2022年高考英語閱讀理解分主題專項(xiàng)強(qiáng)化11社會(huì)篇之歷史多彩（解析版）

2022年高考英語閱讀理解分主題專項(xiàng)強(qiáng)化11社會(huì)篇之歷史多彩WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1．WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A．Lossofwetlands. B．Popularityofwatersports.C．Pollutionofrivers. D．Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.3．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown.B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4．What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act)?A．Negative. B．Positive.C．Indifferent. D．Unknown.【答案】1．A2．C3．D4．B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了美國聯(lián)邦鴨郵票的誕生背景、具體內(nèi)容和影響。由于之前不恰當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)展導(dǎo)致了美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了聯(lián)邦鴨郵票，狩獵者只有購買了該郵票才能狩獵，而郵票的部分收入進(jìn)入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護(hù)了水禽。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段末尾內(nèi)容“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.(數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地干涸，為不斷增長的人口提供食物和住房，大大減少了水禽的棲息地)”可知，由于濕地的干涸減少，水禽失去了棲息地，這是水禽數(shù)量減少的一個(gè)原因。故選A項(xiàng)。2．詞義猜測題。分析劃線單詞句可知，句中“Unfortunately”意為“不幸的是”，表達(dá)與前文之間的轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系。根據(jù)前文“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.(美洲原住民明智地保護(hù)了這些寶貴的自然資源)”可知，美洲原住民保護(hù)了資源，因此“Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.”應(yīng)是表達(dá)相反含義，即，探險(xiǎn)家和外來定居者破壞了這些資源。因此可推知，“decimate”應(yīng)是“破壞；毀壞”含義。故選C項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.(根據(jù)這項(xiàng)法案，所有16歲及以上的水禽獵人必須每年購買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨章)”可知，法案要求水禽獵人需要購買并攜帶一枚聯(lián)邦鴨郵票，且結(jié)合第三段內(nèi)容“About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.(每一美元的鴨郵票中，約有98美分將直接進(jìn)入候鳥保護(hù)基金，用于購買濕地和野生動(dòng)物棲息地，將其納入國家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)系統(tǒng)——這一事實(shí)確保了這片土地將受到保護(hù)，并供子孫后代使用)”可知，由水禽獵人購買聯(lián)邦鴨郵票而得來的錢中的大部分直接進(jìn)入候鳥保護(hù)基金，用于購買濕地和野生動(dòng)物棲息地，將其納入國家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)系統(tǒng)。由此可知，通過1934年的法案，美國政府發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨郵票，其直接后果是政府獲得了大量資金。故選D項(xiàng)。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章末尾段末句內(nèi)容“LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.(難怪聯(lián)邦鴨郵票計(jì)劃被稱為有史以來最成功的保護(hù)計(jì)劃之一)”可知，作者用褒義詞短語“oneofthemostsuccessful”來描述該法案，由此可推知，作者對(duì)其抱有積極樂觀的正面態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)。NewfindingsclearlyshowtheAngloSaxonswereameltingpotofpeoplefrombothmigrantandlocalculturalgroupsandnotonegroupfromWesternEurope.ProlessorKeithDobneyattheUniversityofSydneysaidtheteam'sresultsstatethat"theAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofearlyMedievalBritainwereclearlysimilartomodernBritain—fullofpeopleofdifferentancestriessharingacommonlanguageandculture.”PublishedinPLOSONE,thecooperativestudybyProfessorDobneyatUniversityofSydneyandDrKimberlyPlompandProfessorMarkCollardatSimonFraserUniversityinVancouver.lookedatthethree-dimensionalshapeofthebaseoftheskull(頭蓋骨).“PreviousstudieshaveshownthatthebaseofthehumanskullholdsashapesignaturethatcanbeusedtotrackrelationshipsamonghumanpopulationsinasimilarwaytoancientDNA,”DrPlompsaid."Basedonthis,wecollected3DdatafromsuitablydatedskeletalcollectionsfromBritainandDenmark,andthenanalysedthedatatojudgetheancestryoftheAnglo-Saxonindividualsinthesample.”Theresearchersfoundthatbetweentwo-thirdsandthree-quartersofearlyAngloSaxonindividualswereofcontinentalEuropeanancestry,whilebetweenaquarterandone-thirdwereoflocalancestry.WhentheylookedatskeletonsdatedtotheMiddleAnglo-Saxonperiod(severalhundredaftertheoriginalmigrantsarrived),theyfoundthat50to70percentoftheindividualswereoflocalancestry,while30to50percentwereofcontinentalEuropeanancestry,whichprobablyindicatesachangeintherateofmigrationandlocaladoptionofcultureovertime."ThesefindingstellusthatbeingAnglo-Saxonwasmorelikelyamatteroflanguageandculture,notgenetics,"ProfessorCollardsaid.TheongoingandunresolvedargumentiswhetheralotofEuropeaninvaderslargelyreplacedtheexistingRomano-Britishinhabitants,ordidsmallernumbersofmigrantssettleandinteractwiththelocals,whothenrapidlyadoptedthenewlanguageandcultureoftheanglo-Saxons?"OurnewdatasuggeststhatearlyAngloSaxonsocietywasamixofbothnewcomersandlocalsand,insteadofwholepopulationreplacement,aprocessofacculturationresultedinAnglo-Saxonlanguageandculturebeingadoptedlargelybythelocalpopulation.5．Whatcanweinferfromthestudy?A．ManylocalswerekilledbycontinentalEuropeanmigrates.B．Anglo-Saxonscreatedthemostpowerfullanguageandculture.C．TheAnglo-SaxonindividualswereactuallyfromwesternEuropean.D．Anglo-Saxonswerepeopleofdifferentancestorswiththesameculture.6．Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheirstudy?A．Bystudyingthelocalcultureandlanguage.B．Bycomparingthechangeratesofdifferentpeople.C．Bycomparingthedifferentculturesandlanguages.D．Bystudyingtheshapesoftheskulloftherelatedpeople.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedwordacculturationmeaninthelastparagraph?A．culturaladaptation. B．culturaldevelopment.C．racefighting. D．cultureinvade.8．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．AresearchoftheAnglo-Saxonculture.B．AstudyoftheoriginofAnglo-Saxons.C．AhistorystoryofAnglo-Saxonindividuals.D．Astudyofthepoweroflanguageandculture.【答案】5．D6．D7．A8．B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了對(duì)盎格魯—撒克遜人起源的研究。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“theAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofearlyMedievalBritainwereclearlysimilartomodernBritain—fullofpeopleofdifferentancestriessharingacommonlanguageandculture”(中世紀(jì)早期英國的盎格魯-撒克遜王國顯然與現(xiàn)代英國相似——全是有著不同祖先的人，擁有共同的語言和文化)可知，盎格魯—撒克遜人是有著相同文化的不同祖先的人。故選D。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“l(fā)ookedatthethree-dimensionalshapeofthebaseoftheskull”(看了頭骨底部的三維形狀)和第四段最后一句“Basedonthis,wecollected3DdatafromsuitablydatedskeletalcollectionsfromBritainandDenmark,andthenanalysedthedatatojudgetheancestryoftheAnglo-Saxonindividualsinthesample”(在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們從英國和丹麥的骨骼標(biāo)本中收集了3D數(shù)據(jù)，然后分析數(shù)據(jù)來判斷樣本中盎格魯-撒克遜人的祖先)可知，研究人員通過研究相關(guān)人的頭骨形狀來進(jìn)行研究。故選D。7．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句中的“earlyAngloSaxonsocietywasamixofbothnewcomersandlocalsand,insteadofwholepopulationreplacement”(早期盎格魯-撒克遜社會(huì)是新來者和當(dāng)?shù)厝说幕旌象w，而不是全部人口的更替)和“beingadoptedlargelybythelocalpopulation”(被當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駨V泛接受)可知，此處是指文化上的融合和適應(yīng)，所以acculturation意為“文化適應(yīng)”。