外文翻譯數(shù)控技術(shù)

南京大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué)院(系)：機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)：機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化姓名：學(xué)號：(用外文寫)外文出處：RiskAllocationinInfrastructure(用外文寫)Financing附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文數(shù)控技術(shù)1國內(nèi)外數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展概況隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)開始了根本性變革，各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家投入巨資，對現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究開發(fā)，提出了全新的制造模式。在現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)中，數(shù)控技術(shù)是關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，它集微電子、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息處理、自動(dòng)檢測、自動(dòng)控制等高新技術(shù)于一體，具有高精度、高效率、柔性自動(dòng)化等特點(diǎn)，對制造業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性自動(dòng)化、集成化、智能化起著舉足輕重的作用。目前，數(shù)控技術(shù)正在發(fā)生根本性變革，由專用型封閉式開環(huán)控制模式向通用型開放式實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)全閉環(huán)控制模式發(fā)展。在集成化基礎(chǔ)上，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了超薄型、超小型化；在智能化基礎(chǔ)上，綜合了計(jì)算機(jī)、多媒體、模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等多學(xué)科技術(shù)，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了高速、高精、高效控制，加工過程中可以自動(dòng)修正、調(diào)節(jié)與補(bǔ)償各項(xiàng)參數(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了在線診斷和智能化故障處理；在網(wǎng)絡(luò)化基礎(chǔ)上，CAD/CAM與數(shù)控系統(tǒng)集成為一體，機(jī)床聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了中央集中控制的群控加工。長期以來，我國的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)為傳統(tǒng)的封閉式體系結(jié)構(gòu)，CNC只能作為非智能的機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)控制器。加工過程變量根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以固定參數(shù)形式事先設(shè)定，加工程序在實(shí)際加工前用手工方式或通過CAD/CAM及自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行編制。CAD/CAM和CNC之間沒有反饋控制環(huán)節(jié)，整個(gè)制造過程中CNC只是一個(gè)封閉式的開環(huán)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。在復(fù)雜環(huán)境以及多變條件下，加工過程中的刀具組合、工件材料、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速、進(jìn)給速率、刀具軌跡、切削深度、步長、加工余量等加工參數(shù)，無法在現(xiàn)場環(huán)境下根據(jù)外部干擾和隨機(jī)因素實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整，更無法通過反饋控制環(huán)節(jié)隨機(jī)修正CAD/CAM中的設(shè)定量，因而影響CNC的工作效率和產(chǎn)品加工質(zhì)量。由此可見，傳統(tǒng)CNC系統(tǒng)的這種固定程序控制模式和封閉式體系結(jié)構(gòu)，限制了CNC向多變量智能化控制發(fā)展，已不適應(yīng)日益復(fù)雜的制造過程，因此，對數(shù)控技術(shù)實(shí)行變革勢在必行。2數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢2.1性能發(fā)展方向高速高精高效化速度、精度和效率是機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵性能指標(biāo)。由于采用了高速CPU芯片、RISC芯片、多CPU控制系統(tǒng)以及帶高分辨率絕對式檢測元件的交流數(shù)字伺服系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)采取了改善機(jī)床動(dòng)態(tài)、靜態(tài)特性等有效措施，機(jī)床的高速高精高效化已大大提高。柔性化包含兩方面：數(shù)控系統(tǒng)本身的柔性，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，功能覆蓋面大，可裁剪性強(qiáng)，便于滿足不同用戶的需求；群控系統(tǒng)的柔性，同一群控系統(tǒng)能依據(jù)不同生產(chǎn)流程的要求，使物料流和信息流自動(dòng)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整，從而最大限度地發(fā)揮群控系統(tǒng)的效能。工藝復(fù)合性和多軸化以減少工序、輔助時(shí)間為主要目的的復(fù)合加工，正朝著多軸、多系列控制功能方向發(fā)展。數(shù)控機(jī)床的工藝復(fù)合化是指工件在一臺機(jī)床上一次裝夾后，通過自動(dòng)換刀、旋轉(zhuǎn)主軸頭或轉(zhuǎn)臺等各種措施，完成多工序、多表面的復(fù)合加工。數(shù)控技術(shù)軸，西門子880系統(tǒng)控制軸數(shù)可達(dá)24軸。實(shí)時(shí)智能化早期的實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)通常針對相對簡單的理想環(huán)境，其作用是如何調(diào)度任務(wù)，以確保任務(wù)在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)完成。而人工智能則試圖用計(jì)算模型實(shí)現(xiàn)人類的各種智能行為?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天，實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)和人工智能相互結(jié)合，人工智能正向著具有實(shí)時(shí)響應(yīng)的、更現(xiàn)實(shí)的領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，而實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)也朝著具有智能行為的、更加復(fù)雜的應(yīng)用發(fā)展，由此產(chǎn)生了實(shí)時(shí)智能控制這一新的領(lǐng)域。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，實(shí)時(shí)智能控制的研究和應(yīng)用正沿著幾個(gè)主要分支發(fā)展：自適應(yīng)控制、模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制、專家控制、學(xué)習(xí)控制、前饋控制等。