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考研英語(一)模擬試題一
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark
A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery,1
Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesunspot
activity,andstudiesofannualtree3,whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed,4thatthe
terribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.
Thissoundsincredible,6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsome
ofourbody7Over120000testsweremadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethe
numberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percent
ofman'swhitebloodcells,butinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasa
bigdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987,andnumberofpeople11fromdiseases
causedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary
1986.
Manyofthebody's13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth's
magnetic14Ifthisisso,one15tofindthatthenervoussystem,whichdependson
electricalstimuli,wouldbethemost16Astudyof5580coal-mineaccidents17theRuhr
rivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.Studiesoftrafficaccidentsin
RussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincrease,byasmuchasfour18theaverage,ondays
afterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeper
thanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanin,amongotherthings,
aremarkablysensitivelivingsundial.
18.[A]timesabove[B]time[C]timesin[D]times
19.[A]formation[B]explosion[C]eruption[D]propulsion
20.[A]dueto[B]aptfor[C]allbut[D]priorto
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Overthelastdecade,demandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedures,likebreast
enlargementsandnosejobs,hasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDavies,
ofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmith,themajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsare
notchasingphysicalperfection.Rather,theyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheir
appearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatweallcraveistolooknormal,andnormaliswhatis
prescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveuslooklikethat.
InAmerica,thedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;rather,itcentersonwhat
agepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImber
recommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsa
heroictransformationissilly,nhesays."Bythen,you'vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeand
allowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder
18,however,"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon'tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn'tbe
consideringplasticsurgery.n
IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichand
famous.Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantially,bringingallbutthemost
advancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davies,whoclaimsto"caterforthe
averageperson",agrees.Hesays:nItreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotof
secretaries.Ofcourse,£3,000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentfbrlife
whichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."
Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremoval
techniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelped
promotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yet,asonewomanwhorecentlypaid£2,500for
liposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmitted,theslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgery
Veteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey'dbeenbuggingmeforyears.
Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon'tthink
there'sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit."
21.Accordingtothetext,thereasonforcosmeticsurgeryisto
[A]bephysicallyhealthy.
[B]lookmorenormal.
[C]satisfyappetite.
[D]beacceptedbymedia.
22.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,Dr.Daviesimpliesthat
[A]cosmeticsurgery,thoughcostly,isworthhaving.
[B]cosmeticsurgeryistooexpensive.
[C]cosmeticsurgeryisnecessaryevenfortheaverageperson.
[D]cosmeticsurgeryismainlyfortherichandfamous.
23.Thestatement"drawsthelineatoperatingonpeople"(para.2)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]removingwrinklesfromtheface.
[B]helpingpeoplemakeup.
[C]enjoyingoperating.
[D]refusingtooperate.
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
[A]itiswisetohavecosmeticsurgeryunder18.
[B]cosmeticsurgeryisnowmucheasier.
[C]peopletendtoabusecosmeticsurgery.
[D]theearlierpeoplehavecosmeticsurgery,thebettertheywillbe.
25.Thetextismainlyabout
[A]theadvantageofhavingcosmeticsurgery.
[B]whatkindofpeopleshouldhavecosmeticsurgery.
[C]thereasonwhycosmeticsurgeryissopopular.
[D]thedisadvantageofhavingcosmeticsurgery.
Text2
Innatureasinculture,diversitycanbeadifficultconcept.Understandingitisonething,
acceptingitanother,especiallywhendiversitymeansnotonlyacknowledgingapre-existing
mixtureofdifference—theveryamplenessoftheworld—butalsoaccommodatinganadjustmentto
theexistingstateofthings.AcaseinpointisthereintroductionofgraywolvesinYellowstone
nationalPark.Thirty-threewolveswerereleasedin1995,andtheirnumberhasnowreached97.
Populationexpansionisonemeasureofthewolfprogram'ssuccess,butabetteroneisthewolves1
impactonthenaturaldiversityofthepark.
Typically,apackoftheYellowstonewolveskillsabigdeerveryfewdays.Butoverthe
remainsthewolvesabandon,awonderfulnewdiversityhasemerged.Sincetheirarrival,wolves
havekilledmanyofthepark'scoyotes(叢林郎),asmallerkindofwolf.Thereductionincoyotes
hascausedanincreaseinrodentssuchasmice,rabbitsandsquirrels,whichalsobenefitsawide
rangeofpredators.Eventhecoyotesthatliveatthemarginsofwolfcountryhaveprospered,thanks
totheleftoversthewolvesleavebehind.Sodogrizzlybears,whichfeedonwolf-kilteddeerbefore
beginninghibernationorwintersleep.