故選A。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“NewfindingsclearlyshowtheAngloSaxonswereameltingpotofpeoplefrombothmigrantandlocalculturalgroupsandnotonegroupfromWesternEurope.”(新的發(fā)現(xiàn)清楚地表明，盎格魯-撒克遜人是移民和當(dāng)?shù)匚幕后w的人的大熔爐，而不是一個(gè)來自西歐的群體。)可知，文章主要介紹了對(duì)盎格魯-撒克遜人起源的研究。故選B。Bytheearly1800s,themostimportantfoodinIrelandwasthepotato.ManyIrishfarmersheldverysmallplotsofland,andpotatoesproducedmuchmorefoodperacrethananyothercrop.Potatoeswereeasytogrowinthecoolclimate,andtheyprovidedvitalnutritionforthosewhohadlittleaccesstootherfreshfood—whichwasroughlyhalfoftheIrishpopulation.Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource,andtheIrishfoundoutwhyinapainful,deadlyway.In1845,afungus(真菌)fromMexicoarrivedinIreland.Althoughitsexactsourceremainsunknown,itwasprobablycarriedintheholdsofshipsthattraveledtoIrelandcarryinggoodsandpeople.Thefungusattackedthepotatocrops,causingharvestedpotatoestodisintegrate(使解體)intoblackpilesofrot,causingafamine(饑荒),orseverefoodshortage.Veryquickly,alargesectionoftheIrishpopulationbegantostarve.Farmershopedthatthe1846harvestwouldbebetter,butitwasworse.Thatwinter,theweatherwasterribleandincludedseveresnowstorms,highwinds,andbitterlycoldtemperatures.Bythenextyear'sharvest,thepotatoeshadbeguntorecover.TheIrishwerehopefulthatthePotatoFaminehadcometoanend.However,theharvestwasfartoosmalltosustainthestarvingpopulation.Soupkitchenswereeventuallysetuptofeedthehungry,buttheycouldnotcomeclosetomeetingthedemandforfood.Diseasesassociatedwithfamine,suchascholera(霍亂),hittheweakenedIrish.Itisestimatedthat,by1851,atleastonemillionpeoplediedofdiseaseorstarvation,andanothermillionhadleftIrelandfortheUnitedStates,England,orCanada.9．Before1845,theIrishpeople________.A．dependedhighlyonpotatoesforfood B．livedthroughaverydifficultwinterC．sufferedfromcholera D．ownedmuchland10．WhathappenedtoIrelandin1846?A．ShipsbroughtafungustoIreland.B．Overonemillionpeoplediedofdisease.C．Theharvestedpotatoesrotted.D．Thewinterweatherlimitedthepotatocrop.11．WhenhadpeopleleftIrelandinsignificantnumbers?A．Rightafterthecropsdisintegrated.B．Bythetimeamillionpeoplehaddied.C．Duringthebitterwinterfollowingthefamine.D．ShortlyafterthefungusarrivedfromMexico.12．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．DyingforPotatoes B．TheFungusInfectionC．DyingofDisease D．CholerainIreland【答案】9．A10．D11．B12．A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。馬鈴薯曾是愛爾蘭人的主要糧食來源，在1845年至1850年，一種真菌造成愛爾蘭的馬鈴薯腐爛繼而絕收，從而造成愛爾蘭大饑荒。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bytheearly1800s，themostimportantfoodinIrelandwasthepotato.(到19世紀(jì)初，愛爾蘭最重要的食物是土豆)”及第二段中的“Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource(這么多的人依賴一種食物來源并不是一個(gè)好主意)”可知，愛爾蘭人高度依賴土豆作為食物。故選A。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Farmershopedthatthe1846harvestwouldbebetter,butitwasworse.Thatwinter,theweatherwasterribleandincludedseveresnowstorms,highwinds,andbitterlycoldtemperatures.(農(nóng)民們希望1846年的收成會(huì)更好，但情況會(huì)更糟。那年冬天，天氣很糟糕，包括嚴(yán)重的暴風(fēng)雪、大風(fēng)和劇烈的低溫)”可知，1846年冬天的惡劣天氣影響了土豆的收成。故選D。