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文檔簡介
語法與句法
1.概述
II.本專欄目錄
早T內(nèi)容說明
第一節(jié)名詞6
第二節(jié)冠詞6
第三節(jié)代詞6
第四節(jié)數(shù)詞7
第五節(jié)形容詞和副詞7
第六節(jié)介詞和介詞詞組8
第七節(jié)動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)8
第八節(jié)虛擬語氣9
第九節(jié)情態(tài)動詞9
第十節(jié)非謂語動詞10
第H^一■節(jié)名詞從句10
第十二節(jié)定語從句11
第十三節(jié)狀語從句12
第十四節(jié)反意疑問句12
第十五節(jié)強調(diào)句13
第十六節(jié)倒裝句13
第十七節(jié)一致關(guān)系14—17
第十八節(jié)測試1-18節(jié)綜合測試
名詞
1.名詞種類
專有名詞:China,Shanghai,MrSmith
(j個體名詞astudent,abook
可數(shù)名詞一
普通名詞<集體名詞committee,family
、不可數(shù)名詞(物質(zhì)名詞cotton,tea
1抽冢名詞courage,happiness
2.名詞的數(shù)
(a)絕大多數(shù)可數(shù)名詞加-s,-es變成復數(shù)(以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的要先
變-y為-i再力口-es)。如pen-pens,class-classes,country-countries.
此外,常見的變化形式還有:
(b)以f(或fe)結(jié)尾的名詞在構(gòu)成復數(shù)時,一般是改f為v,再加
-eSo如self-selves,leaf-leaves,life-lives,knife-kniveso也有例外,如
roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,safe-safes,etc.
(c)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,構(gòu)成復數(shù)時,一般加-eshero-heroes,
potato-potatoes,echo-echoes,少數(shù)例夕卜,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos;
radio-radios,zero-zeros,bamboo-bamboos.
(d)某些名詞單復數(shù)變化沒有規(guī)則。如:man-men,woman-women,
tooth-teeth,child-children,foot-feet,mouse-mice.
(e)一些單復數(shù)同形的名詞,如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,fish,
deer,means,series,species,aircraft,hovercraft.
(f)一些外來詞保留原有的不規(guī)則變化形式,常用的有
analysis-analysesmedium-media
basis-basesnucleus-nuclei
crisis-crisesphenomenon-phenomena
datum-datadiagnosis-diagnoses
radius-radiiemphasis-emphases
thesis-thesesformu1a-formulae
(g)常用的不可數(shù)名詞:
advice,air,bread,butter,cheese,clothing,coffee,courage,dust,earth,
elastic,enjoyment,equipment,evidence,equality,food,fruit,fun,
furniture,glass,hair,happiness,homework,honesty,housework,ice,
ignorance,information,intelligence,knowledge,leisure,luck,luggage,
mail,money,machinery,magic,meat,milk,music,news,oil,patience,
peace,postage,poverty,progress,rain,rice,salt,sand,snow,soap,sugar,
tea,traffic,violence,vocabulary,water,wealth,wood,work.
(h)常與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的單位名詞:
apieceofpaper/advice/information
abitofink/music/land
anarticleofclothing/fumiture
abarofchocolate/soap
ablockofice/stone/wood
acakeofsoap
aleafofbread
apackofcigarettes/clothes
abasketoffruit/eggs
akilogramofsugar
adropofwater/rain/blood
acrowdofpeople/books/papers
asetofinstruments
apairofshoes/stockings/scissors/trousers
acoupleofplayers/apples
aflockofbirds/sheep/younggirls
apileofletters/books/wood
agrainofrice/sand
(i)一些只用作復數(shù)的名詞:
people,police,personnel,cattle,pants,trousers,jeans,shorts,scissors,
glasses,spectacles,shoes等。
①一些形似復數(shù),實際作為單數(shù)名詞使用的詞:
news,means,works,theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNations,physics,
politics,mathematics,economics,electronics等。
3.名詞所有格
英語的名詞屬格一般采取兩種形式:-s屬格和of-屬格。例如
Shakespeare'splays和theplaysofShakespeare,前者為-s屬格,后者為