Whathasinterestedscientistsistheswiftness,thedynamism,ofthisshiftindiversity.There
hasbeen,however,nomatchingdynamismintheopinionofhumanswhoopposethewolf
reintroduction.ThatwasmadeplainbyaFederaldistrictjudge'srecentorderto"remove"the
wolves,theresultoralegalprocessthatistheoffspringofinflexibility.Severallivestockgroups,
includingtheWyomingFarmBureau,hadfiledasuitthaturged,inslightlyclevererterms,theold
proposition,nowolves,noproblems.Severalenvironmentalgroupshadfliedaseparate
lawsuit—unconnectedtotheYellowstonewolves—protestingthedroppingoflegalprotectionfor
wolvesthatwererecolonizingIdaho.Thetwosuitswereunfortunatelymerged.
ThoughJudgeWilliamDownesstayedhisowndecision,pendingappeal,hisjudgmentisasad
encouragementtothemistakendefensivenessofmostranchersorcattlefarmers.Itisalsoa
misunderstandingofthepurposeoftheenvironmentalists1suit.Hisdecisionneedstobeswiftlyand
decisivelyoverturnedonappeal.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatsincethereturnofthewolves,
Yellowstonehaswitnessedaneconomyofdiversityfromwhichhumanculture—includingthe
cultureofranching—candirectlyprofit,ifonlyitchoosestodoso.
26.Sincethearrivalof33wolvesintheYellowstoneNationalPark,
[A]adynamicbiologicalchainhasstartedtofonction
[B]animalskeptintheparkhavehadenoughfood
[C]someanimalsthatarenotwantedhavebeenvanishing
[D]theattractionoftheparkisgreatlyincreased
27.Theauthorthinksitunfortunatethatthejudgeshould
[A]makeeffortstoacceptsuitswithregardtooldissues.
[B]makeuseoflegalmeanstoprotecthisowninterests.
[C]mixuptwoirrelevantsuitsandmakewolvesthevictims.
[D]supporttheprotestagainstcancelinglegalprotectionsforwolves.
28.TheauthorbelievesthatJudgeWilliamDowneswasobviouslyonthesideof
[A]theYellowstonePark
[B]livestockgroups
[C]environmentalgroups
[D]federallaws
29.CommentingontheYellowstoneParkwolfprogram,theauthor
[A]urgesthedistrictjudgetoreversehisrecentorder.
[B]criticizestheattitudeofenvironmentalgroups.
[C]callsonthepeopletoprotectwolveseverywhere
[D]speaksfortheinterestsofmostcattlefarmers.
30.Accordingtotheauthor,theprotectionofwolveswill
[A]bringaboutaneconomicboomtothesurroundingfarmsandranches
[B]causebiggerlossesoflivestocktothePark'sneighboringfarms
[C]leadtoanumberofcontroversiesinthesociety
[D]provetobebeneficialtoallpartiesconcerned
Text3
VintonCerf,knownasthefatheroftheInternet,saidonWednesdaythattheWebwas
outgrowingtheplanetEarthandthetimehadcometotaketheinformationsuperhighwaytoouter
space.
"TheInternetisgrowingquickly,andwestillhavealotofworktodotocovertheplanet,*'
CerftoldthefirstdayoftheannualconferenceoftheInternetSocietyinGenevawheremorethan
1,500cyberspacefanshavegatheredtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthetangledwebofthe
Internet.
Cerfbelievedthatitwouldsoonbepossibletosendreal-timesciencedataontheInternetfrom
aspacemissionorbitinganotherplanetsuchasMars."Thereisnowaneffortunderwaytodesign
andbuildaninterplanetaryInternet.Thespaceresearchcommunityiscomingcloserandcloserand
merging.WethinkthatwewillseeinterplanetaryInternetnetworksthatlookverymuchlikethe
onesweusetoday.Wewillneedinterplanetarygatewaysandtherewillbeprotocolstotransmitdata
betweenthesegateways,nCerfsaid.
FrancoisFluckiger,ascientistattendingtheconferencefromtheEuropeanParticlePhysics
LaboratorynearGeneva,wasnotentirelyconvinced,saying:"Weneeddreamslikethis.ButIdon't
knowanyMartianwhomPdliketocommunicatewiththroughtheInternet."
CerfhasbeenworkingwithNASA'sPasadenaJetPropulsionLaboratory-thepeoplebehind
therecentMarsexpedition—todesignwhathecallsan"interplanetaryInternetprotocol.HHe
believesthatastronautswillwanttousetheInternet,althoughspecialproblemsremainwith
interferenceanddelay.
"Thisisquitereal.Theeffortisbecomingextraordinarilyconcreteoverthenextfewmonths
becausethenextMarsmissionisinplanningstagesnow,"Cerftoldtheconference.