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Itisestimatedthat,by1851,atleastonemillionpeoplediedofdiseaseorstarvation,andanothermillionhadleftIrelandfortheUnitedStates,England,orCanada.(據(jù)估計(jì)，到1851年，至少有100萬人死于疾病或饑餓，還有100萬人離開愛爾蘭前往美國、英國或加拿大)”可知,到100萬人死去的時(shí)候，大量的愛爾蘭人離開了愛爾蘭。故選B。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段的“Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource,andtheIrishfoundoutwhyinapainful,deadlyway.In1845,afungus(真菌)fromMexicoarrivedinIreland.(對(duì)于這么多的人來說，依賴一種食物來源不是一個(gè)好主意，愛爾蘭人以一種痛苦、致命的方式找到了原因。1845年，一種來自墨西哥的真菌抵達(dá)愛爾。)”和下文內(nèi)容可知，文章講述了一種真菌造成愛爾蘭的馬鈴薯腐爛繼而絕收，從而造成愛爾蘭大饑荒的故事，因此推斷A項(xiàng)“因土豆死亡”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題。故選A。Howdocountriesdeterminewhoseportraitstofeatureontheircurrency,andwhatdoesittellusabouttheirpasts?Here’salookatbanknotesfromaroundtheworldandthestoriesbehindtheircreation.UnitedStatesIn1866,controversyeruptedwhentheU.STreasuryissuedafive-centnotebearingtheportraitofSpencerClark,thefirstchiefofwhatisnowknownastheBureauofEngravingandPrinting.ClarkwasnotwelllikedbysomemembersofCongress,whohadaccusedhimyearsearlieroffraudand“grossimmortality.”Followingpublicoutcry,CongresspassedalawonApril7,1866,whichprohibitedprintingthe“portraitorlikenessofanylivingperson”onthecountry’scurrency.U.S.lawstillprohibitsusingthelikenessoflivingpeopletoday,andevencommemorativecoinshonoringapastpresidentcannotbeissueduntiltwoyearsafterthepresident’sdeath.Inthemodernera,thecountrycelebratedpastpresidentsandFoundingFathersonitscurrency－withportraitsofGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,AbrahamLincoln,AlexanderHamilton,UlyssesS.GrantandBenjaminFranklingracingitsbanknotes.NewZealandNewZealand’sbanknotedesignhasbeenanunintentionalreflectionofNewZealand’sevolvingself-imageeversinceitbeganissuingcurrencyin1934,accordingtohistorianMatthewWright.TheBritishdominion’sfirstbanknotesreflectedasplitidentity,bearingbothBritishandlocaldesigns.TheearliestseriesboreaportraitofMaoriKingTawhaio,whoseimagewasreplacedin1940withCaptainJamesCook,theBritishexplorerwho“discovered”NewZealand.NewZealandbecameaself-governingnationin1947－yetin1976,morethan20yearslater,itwasstillproudofitsassociationwithBritain.QueenElizabethIIdisplacedCookonallbanknotes,alongsidenativeplantsandbirds.Bythelate20thcentury,however,NewZealandhadbeguntothinkofitselfasadiverseandindependentnation.In1991,fiveyearsafterwinningfulllegalindependencefromBritain,NewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd,mountaineerSirEdmundHillary,MaoripoliticalandculturalleaderSirApiranaNgata,andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford－whostillgracethebanknotestoday.13．WhydidU.S.Congressbantheportraitofanylivingpersononthecurrency?A．Tosolveacrime. B．Toissueafive-centnote.C．Tohonorapastpresident. D．Tostoppubliccontroversy.14．WhatdothefacesonthecurrencyofAmericaandthatofNewZealandhaveincommon?A．Theyaredeterminedbythepublic.B．Theyincludetheportraitsofoutstandingfigures.C．Theysymbolizetheindependenceofthecountries.D．Theyarecloselyassociatedwithlocalenvironment.15．WhatcanweinferfromtheevolvingofNewZealand’scurrency?A．Historiansaffecteditgreatly.B．Theprocessofitwascomplicated.C．NewZealandusedtobeadiversenation.D．Thebanknotedesignexperiencedlotsoftests.16．WhosefaceisonthecurrencyofNewZealand?A．ErnestRutherford. B．