of-屬格。-s屬格可以表示:
(a)所有關(guān)系
MrBrown'ssuitcase(相當于MrBrownhasasuitcase)
(b)主謂關(guān)系
DrSmith'sanswer(相當于DrSmithanswered)
thestudent'sapplication(相當于thestudentapplied)
myfather'sdeparture(相當于myfatherdeparted)
(c)動賓關(guān)系
theboy'spunishment(相當于punishedtheboy)
Napoleon'sdefeat(相當于defeatedNapoleon)
(d)事物的來源
Pat'sletter(相當于letterfromPat)
Thegirl'sstory(相當于storytoldbythegirl)
(e)事物的類別
gent'sclothes(相當于clothesforthegents)
women'smagazines(相當于magazinesforwomen)
⑴其它意義
awinter'sday(相當于adayinwinter)
threedays'absence(相當于theabsencelastedthreedays)
of-屬格的意義和用法于-s屬格有許多相似之處。例如of-屬格也可表
示
(a)所有關(guān)系:
thetrunkofanelephant=anelephant'strunk
theforeignpolicyofChina=China'sforeignpolicy
(b)表示主謂關(guān)系:
thearrivaloftheprimeminister(/目當于Theprimeministerarrived)
theclaimofthebuyers(相當于Thebuyersclaimed)
(c)表示動賓關(guān)系:
theoccupationoftheIsland(相當于occupiedtheIsland)
ourhatredof(for,against)theenemy(相當于Wehatetheenemy)
(d)表示事物的來源:
thecomediesofMoliere(相當于thecomedieswrittenbyMoliere)
thelawsofNewton(相當于thelawsdiscoveredbyNewton)
但是of-屬格在用法上又不能和-s屬格完全等同起來。例如當-S屬格
用來表示事物類別或?qū)傩詴r,就不可用Of-屬格來替代:“兒童畫報”
應該是children'spictorial,而不是pictorialofchildren;“博士學位”應
該是adoctor'sdegree而不是thedegreeofadoctoro在某些習語中如
atone'swit'send,atthesword'spoints,ahair'sbreadth,awolfin
sheep'sclothing,inlife'sstruggle,inone'smind'seye,toone'sheart's
content等也只能用-s屬格而不用of-屬格。但在有些結(jié)構(gòu)中卻只能用
of-屬格而不用-s屬格,例如theopinionofthechairmanappointeda
monthago,thesuggestionofthosepresentatthemeeting,theincomeof
therich,thestruggleoftheexploited等。又of-屬格能表示同位關(guān)系如
(thecityofNewYork),而-s屬格通常不這樣用。
冠詞講析
冠詞分為定冠詞the,不定冠詞a(an)和零冠詞(即不加冠詞)
1.不定冠詞a(an)
(a)當不定冠詞所修飾的那個名詞的第一個音(不是字母)為元音時,
不定冠詞要用an,而以輔音開頭時用“a”。
E.g.Paulsaidhecouldbehappytoteachthechildrentennis,thoughhe
certainlydidnotregardhimselfasanexpert.
Amathematicaleducationisessentialforasuccessfulcareerinthe
insurancebusiness.
Note:a(an)的用法,還要特別注意縮略詞:
E.g.”一位國會議員”為amemberofParliament用a,而改成縮略詞時
用anM.P.,因為m讀音為<em>,頭一個音為元音。
“一個不明飛行物”為anunidentifiedflyingobject,而改成縮略詞時用a
UFOo
(b)物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前一般不用不定冠詞。
E.g.CharlesBrown,usuallyhasexcellentplay,lostseveralgamesduring
thetournament.這里play是抽象名詞,指競賽技能。
Thewinner'sphotographwasofanoldbamwindowcoveredwith
delicatelacyfrost.這里frost為物質(zhì)名詞
(c)可數(shù)名詞用不定冠詞可表示“一”這個數(shù)量和一類。某些習慣用語,
也常用不定冠詞。
E.g.Theaudience,includingasmanyseniorcitizensasyoungpeople,
wasentertainedbybeautifuldancinggirlsandaboy'ssinginggroup.
Whatdidyoudowhenhemadeanoise?習慣上用Makeanoise,它比
makenoise(s)更通用。
使用不定冠詞的常用習語還有:
asamatteroffact(事實上)
asarule(通常、照例)
atatime(個別地,一次)
atadiscount(打折扣)
inapositionto(能夠)
inaword(總而言之)
onalargescale(大規(guī)模地)
tohaveasayin(對有發(fā)言權(quán))
tohaveatry(試一試)
tokeepaneyeon(照看)
totakeaninterestin(對感興趣)
(d)在akind(sort,specties,type,class,form,variety,...)of等結(jié)構(gòu)中,后
面的名詞前一般不用任何冠詞
在4tkinds(types,forms,etc.)of,復數(shù)形式時也一般不加冠詞。
E.g.Afterreviewingthetroops,thevisitinggeneralcommentedthathe
hadfinallyseenthekindofsoldierthatthenationneeds.
