustnowonthephone?

Doyourememberthenameofthebookwhichtheteacherreferredusto?

(c)介詞可以放在連接代詞和之前,甚至放在句首。如:

Withwhomdidyougoshoppingyesterday?

Atwhattimedoyouhavesuppereveryday?

2.介詞的用法

介詞的用法非常復雜,要掌握它就要下工夫,首先要了解一些主要介

詞的基本意思,同時要注意和其它詞的搭配,特別是動詞、形容詞和

名詞與介詞的搭配,在學習時一,一定要熟記一批這樣的固定搭配關(guān)系。

如:

(a)和動詞的固定搭配

adviseagainstdoingsthlaughat/aboutsb./sth.

agreeaboutsth.listentosb./sth.

agreetoaproposallookaftersb./sth.

agreewithsb.lookatsb./sth.

aimat/foratargetlookforsb./sth.

apologizetosb.forsth.meetwithsb.

applytosb.forsth.objecttosb./sth.

approveofsb./sth.payforsb./sth.

arriveat/inquarrelwithsb.aboutsth.

askforsb./sth.readaboutsth.

beginwithsth.reasonwithsb.

believeinsb./sth.refertosb./sth.

belongtosb/sth.relyonsb./sth

borrowfromsb.replytosb.

choosebetweenreportonsb/sthtosb.

confesstosb./tosthresignfromajob

dealwithsb./aproblemretirefromone'sjob

dependonsb./sth.searchforsb./sth.

differfromsb./sth.(it)smellofsth.

dreamabout/ofdoingsucceedindoingsth.

emergefromaplacesufferfromsth.

failintalktosb.aboutsth.

guessatthetruth(it)tasteofsth.

identifywithsb.tradewithsb./insth.

insistondoingtrustinsb./sth.

knockatvotefor/againstsb./sth.

knowof/aboutwaitforsb./sth.

wishforwritetosb.aboutsth

(b)在“動詞+賓語+介詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中

absentoneselffromworkexplainsth.tosb.

accusesb.ofsth.forgivesb.forsth.

adaptsth.tosty.hidesth.fromsb.

addsth.toidentifysth.with/assth.

admiresb.forsth.includesth.insth.else

advisesb.aboutsth.informsb.of/aboutsth.

appointsb.as/toapostinsuresb.againststh.

arrangesth.forsb.interestsb.insth.

assesssthatapriceinvestmoneyinsth.

associatesb./sth.withlendsth.tosb.

attachsth.tosth.neglectsb./sth.forsb./sth.

blamesb.forsth.refersb.sth.tosb.

chargesth.tomyaccountremindsb.ofsb./sth.

chargesb.withacrimerepeatsth.tosb.

combinesth.withsth.reservesth.forsb.

comparesb./sth.withrobsb.ofsth.

congratulatesb.onsth.sharesth.withsb.

convertsb.tosth.stealsth.fromsb.

defendsb.fromsth.stopsb.fromdoingsth.

tellsb.aboutsth.discusssth.withsb.

translatesth.from/intoexcusesb.forsth.

(c)在與形容詞連用的結(jié)構(gòu)中

absentfromaplacefreefrom

afraidofsb./sth.fullofsth.

angryat/aboutsth.goodat(doing)sth.

angrywithgratefultosb.forsth.

annoyedat/abouthappyabout/at/over/with

annoyedwithsb.interestedin/bysb./sth.

anxiousabout/oversb./sth.keenon(doing)sth.

awareofsb./sth.kindtosb.

awfulat(doing)sth.lateforwork

boredby/withsb./sth.obligedtosb./sth.

capableof(doing)sth.pleasedabout/withsb./sth.

carelessofdangersadaboutsb./sth.

connectwithsth.satisfiedwithsb./sth.

contrarytosth.seperatedfromsth.

differentfrom/tosb./sth.sorryabout/for(doing)sth.

eagerforsth.sorryforsb.

excitedabour/atby/oversurprisedabout/at/by

faithfultosb./sth.thankfultosb.forsth.

famousfor(doing)sth.worriedaboutsb.sth.

fondofsb./sth.wrongaboutsb./sth.

(d)在與名詞連用的結(jié)構(gòu)中

absencefromconversionto

adviceagainst,to/aboutcuriosityabout

adaptationtodependenceon

additiontodifferencefrom/to

admirationfordreamof

agreementto,withdescriptionof

aimatdiscussionwith

angerat/aboutsth.divisionby

annoyanceat,withexcitementabout/at

apologytosb.excuseforsth.

applicationtoexplanationof

approvaloffailurein

arrivalat/inguessat

awarenessof

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