MaoriKingTawhaio.C．QueenElizabethII. D．CaptainJamesCook.【答案】13．D14．B15．B16．A【解析】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了美國和新西蘭兩國貨幣上肖像的演變過程。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“In1866,controversyeruptedwhentheU.STreasuryissuedafive-centnotebearingtheportraitofSpencerClark…andBenjaminFranklingracingitsbanknotes（1866年，美國財(cái)政部發(fā)行了一張印有斯賓塞·克拉克和本杰明·富蘭克林肖像的5美分紙幣，引發(fā)了爭議）”及第三段“Followingpublicoutcry,CongresspassedalawonApril7,1866…（在公眾的強(qiáng)烈抗議下，國會(huì)于1866年4月7日通過了一項(xiàng)法律……）”可知，是由于公眾的抗議才出臺(tái)了這樣的法律。故選D項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Inthemodernera,thecountrycelebratedpastpresidentsandFoundingFathersonitscurrency－withportraitsofGeorgeWashington…..（在現(xiàn)代，美國在其貨幣上印有喬治·華盛頓的肖像，以紀(jì)念歷任總統(tǒng)和開國元?jiǎng)祝焙偷谄叨巍癗ewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd…andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford（新西蘭將女王頭像從20美元紙幣上全部移除，取而代之的是杰出的新西蘭人，包括婦女投票權(quán)領(lǐng)袖凱特·謝潑德……和諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主歐內(nèi)斯特·盧瑟福）”可知，兩國的貨幣都包含有杰出人物的肖像畫。故選B項(xiàng)。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“TheearliestseriesboreaportraitofMaoriKingTawhaio,whoseimagewasreplacedin1940withCaptainJamesCook,theBritishexplorerwho“discovered”NewZealand.（最早的系列是毛利國王塔瓦約的肖像，1940年，他的肖像被“發(fā)現(xiàn)”新西蘭的英國探險(xiǎn)家詹姆斯·庫克船長(CaptainJamesCook)取代。）”和文章第六段“QueenElizabethIIdisplacedCookonallbanknotes,alongsidenativeplantsandbirds.（伊麗莎白女王二世在所有紙幣上取代了庫克，還有當(dāng)?shù)氐闹参锖网B類。）”以及文章最后一段“NewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd（新西蘭將女王頭像從20美元紙幣上全部移除，取而代之的是杰出的新西蘭人，包括婦女投票權(quán)領(lǐng)袖凱特·謝潑德）”可知，新西蘭貨幣的演變過程是復(fù)雜的。故選B項(xiàng)。16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的最后一句“ZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders…andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford－whostillgracethebanknotestoday（新西蘭將女王頭像從20美元紙幣上全部移除，取而代之的是一些杰出的新西蘭人，包括婦女投票權(quán)領(lǐng)袖凱特·謝珀德、登山家埃德蒙·希拉里爵士、毛利人政治文化領(lǐng)袖阿皮拉納·恩塔爵士，以及諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主歐內(nèi)斯特·盧瑟福，這些人至今仍在鈔票上顯靈）”可知，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理學(xué)家埃米斯特·盧瑟福仍然在今天的貨幣上。故選A項(xiàng)。OnJuly31,1697,aFrenchlawyernamedJacquesSennacqueswroteamessagetoremindacousinintheNetherlandstosendhimarelative’sdeathcertificate.Topreventothersfromreadingthemessage,thenotewascarefullyfolded,or“l(fā)etterlocked.”Thetechniquewasusedbeforetheinventionofenvelopes.However,forreasonsunknown,thenoteneverreachedtherecipientandwasinsteadstoredinapostmaster’strunk,whereitremainedundetectedforcenturies.Now,ateamofinternationalresearchershasdeciphered(破譯)thecontentsoftheover300-year-oldsealedletter—withoutopeningit!Thechainofeventsleadingtothistechnologybeganin2015whenMITexpertJanaDambrogiogotacallfromDanielStarzaSmith,aresearcheratKing’sCollegeLondon.