Herdresswasspotlesslycleanandwellmade,butitwasthekindofdress
whichthedaughterofapoormanmighthaveworn.
2.定冠詞
定冠詞通常用于特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞前.。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象
名詞前通常不用冠詞。
(a)特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要用冠詞。
E.g.EminentphysicistsfromallovertheworldcametotheUnitedStates
tocelebratethecentennialofEinstein'sbirth,"thecentennial”特指愛因
斯坦百年紀念。(centennial既可作形容詞,又可作名詞,這里用作名
詞。)
Thoughthedustlayheavyuponthefloor,itwasevidentthattheold
house,itswindowscarelesslyboardedup,mustoncehavebeena
magnificentmansion.雖然地板上蓋著厚厚的灰塵,窗戶用木板胡亂
地釘上,顯然這棟老房子是非常富麗堂皇的公館。
Note:same不管作形容詞、代詞或副詞,前面一般都用the。
E.g.Thespeedofradiowaveisthesameasthatoflight.
Whatevertheoldmandid,themonkeydidthesame.
Richorpoor,thatwasallthesametohim.
(b)物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞前通常不加冠詞。
Eg.”Youhavebeenverybusylately.“"SobusyIhaven'thadtimeto
cleanmyhouse.Thereisdustwhereveryoulook.^^
Itisnecessarythatapersondrinkseveralglassesofwaterdailyifhe
wishestoremainhealthy.
Note:但有時物質(zhì)名詞前也可加定冠詞表示特指。但若不是特指,則
一般不應加定冠詞。如:
Gatheringsofmorethanthreepersonswereprohibited,supposedlyinthe
nameoflawandorder.
(這里law和order都是抽象名詞,不用冠詞。)
EventhosewelltrainedinEnglishareoftenpuzzledbytheidiomatic
structureofthelanguage.
(English在這里是專有名詞,前面不應加冠詞。)
(c)most作代詞時表示“大多數(shù),',常用mostof結(jié)構(gòu),前面不加任何冠
詞。most作形容詞時一,前面也不加冠詞。只有作副詞的most(表示
very時一)前面才可加不定冠詞。在most與最高級的形容詞與副詞連
用時一,才可加定冠詞。
E.g.Duringtheseventeenthcenturymostcolonistswereprimarily
concernedwitheconomicsanddefense
Mostofthetheoriesaboutitsoriginassumethattheearthbeganina
gaseousstate,movedthroughaliquidstate,andfinallybecamepartly
solid.
("mostof+the+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”為特指,而“most+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”
為泛指。)
Note:mostof后面的復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,通常要加the,若后面的名詞前
已有專有名詞修飾,則不應加the。如:
MostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsdealwiththeuniversalproblemsof
evilasrepresentedbyfamilydisintegrationanddegeneration.
同樣,some是形容詞性時,前面也不用冠詞,而“someof+the+復數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞''也為特指,“some+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”也為泛指。如:
Whilesomeofthelawyerswouldendorsetheoppositeview,mostwould
probablyagreethatfreedomofthepressisnotabsolute.
(d)習慣上用冠詞的常用習語:
alltheyearround(一年至!J頭)
bytheway(在途中)
forthetimebeing(暫時)
inthedistance(在遠處)
onthepartof(在方面)
onthetrack(未離題)
theotherday(前幾天)
underthecircumstances(在這種情況下)
tofollowtheplough(種田,務農(nóng))
togobytheboard(落空,失敗)
totellthetruth(講實話)
(e)習慣上不用冠詞的常用習語:
attable(在進餐)
atrest(安寧的,解決了的)
atstake(在危險中,處于成敗關(guān)頭)
beyondhope(力量不及)
dayandnight(夜以繼日地)
indistress(窮困,不幸)
inhonorof(向...表示敬意,為紀念)
instock(現(xiàn)有的,存貨)
onboard(在船上,上船)
outofjob(失業(yè))
withinreachof(在附近,容易達到)
withoutresult(無效地,徒勞地)
withoutquestion(doubt)(毫無疑問,的確)
tosetsail(出航)
totakecareof(照顧,照料)
totakecommandof(指揮)
代詞講析
1.人稱代詞
(a)人稱代詞作主語時用主格;作賓語時用賓格。作表語時,特別在
口語中用賓格居多。如:
Whobrokethevase?It'sme.
Who'sthere?Me,mother.
IfIwereher,Ishoulddoitfirst.