"IfweusedomainnameslikeEarthorMars...jetpropulsionlaboratorypeoplewouldbe
comingtogetherwithpeoplefromtheInternetcommunity."Headded.
"TheideaistotaketheinterplanetaryInternetdesignandmakeitapartoftheinfrastructureof
theMarsmission.0
Helatertoldanewsconferencethatdesigningthissystemnowwouldpreparemankindfor
futuretechnologicaladvances.
"Thewholeideaistocreateanarchitecturesothedesignwoksanywhere.Idon'tknowwhere
we'regoingtohavetoputitbutmyguessisthatwellbegoingouttheresometimeJCerfsaid.
"Ifyouthink100yearsfromnow,itisentirelypossiblethatwhatwillbepurelyresearch50
yearsfromnowwillbecomecommercial100yearsfromnow.TheInternetwasthesame----it
startedaspureresearchbutnowitiscommercialized."
31.Whichofthefollowingisthemainpointofthetext?
[A]Thedevelopmentoftheinternet.
[B]Thepossibilityofspaceresearch.
[C]Universalinformationsuperhighway.
[D]ThetechnologicaladvancesofMarsmission.
32.Fromthetext,welearnthatVintonCerfis
[A]seekinganswerstoquestionsabouttheinternetweb.
[B]workingoninterplanetaryinternetwithcollaborationsofNASA.
[C]tryingtocommercializetheinterplanetaryinternet.
[D]exploringthepossibilityofestablishinginternetnetworkonMars.
33.WeknowfromthetextthatMarsmissionis
[A]oneofNASA*sinternetprojects:
[B]anexpeditiontoMars.
[C]theinfrastructureoftheinterplanetaryinternet.
[D]tocreateanarchitectureonMars..
34.AccordingtoCerf,thepurposetodesigninterplanetaryinternetisto
[A]sendreal-timesciencedata.
[B]communicatewithastronauts.
[C]layfoundationforfuturetechnologicaladvances.
[D]commercializeit.
35.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
[A]thedreamtobuildinterplanetaryinternetcanbefulfilledinthefuture.
[B]interplanetaryinternetwillcommercializedin100years.
[C]theresearchofinternettook50years.
[D]itwilltakealongtimetobuildinterplanetaryinternet.
Text4
Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material"things"—Physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,
held,felt,used—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellus
aboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccan
helpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof"thing"init,ofcourse,aremusical
instruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe
1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformation
aboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:
instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,as
wellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromthe
NearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEastern
influencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphony
orchestra.
Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolk
music-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,but
researchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesin
Europe,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeany
song,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusic
notationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthe
music-cultureasawhole.
Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmore
attentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefoldmusicas
wedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritage.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecording
classicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwill
alwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallcultures
alike.
Onemoreimportantpartofmusic'smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceofthe
electronicmedia—radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromising
talkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe
"information-revolution",atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolution
inthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffected
musicculturesallovertheglobe.
36.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?
[A]Instruments.
[B]Music.
[C]Paintings.[D]
Sheetmusic.
37.Theword"phonograph"(line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans
[A]recordplayer.
[BIradio.
[C]musicaltechnique.
[D]musicculture.
38.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis
[A]theimportanceofculturaltoolsandtechnology.
[B]theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization.
[C]thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic.
[D]thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments.
39.Whichofthefollowingisnotanadvantageofprintedmusic?
[A]Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.
[B]Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.
[C]themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.
[D]Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.
40.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat
[A]traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation.
[B]theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren'tworthyofnotice.
[C]musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic
[D]themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered.
PartB
Directions:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,
choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwo
extrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyofthegaps:MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10
points)
HUMANSliketoregardthemselvesasexceptional.Otheranimalsdonothavecomplex,
syntacticallanguages.Nordomostofthemappeartoenjoythesamelevelofconsciousnessthat
peopledo.Andmanyphilosophersbelievehumansaretheonlyspecieswhichunderstandsthat
othershavetheirownpersonalthoughts.Thatunderstandingisknowninthetradeashavinga
"theoryofmind",anditisconsideredthegatewaytosuchcherishedhumanqualitiesasempathy
anddeception.
41)___________________________________________________
IntheProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety,BerndHeinrichandThomasBugnyarofthe
UniversityofVermont,inBurlington,describeaseriesofexperimentstheyhavecarriedouton
ravens.Theywantedtoseehowthesebirds,whichareknowntobe(atleastbyavianstandards)
bothcleverandsociable,wouldrespondtohumangaze.