“Heaskedme,‘WhatwouldyoudoifItoldyoutherewasatrunkwith600unopenedletters?’”Thetrunkhadoncebelongedto17th-centurypostmasterSimondeBrienne.Historiansbelievethepostofficestoredtheundeliveredletters.That’sbecause,inthe17thcentury,itwastherecipient,notthesender,whoborethepostagecost.WhenBriennediedin1707,hedonatedthetrunkofletterstoanorphanage.Somehow,thetrunkeventuallymadeitswaytothepostalmuseum,whereitlayuntilrecently.Sinceopeningtheletterswoulddestroythem,Dambrogioandherteamdecidedtodeveloptechnologytounsealthemvirtually.Theybeganbyusingahigh-resolutionX-rayscannertocreateadetailedthree-dimensionalimageofasealedletter.Whilethewritinginsideshowedupveryclearly,thenumerouslayersoffoldedpaperpressedclosetogethercausedthewordstooverlap(重疊).Tosolvetheissue,theresearcherscreatedsophisticatedalgorithm(算法)capableofdecipheringthewritinginthecleverlyfoldedletter,creasebycrease.Thevirtualopeningallowedtheteamtoreadthecontents“whilepreservingletterlockingevidence.”Thealgorithmtookalmostfiveyearstoperfect.Onceperfected,theyusedittoopenfourlockedlettersandfullydecode(解碼)theonefromSennacques.17．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A．Quiteafewpeoplecouldwriteletters. B．Envelopeswerenotinventedin1697.C．JacquesSennacqueswasapostmaster. D．Researcherscouldn’tfigureouttheletter.18．Whydidthepostofficestoretheundeliveredletters?A．Togetpaid. B．Tofindthesenders.C．Tosavethecost. D．Toscantheletters.19．Wecanconcludethatthefoldedletters________.A．werebadlydamaged B．werealldecodedC．remainedveryfresh D．wereveryfragile20．HowdidtheresearchersdecodetheletterfromSennacques?A．Physically. B．Chemically. C．Occasionally. D．Digitally.【答案】17．B18．A19．D20．D【解析】這是一篇說明文。研究人員借助高清掃描儀，使用虛擬算法，在不拆開原信的情況下，破譯了300多年前保存完好的密信的內(nèi)容。17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段前兩句“OnJuly31,1697,aFrenchlawyernamedJacquesSennacqueswroteamessagetoremindacousinintheNetherlandstosendhimarelative’sdeathcertificate.Topreventothersfromreadingthemessage,thenotewascarefullyfolded,or“l(fā)etterlocked.”(1697年7月31日，法國律師JacquesSennacques寫了一條信息，提醒他在荷蘭的一位表親給他寄一份親戚的死亡證明。為了防止別人看信，紙條被小心地折疊起來，或者說“鎖住信”)”和第三句“Thetechniquewasusedbeforetheinventionofenvelopes.(這種技術(shù)在信封發(fā)明之前就已經(jīng)使用了)”可知，在1697年信封還沒有發(fā)明。故選B。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“That’sbecause,inthe17thcentury,itwastherecipient,notthesender,whoborethepostagecost.(這是因?yàn)椋?7世紀(jì)，承擔(dān)郵費(fèi)的是收件人，而不是寄件人)”可知，因?yàn)橐玫洁]資，所以郵局保存那些沒有送出去的信。故選A。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Sinceopeningtheletterswoulddestroythem,Dambrogioandherteamdecidedtodeveloptechnologytounsealthemvirtually.(由于打開這些信件會(huì)毀掉它們，丹布羅喬和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)決定開發(fā)技術(shù)來虛擬地打開它們)”可知，這些折疊起來的信非常脆弱。故選D。20．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的“Thevirtualopeningallowedtheteamtoreadthecontents(虛擬打開允許團(tuán)隊(duì)閱讀這些內(nèi)容)”可知，研究人員使用虛擬算法（數(shù)碼方法）破譯了密信的內(nèi)容。故選D。WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.21．WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A．Lossofwetlands. B．Popularityofwatersports.C．Pollutionofrivers. D．Arrivalofotherwildanimals.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.23．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown. B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.24．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStory B．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】21．A22．C23．D24．A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了美國鴨票的故事，由于美國移民的大量流入，對(duì)于農(nóng)地和住房的急需大量的水禽棲息地被破壞導(dǎo)致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進(jìn)入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護(hù)了水禽。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.”