(b)人稱代詞的次序
單數(shù)復數(shù)
you,heandIweandyou/they
youandheyouandthey
you/heandIwe,youandthey
如:JaneandIhavealreadyeaten.
(c)當代詞與名詞為同位語時一,兩者單復數(shù)形式應該保持一致。如:
WestudentsshouldstudyEnglishwell.
Thepartywaspreparedbythemgirl-students.
She可以用來代表國家、船只、大地、月亮等。如:
Note:注意it的正確用法:
*it用來表示天氣、時間、距離等。
It'sJune25th.
It's50milesfromShanghai.
It'snottoday.
*用作形式主語或形式賓語,其真正的主語或賓語可能是不定式短
語、動名詞短語或that從句。如:
It'spleasanttolieinthesun.
It'sapitythatyoucannotcome.
it無具體意義,用在類似以下若干句型中。如:
Itseemsthatnoonehasnayobjectiontotheidea.
ItappearsthatIamwrong.
Itissaidthattherehasbeenaseriousearthquakethere.
用于“Itis(was)”..that(who)..強調(diào)句型。如:
ItwasFredawhophonedJacklastnight.
ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIwastoldthenews.
2.物主代詞
要注意名詞性物主代詞mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours和theirs的用法;
它們在句中可作主語、賓語和表語如:
Hisisalightandspaciousroom.
Ourclassroomisonthefirstfloorandtheirsonthesecond.(以上作主
語)
Doyoupreferhisormine?Let'scleantheirroomfirstandourslater.(作
賓語)
That'soursnottheirs.(作表語)
3.不定代詞
英語中有下列不定代詞:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,
little,few,many.much,other,another,some,any,no還有由
some,any,no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。這些不定代詞中,多數(shù)都能
作主語、賓語、表語或定語。但none和含有some,any,no,every的合
成代詞只能作主語、賓語、表語,而every和no只能作定語。
(a)both和all
both是在談到兩個人或東西時用的,all是在談到兩個以上的人或東
西時使用。如:
Ihavetwosisters;bothareteachers.
Ihavethreebrothers;allareengineers.
Ilikeallthesebooks.
Bothroadsleadtotheshoppingcenter.
在談到不可數(shù)東西時,也可以用all,連用的動詞要用單數(shù)第三人稱。
Allisgoingwell.
Isthatallyouwanttoknow?
Thatisall.
(b)each和every
*each是“每一個,,的意思,但又不同于every,在把一些人或東西一
個個加以考?時,多用each。如:
Eachoneofushashisduty.我們每個人都有各自的職責。
Theywenteachtotheroomassigned.他們各自回到指定的房間去。
Hetellseachofusonlywhatwehavetoknow.
*every也是“每一個”的意思,只能作定語。比起each來,every更
強調(diào)“每一…都...”,“全體”,“所有”。
Everystudentistogivehishomeworktotheteachertomorrow.所有學
生明天都得把家庭作業(yè)交給老師。
Shemadeeveryattempttogo.她想盡辦法去。
Note:every和body,one,thing構(gòu)成合成代詞,主要用作主語,賓語或
表語。如:
Everythinggoeswellwithus.(主語)
Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.(賓語)樣樣想懂,樣樣不通。
Herdaughteriseverythingtoher.(表語)
(c)either和neither
*either是指“兩個中的任何一個”,動詞用單數(shù)。
Eitherofthetwobookswilldo.(兩本書)哪一本都可以。
Ifeitherofyoucarestocall,Ishallbeinthisevening.不論你倆誰想找
我,我今晚都在家。
*neither表示兩者之中的任何一個都不……意思既非這個,也非那
個。其動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:
DidyouseeLeeandSmith?No,Isawneitherofthem.
BothJoeandDavidarethere,butneitherhassaidanything.
Neitheransweriscorrect.
Note:neither也可用作副詞,用于強調(diào)語氣的句子時,應與表示肯定
意義的動詞連用。如:
Youdon'tbelievethis?NeitherdoI.此句也可說成:
Youdon'tbelievethis?Idon'teither.
(d)other和another
other和another具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。other用作名詞時,有數(shù)和格
的變化,可與定冠詞連用,用作形容詞時一,后接復數(shù)名詞,而another
只能代替或修飾單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,前面不可用冠詞。如:
Heboughttwocopiesof“ChinaDaily”.Hekeptoneforhimselfandsent
theothertohisfriend.
Theyliveontheothersideofthestreet.
Someoftheenemieswerekilled,otherswounded.
Weshouldconsiderothers'opinions.
Youcangohome,buttheothersmuststayhere.