42)___________________________________________________
Totestwhetherravenscouldfollowgaze,DrHeinrichandDrBugnyarusedsix
six-month-oldhand-rearedravens,andonefour-year-old.Thebirdsweresat,oneatatime,ona
perchononesideofaroomdividedbyabarrier.Anexperimentersataboutametreinfrontofthe
barrier.Theexperimentermovedhisheadandeyesinaparticulardirectionandgazedfor30
secondsbeforelookingaway.Sometimeshegazedup,sometimestothepartoftheroomwherethe
birdsat,andsometimestothepartoftheroomhiddenbehindthebarrier.Theexperimentwas
videotaped.43).Inthelattercase,thecuriousbirdseitherjumped
downfromtheperchandwalkedaroundthebarriertohavealookorleaptontopofitandpeered
over.Therewasneveranythingthere,buttheyweredeterminedtoseeforthemselves.
Asuggestiveresult,butnot,perhaps,aconclusiveone.44)
Inthiscase,theobservationwaspleasantlyunexpected.DrBugnyarwasconductingan
experimentdesignedtoseewhatravenslearnfromeachotherwhileforaging.Whiledoingsohe
noticedstrangeinteractionsbetweentwomales,Hugin,asubordinatebird,andMunin,adominant
one.
45).Thesubordinatemale
wasfarbetteratthistaskthanthedominant.However,henevermanagedtogulpdownmorethana
fewpiecesoftherewardbeforethedominantraven,Munin,washustlinghimonhisway.Clearly
(andnotunexpectedly)ravensareabletolearnaboutfoodsourcesfromoneanother.Theyarealso
abletobullyeachothertogainaccesstothatfood.
Butthensomethingunexpectedhappened.Hugin,thesubordinate,triedanewstrategy.As
soonasMuninbulliedhim,heheadedovertoasetofemptycontainers,prisedthelidsoffthem
enthusiastically,andpretendedtoeat.Muninfollowed,whereuponHuginreturnedtotheloaded
containersandatehisfill.
[A]Responsetogazeisreckonedtobeagoodmeasureofthedevelopmentoftheoryofmindin
humanchildren.Byabout18monthsofagemostchildrenareabletofollowthegazeofanother
person,andinferthingsaboutthegazerfromit.Failuretodevelopthistrickisanearly
symptomofautism,asyndromewhosemainunderlyingfeatureisaninabilitytounderstandthat
otherpeoplehaveminds,too.
[B]However,thesecondstudy,carriedoutbyDrBugnyarwhenhewasworkingattheUniversity
ofAustria,andpublishedlastmonthinAnimalCognition,suggeststhatravensmayhave
masteredtheartofdeceptiontoo.
[C]Asithappened,Muninwasnodummyeither.Hesoongrewwisetothetactic,andwouldnotbe
ledastray.Heevenstoopedtotryingtofindthefoodrewardsonhisown!ThismadeHugin
furious."Hegotveryangry",saysDrBugnyar,"andstartedthrowingthingsaround."Perhaps
ravenshavesomethingelseincommonwithpeople—ahatredofbeingfoundout.
[D]Biologistshavelearnedtotreatsuchassertionswithcaution.Inparticular,theyhavefound
evidenceoftheoriesofmindinarangeofmammals,fromgorillastogoats.Buttworecent
studiessuggestthatevenmammalianstudiesmaybelookingatthequestiontoonarrowly.Birds,
itseems,canhavetheoriesofmind,too.
[E]DrHeinrichandDrBugnyarfoundthatallthebirdswereabletofollowthegazeofthe
experimenters,evenbeyondthebarrier.
[F]AtfirstDrBugnyarcouldnotbelievewhathewasseeing.Hewasanxiousaboutsharinghis
observation,forfearthatnoonewouldbelievehim.ButHugin,heisconvinced,wasclearly
misleadingMunin.
[G]Thetaskwastoworkoutwhichcolour-codedfilmcontainersheldsomebitsofcheese,then
prisethecontainersopenandeatthecontents.
PartC
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto
Chinese,YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points).....
Asaneutralnation,SwitzerlandescapedmuchofthehorrorsofWorldWarII.(46)While
EuropewasbeingravagedbyHitler'sNaziwarmachine,theSwisswentabouttheirbusinessliving
asnormalalifeastheycouldamidwhatwouldberememberedastheworstwarinhistory.
Butneutralityinaworldwarisamyth.Althoughgunsandtanksmaynotrollacrossthehillsof
a"neutralnation",otheraspectsofwarareconductedtherejustthesame.DuringWorldWarII,
SwitzerlandwasusedasabasebymanyAlliedspies.(47)InternationalJewishorganizations
operatedoutofSwisscities,andmanySwisscitizensandcompaniesworkedfortheallies,
providingthemwithinformationandmaterials.
ButjustasSwitzerlandhelpedsupporttheAlliedwareffort,sodidtheNazisbenefitfromth
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