可知，上百萬公頃的濕地被抽干用作農(nóng)地或者修建住房，極大地減少了水禽的棲息地，故可知，棲息地的減少導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量的下降，故選A。22．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把這些珍貴的自然資源保護(hù)的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句與上一句形成了轉(zhuǎn)折，前一句陳述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句闡述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破壞了這些自然資源，故畫線詞意思是“破壞”。A.Acquire獲得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破壞；D.Distribute分配。故選C。23．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超過5億美元進(jìn)入到了這個(gè)基金會(huì)，購買了超過500萬公頃的水禽棲息地，故可以推出，通過發(fā)行鴨票，美國政府獲得了大量的資金，故選D。24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可知，由于之前不恰當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)展導(dǎo)致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進(jìn)入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護(hù)了水禽，故可知，本文講述美國鴨票的故事，故選A。Bearsdoit.Batsdoit.EvenEuropeanhedgehogsdoit.Andnowitturnsoutthatearlyhumanbeingsmayalsohavebeenatit.Theyhibernated-sleptthroughwinter,accordingtofossilexperts.Evidencefromthebonesfoundatoneoftheworld'smostimportantfossilsitessuggeststhatourprimitiveancestorsmayhavedealtwithextremecoldhundredsofthousandsofyearsagobyhibernating.TheconclusionisbasedonexcavationsinacavecalledSimadelosHueso—thepit(坑)ofbones—atAtapuerca,innorthernSpain.Thefossilsdatebackmorethan400,000yearsandwereprobablyfromearlyNeanderthalsortheirancestors.InapaperpublishedinthejournalL'Anthropologie,Juan-LuisArsuagaandAntonisBartsiokasarguethatthefossilsfoundthereshowseasonalvariationsthatsuggestthatbonegrowthwasinterruptedforseveralmonthsofeachyear.Thepatternoflesions(病變)foundinthehumanbonesattheSimacaveareconsistentwiththatfoundinbonesofhibernatingmammals,includingcavebears."Astrategyofhibernationwouldhavebeentheonlysolutionforthemtosurvivehavingtospendmonthsinacaveduetothechillyconditions,"theauthorsstate.Theyexamineseveraloppositearguments.ModernInuitandSamipeople—althoughlivinginequallyharsh,coldconditions—donothibernate.SowhydidthepeopleintheSimacavedoit?Theanswer,sayArsuagaandBartsiokas,isthatfattyfishandreindeerfatprovideInuitandSamipeoplewithfoodduringwinterandsoprecludetheneedforthemtohibernate.Incontrast,theareaaroundtheSimasitehalfamillionyearsagowouldnothaveprovidedanythinglikeenoughfood.25．Whyarebearsandbatstakenasanexample?A．Toarousereaders'curiosityabouttheanimals'fossils.B．Toleadtothesimilaritybetweenearlyhumansandthem.C．Tomaketheconclusionofthefossilexpertsreasonable.D．Toproveourprimitiveancestorshibernated.26．WhatdoweknowaboutthepeopleintheSimacave?A．Theirbonepatternwassimilartothatofcavebears.B．TheylivedinamorefreezingareathanSamipeople.C．Theymighthavehibernatedtoavoidthecold.D．Theirlifewasthreatenedbyothermammalsinwinter.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart"precludetheneed"meaninthelastparagraph?A．It'sunsuitable. B．It'shelpful.C．It'simportant. D．It'sunnecessary.28．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．HibernatingtoSurviveWinter B．AdaptingtoSeasonalChangeC．DisturbancetoBoneGrowthinWinter D．FishandFattoHelpLive【答案】25．B26．C27．D28．A【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)考古學(xué)家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)——遠(yuǎn)古的人類可