Ifyoufinishthebook,Icangiveyouanother.
Ofcourse,that5sanothermatter.
(e)Some和any
*some和any是表示不定數(shù)量的代詞,相當于“一些”,但意思不強,
翻譯時不一定這樣譯出,在句中多用作定語,可形容可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)以
及不可數(shù)名詞。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句、否定句或條
件句。如:
Haveyouanyquestionstoask?-Yes,Ihavesome,(or:No,Idon't
haveanyquestionstoask.)
Ifthereisanytrouble,letmeknow.
Note:有些疑問句表示請求、建議、反問時,這時多用some而不用
any。如:
Willyouhavesomecoffee?
Haveyouborrowedsomebooks?
*Some和any還可修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),這時some表示“某一個”,any
表示“隨便哪一個”或“任何一個如:
Irememberhavingreadaboutitinsomemagazine.
HewenttosomeplaceinFrance.
Youmaytakeanybookyoulike.
*some和連詞連用,表示“大約”,“大概”。
Somefiftypeoplewerekilledinthetrafficaccident.
Ourbridgeclubhassomefortymembers.
*some還可和one,body,thing構(gòu)成合詞someone,somebody,
something.如:
Somebodycametoseeyouyesterday.
Someonewantstoseeyou.(someone比起somebody來,顯得更文言一
j二th。)\
Somethingorotherpreventedhimfromcoming.
*與something有關(guān)常用詞組有:orsomething(…或什么的,
somethinglike(有點像,大約)somethingofa(有一點)
Sheisastewardessorsomething.她是位空中小姐或什么的。
Thebuildinglookedsomethinglikeachurch.
Heissomethingofacarpenter.他有一點木工常識。
(f)One
*one有時可作代詞,代替上文中提到過的人或事物,以避免重復。
如:
Haveyouanybooksoncomputer?Iwanttoborrowagoodone.
*有時它還可以有自己的定語或冠詞,甚至可以有復數(shù)形式。如:
Arethoseyourbooks?Iwanttoborrowagoodoneoncomputer.
Idon'tlikethishat.Showmeabiggerone.
Whichoneisyours,thisone,thatoneortheoneonthetable?
Givemeapples.Iwantbigones.
*one可以用來泛指一個人,任何人。如:
Onecannotsucceedatthisunlessonetrieshard.
Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.
(g)all,bothandevery在否定句式中
all,both,every等與謂語動詞和否定式連用時一,表示部分否定。如:
Alltheanswersarenotright.
Idon'tlikebothofthenovelsyougavemeyesterday.
Everyonecannotunderstandballet.
4.指示代詞
(a)This,these和that,those的基本用法:
指比較近的事物,單數(shù)用this,復數(shù)用these:指比較遠的事物,單數(shù)
用that,復數(shù)用those。如果指時間、程度,只能用單數(shù)this或that。
如:
Morehasbeenlearnedsince1945aboutchemicalchangesinthebody
thaninallhumanhistorybeforethattime.
Thattimehelivedinaigloointhewintermonths.
(b)用于避免重復的指示代詞that和those
為了避免重復,用that代替前面提到過的單數(shù)名詞,用those代替復
數(shù)名詞。如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,多用the加不定代詞來表示。如:
Aninternationallyfamousballerina,MariaTallchiefdemonstratedthat
thequalityofballetintheUnitedStatescouldequalthatoftheballetin
Europe.
Forestanimalsutilizethesenseofsmelllessthanthoseinthe
countryside.
Today'slibrariesdiffergreatlyfromthoseofthepast.
riltaketheseatnexttotheonebythewindow.
數(shù)詞講析
數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞(one,two,three,)和序數(shù)詞(first,second,
third,)
1.數(shù)詞與名詞的連用
數(shù)詞與名詞連用時,它們的次序為“名詞+基數(shù)詞”,或者“the+序數(shù)詞
+名詞如:
“HowmanypresidentsaretherebeforeAbrahamLincoln?
"Fifteen,soheisthesixteenthpresident.^^
GertrudefinallygottothetheaterjustbeforetheendofActTwo.
Becausehisparentsdidn'tapproveofhismajoringinphysicaleducation,
Williamhadreluctantlytakencivilengineeringasthesecondchoice.
Note:有時,對編了號碼的東西,要用基數(shù)詞表示順序,如數(shù)字較長,
更要避免序數(shù)詞。等通常都用“名詞+基數(shù)詞”的形式。如:
“Whichisthecarhedrives?”"It'scarfifty-four.^^
2.數(shù)詞和其它詞構(gòu)成復合形容詞
這種復合形容詞通常用“數(shù)詞+名詞”和“數(shù)詞+名詞+ed”兩種形式,一
般中間有連字符號,而且都不用復數(shù)。如:
five-room,three-year
one-eyed,four-legged
aten-poundnote一張十磅的鈔票
asix-wheelcar一輛六輪汽車
atwentypamphlet一本二十頁的小冊子
atwo-footruler一把二英尺長的尺
Ihadtowriteatwo-thousand-wordreport.^^
Iboughtthreefive-dollartiesforjusttwelvedollars.
3.數(shù)詞的語法作用
(a)序數(shù)詞作表語和定語。
序數(shù)詞作定語時,后面被修飾的名詞往往可以省略。如:
“Haveyouflownverymuch?^^“Asamatteroffact,thistripismyfirst.^^
SaudiArabia'soilreservesaresecondonlytothoseofKuwait.
(b)one與不定冠詞a,an的區(qū)別。
onebook指一本書,abook指任何一本書。如:
“Howmanychairsarethereintheroom?”“There'sone.”
(c)表示幾月兒日,后面的日期要用序數(shù)詞,而且月份名稱要大寫。
通常有兩種表達形式:
Marchthetwenty-first
Thetwenty-firstofMarch
(d)基數(shù)詞可用作主語
基數(shù)詞指代可數(shù)名詞時,要注意單復數(shù)。
SixoftheplayershavebeenchosentoparticipateintheAllStarGame.
Fourareabsent.
當基數(shù)詞用于數(shù)學運算時,常用單數(shù)謂語,也可以用復數(shù)謂語。
Eightminusfourleaves(remains)four.
Sevenplusthreeequalsten.
形容詞和副詞講析
形容詞有性質(zhì)形容詞和關(guān)系形容詞。其中性質(zhì)形容詞有原級、比較級
和最[Wj級的區(qū)別。
注意若干常用的形容詞和副詞的級的不規(guī)則變化。
原級比較級最高級
good,wellbetterbest
bad,illworseworst
many,muchmoremost
farfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest
latelater,latterlatest,last
1.原級比較
肯定式原級比較:"as…as…”“nomore/less+比較級+than…”
HeisastallasI(am)
Janeisnolessdiligentthanheroldsister.(Jane不比她姐姐少用功,即
她跟她姐姐一樣用功。)
否定式原級比較“notso…as…"或"notas…as…”
Mr.Greenisnotsooldashelooks.
It'snotascoldasitwasyesterday.
2.比較級+than…
Soundtravelslessfastthanlight.
Toomuchhelpissometimesworsethannohelp.太多的幫助有時比
沒有幫助更糟。
(a)形容詞比較級前有時可加程度或數(shù)量詞語來強調(diào)修飾。如:even,
still,rather,any,much,far,no,alittle,alot,agreatdeal,twoweeks,three
times等。如:
Diamondisstill(or:even)harderthansteel.金剛石比鋼更硬。
Thepropertiesofaloysarefarbetterthanthoseofpuremetals.
Lighttravelsmuch(or:agreatdeal)fasterthansound.
(b)the+比較級...,the+比較級要注意本句型中,前面是從句,后
面是主句,前后呼應。前面的從句可用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。如:
Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.
3.最高級比較
(a)最高級比較常有一格介詞短語如“0h.”。!1...”,、111011夕來指出比
較范圍,如:
Ofallelementshydrogenisthelightestone.
Sheisthemostactivegirlintheirclass.
(b)最高級前冠詞的用法:
形容詞最高級前通常須加the,但當形容詞最高級作表語或補足語時,
不加the,如:
Ofallshoestheseareleastexpensive.
Tosolvetheprobleminthiswayisthoughtmostconvenient.
這樣解題方法被認為是最簡便的。
Note:副詞最高級前一般不加the,如:
Lighttravelsfastestofallmatter.
(c)“most+形容詞”作定語,有時不作“最”講,而是“很”、“非?!钡囊?/p>
思,相當于very,這時在“most+形容詞+名詞”前有不定冠詞,如:
Themeetingproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.
Thepresentworldsituationismostfavorableforus.
4.一些源于拉丁文的形容詞本身含有比較意義,后接t。,不接than
superior(優(yōu)于)senior(長于)
inferior(差于)junior(幼于)
major(多于)prior(早于)
minor(少于)prefer(更喜歡)
Heissuperiortoanyotherclassmateinmathematics.
Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.我的知識不及他。
5.形容詞修飾后置規(guī)則
(a)修飾any,some,no,和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞時需后置,如:
Shesaidnothinginteresting.
Ihavenothingtoboastof.我沒什么事值得自傲的。
(b)當形容詞后跟有介詞短語或不定式短語時后置:
Allthesearemethodsworthyofnote.所有這些方法都值得注意。
Inthisclassroomthereare50seatsenoughtoholdalargeclass.
*一些常用來作表語的形容詞用來作定語時常后置:
Allthepeoplepresentatthemeetingaremathematicsteachers.
Chinesecommoditiesavailableforexportcomefromalltheprovincesof
ourcountry.
*表示度量的短語后置:
Childrenunderten一■群十歲以下的兒童
Sometimebetweensevenandeightintheevening晚間7-8點鐘的某——
個時間。
6.在“限定詞+形容詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中多個形容詞的排列順序
(a)名詞限定詞(如a,the,my等);
(b)所有格名詞(如man's,John's等);
(c)序數(shù)詞(也包括next,last等)
(d)基數(shù)詞(也包括few,several等);
(e)描述性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等形容詞;
(f)大小尺寸長短等形容詞;
(g)顏色詞;
(h)類屬形容詞(有關(guān)國籍、歷史時期和政治派別歸屬);
(i)名詞作為修飾語;
①被修飾的名詞。
如:
Maryhasjustboughtherselfanexpensivebluecottondress/
Alltheoldredbrickhousewillberebuilt.
Sheissuchakindoldlady.
7.某些副詞的用法
(a)副詞作狀語常置于句子之后,但頻度副詞(按頻度大小排列),如
always,almostalways,nearlyalways,generally,normally,regularly,
usually,frequently,oftensometimes,occasionally,almostnever,hardly
ever,rarely,scarcelyever,seldom,not...ever,never等可置于謂語動詞
之前。如:
IhardlyeverseeBrianthesedays.這兒天難得看到Brian0
HealwayscomeshomeonSaturday.
(b)若謂語動詞由兩部分組成,則頻度副詞常置于助動詞,情態(tài)動詞
之后,實意動詞之前,夾在中間。(故頻度副詞也可稱中位副詞)如:
Youcanalwayscontactmeon6345760.
Youcanhardlyblamehimfordoingthat.
(c)當句中只有一個動詞be時,頻度副詞位于be之后。如:
Iwasneververygoodatmoths.
(d)另夕卜,還有一些副詞如:already,(not)yet,once,just,still,suddenly,
certainly,nearly,almost,soon等可置于頻度副詞的位置,有時也可后
置。如:
Hehasjustlefthere.
Shewillsoonbeback.
Itisnottimetodoityet.
(e)當一個句子中有兒個副詞并用時,它們的使用順序通常是:程
度方式地點時間。如有兩個以上表示時間、地點的副詞時?,按
先小后大順序排列。如:
ThefamilycametotheUnitedStatesbyboatin1975.
Isawhimatthelibrarylastnight.
Theyoftengotothemoviestogetherduringthesummervacation.
8.有些詞可作形容詞,也可作副詞
如:early,past,half,long,straight,fast,slow,deep,pretty,awful,wrong,
right,late,hourly,weekly,yearly.
9.有些形容詞在詞尾加-ly,但詞義不同
bad(壞)badly(非常)
bare(光禿的)barely(僅僅)
easy(安逸的)easily(容易地)
high(高的)highly(非常)
hard(辛苦的)hardly(幾乎不)
late(遲的)lately(最近)
near(靠近的)nearly(幾乎)
10.少數(shù)以-ly結(jié)尾的不是副詞,是形容詞
costly(貴的)lonely(孤獨的)
lovely(可愛的)deadly(致命的)
ugly(丑陋的)friendly(友好的)
lively(活潑的)
介詞和介詞詞組講析
介詞是一種虛詞,不能單獨作句子成分。必須有名詞或代詞作它的賓
語構(gòu)成介詞詞組或短語。英語中的介詞大致可以分為:
簡單介詞,如:at,after,by,in,of,till,to,with
合成介詞,如:into,outside,upon,without等
成語介詞,如:accordingto,asto,becauseof等
1.介詞的位置
(a)介詞一般放在名詞或代詞前。
Thearrivalofthedelegationwaswarmlywelcomed.
Aftermidnight,therainbegantofall.
(b)介詞可放在疑問句或定語從句末。
Who(m)wereyoutalkingtojustnowonthephone?
Doyourememberthenameofthebookwhichtheteacherreferredusto?
(c)介詞可以放在連接代詞和之前,甚至放在句首。如:
Withwhomdidyougoshoppingyesterday?
Atwhattimedoyouhavesuppereveryday?
2.介詞的用法
介詞的用法非常復雜,要掌握它就要下工夫,首先要了解一些主要介
詞的基本意思,同時要注意和其它詞的搭配,特別是動詞、形容詞和
名詞與介詞的搭配,在學習時一,一定要熟記一批這樣的固定搭配關(guān)系。
如:
(a)和動詞的固定搭配
adviseagainstdoingsthlaughat/aboutsb./sth.
agreeaboutsth.listentosb./sth.
agreetoaproposallookaftersb./sth.
agreewithsb.lookatsb./sth.
aimat/foratargetlookforsb./sth.
apologizetosb.forsth.meetwithsb.
applytosb.forsth.objecttosb./sth.
approveofsb./sth.payforsb./sth.
arriveat/inquarrelwithsb.aboutsth.
askforsb./sth.readaboutsth.
beginwithsth.reasonwithsb.
believeinsb./sth.refertosb./sth.
belongtosb/sth.relyonsb./sth
borrowfromsb.replytosb.
choosebetweenreportonsb/sthtosb.
confesstosb./tosthresignfromajob
dealwithsb./aproblemretirefromone'sjob
dependonsb./sth.searchforsb./sth.
differfromsb./sth.(it)smellofsth.
dreamabout/ofdoingsucceedindoingsth.
emergefromaplacesufferfromsth.
failintalktosb.aboutsth.
guessatthetruth(it)tasteofsth.
identifywithsb.tradewithsb./insth.
insistondoingtrustinsb./sth.
knockatvotefor/againstsb./sth.
knowof/aboutwaitforsb./sth.
wishforwritetosb.aboutsth
(b)在“動詞+賓語+介詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中
absentoneselffromworkexplainsth.tosb.
accusesb.ofsth.forgivesb.forsth.
adaptsth.tosty.hidesth.fromsb.
addsth.toidentifysth.with/assth.
admiresb.forsth.includesth.insth.else
advisesb.aboutsth.informsb.of/aboutsth.
appointsb.as/toapostinsuresb.againststh.
arrangesth.forsb.interestsb.insth.
assesssthatapriceinvestmoneyinsth.
associatesb./sth.withlendsth.tosb.
attachsth.tosth.neglectsb./sth.forsb./sth.
blamesb.forsth.refersb.sth.tosb.
chargesth.tomyaccountremindsb.ofsb./sth.
chargesb.withacrimerepeatsth.tosb.
combinesth.withsth.reservesth.forsb.
comparesb./sth.withrobsb.ofsth.
congratulatesb.onsth.sharesth.withsb.
convertsb.tosth.stealsth.fromsb.
defendsb.fromsth.stopsb.fromdoingsth.
tellsb.aboutsth.discusssth.withsb.
translatesth.from/intoexcusesb.forsth.
(c)在與形容詞連用的結(jié)構(gòu)中
absentfromaplacefreefrom
afraidofsb./sth.fullofsth.
angryat/aboutsth.goodat(doing)sth.
angrywithgratefultosb.forsth.
annoyedat/abouthappyabout/at/over/with
annoyedwithsb.interestedin/bysb./sth.
anxiousabout/oversb./sth.keenon(doing)sth.
awareofsb./sth.kindtosb.
awfulat(doing)sth.lateforwork
boredby/withsb./sth.obligedtosb./sth.
capableof(doing)sth.pleasedabout/withsb./sth.
carelessofdangersadaboutsb./sth.
connectwithsth.satisfiedwithsb./sth.
contrarytosth.seperatedfromsth.
differentfrom/tosb./sth.sorryabout/for(doing)sth.
eagerforsth.sorryforsb.
excitedabour/atby/oversurprisedabout/at/by
faithfultosb./sth.thankfultosb.forsth.
famousfor(doing)sth.worriedaboutsb.sth.
fondofsb./sth.wrongaboutsb./sth.
(d)在與名詞連用的結(jié)構(gòu)中
absencefromconversionto
adviceagainst,to/aboutcuriosityabout
adaptationtodependenceon
additiontodifferencefrom/to
admirationfordreamof
agreementto,withdescriptionof
aimatdiscussionwith
angerat/aboutsth.divisionby
annoyanceat,withexcitementabout/at
apologytosb.excuseforsth.
applicationtoexplanationof
approvaloffailurein
arrivalat/inguessat
awarenessof
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