例如在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中配備編程專家系統(tǒng)、故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)、參數(shù)自動(dòng)設(shè)定和刀具自動(dòng)管理及補(bǔ)償?shù)茸赃m應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，在高速加工時(shí)的綜合運(yùn)動(dòng)控制中引入提前預(yù)測和預(yù)算功能、動(dòng)態(tài)前饋功能，在壓力、溫度、位置、速度控制等方面采用模糊控制，使數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的控制性能大大提高，從而達(dá)到最佳控制的目的。2.2功能發(fā)展方向用戶界面圖形化用戶界面是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與使用者之間的對話接口。由于不同用戶對界面的要求不同，因而開發(fā)用戶界面的工作量極大，用戶界面成為計(jì)算機(jī)軟件研制中最困難的部分之一。當(dāng)前INTERNET、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)、科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化及多媒體等技術(shù)也對用戶界面提出了更高要求。圖形用戶界面極大地方便了非專業(yè)用戶的使用，人們可以通過窗口和菜單進(jìn)行操作，便于藍(lán)圖編程和快速編程、三維彩色立體動(dòng)態(tài)圖形顯示、圖形模擬、圖形動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤和仿真、不同方向的視圖和局部顯示比例縮放功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)?？茖W(xué)計(jì)算可視化科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化可用于高效處理數(shù)據(jù)和解釋數(shù)據(jù)，使信息交流不再局限于用文字和語言表達(dá)，而可以直接使用圖形、圖像、動(dòng)畫等可視信息?？梢暬夹g(shù)與虛擬環(huán)境技術(shù)相結(jié)合，進(jìn)一步拓寬了應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，如無圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)、虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)等，這對縮短產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)周期、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低產(chǎn)品成本具有重要意義。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，可視化技術(shù)可用于CAD/CAM，如自動(dòng)編程設(shè)計(jì)、參數(shù)自動(dòng)設(shè)定、刀具補(bǔ)償和刀具管理數(shù)據(jù)的動(dòng)態(tài)處理和顯示以及加工過程的可視化仿真演示等。插補(bǔ)和補(bǔ)償方式多樣化多種插補(bǔ)方式如直線插補(bǔ)、圓弧插補(bǔ)、圓柱插補(bǔ)、空間橢圓曲面插補(bǔ)、螺紋插補(bǔ)、極坐標(biāo)插補(bǔ)、2D+2螺旋插補(bǔ)、NANO插補(bǔ)、NURBS插補(bǔ)(非均勻有理B樣條插補(bǔ))、樣條插補(bǔ)(A、B、C樣條)、多項(xiàng)式插補(bǔ)等。多種補(bǔ)償功能如間隙補(bǔ)償、垂直度補(bǔ)償、象限誤差補(bǔ)償、螺距和測量系統(tǒng)誤差補(bǔ)償、與速度相關(guān)的前饋補(bǔ)償、溫度補(bǔ)償、帶平滑接近和退出以及相反點(diǎn)計(jì)算的刀具半徑補(bǔ)償?shù)?。?nèi)裝高性能PLC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)內(nèi)裝高性能PLC控制模塊，可直接用梯形圖或高級語言編程，具有直觀的在線調(diào)試和在線幫助功能。編程工具中包含用于車床銑床的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PLC用戶程序?qū)嵗脩艨稍跇?biāo)準(zhǔn)PLC用戶程序基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行編輯修改，從而方便地建立自己的應(yīng)用程序。多媒體技術(shù)應(yīng)用多媒體技術(shù)集計(jì)算機(jī)、聲像和通信技術(shù)于一體，使計(jì)算機(jī)具有綜合處理聲音、文字、圖像和視頻信息的能力。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，應(yīng)用多媒體技術(shù)可以做到信息處理綜合化、智能化，在實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場設(shè)備的故障診斷、生產(chǎn)過程參數(shù)監(jiān)測等方面有著重大的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。2.3體系結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展集成化采用高度集成化CPU、RISC芯片和大規(guī)?？删幊碳呻娐稦PGA、EPLD、CPLD以及專用集成電路ASIC芯片，可提高數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的集成度和軟硬件運(yùn)行速度。應(yīng)用FPD平板顯示技術(shù)，可提高顯示器性能。平板顯示器具有科技含量高、重量輕、體積小、功耗低、便于攜帶等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)超大尺寸顯示，成為和CRT抗衡的新興顯示技術(shù)，是21世紀(jì)顯示技術(shù)的主流。應(yīng)用先進(jìn)封裝和互連技術(shù)，將半導(dǎo)體和表面安裝技術(shù)融為一體。通過提高集成電路密度、減少互連長度和數(shù)量來降低產(chǎn)品價(jià)格，改進(jìn)性能，減小組件尺寸，提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。模塊化硬件模塊化易于實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的集成化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。根據(jù)不同的功能需求，將基本模塊，如CPU、存儲器、位置伺服、PLC、輸入輸出接口、通訊等模塊，作成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的系列化產(chǎn)品，通過積木方式進(jìn)行功能裁剪和模塊數(shù)量的增減，構(gòu)成不同檔次的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)化機(jī)床聯(lián)網(wǎng)可進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制和無人化操作。通過機(jī)床聯(lián)網(wǎng)，可在任何一臺機(jī)床上對其它機(jī)床進(jìn)行編程、設(shè)定、操作、運(yùn)行，不同機(jī)床的畫面可同時(shí)顯示在每一臺機(jī)床的屏幕上。通用型開放式閉環(huán)控制模式采用通用計(jì)算機(jī)組成總線式、模塊化、開放式、嵌入式體系結(jié)構(gòu)，便于裁剪、擴(kuò)展和升級，可組成不同檔次、不同類型、不同集成程度的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。閉環(huán)控制模式是針對傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)僅有的專用型單機(jī)封閉式開環(huán)控制模式提出的。由于制造過程是一個(gè)具有多變量控制和加工工藝綜合作用的復(fù)雜過程，包含諸如加工尺寸、形狀、振動(dòng)、噪聲、溫度和熱變形等各種變化因素，因此，要實(shí)現(xiàn)加工過程的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化，必須采用多變量的閉環(huán)控制，在實(shí)時(shí)加工過程中動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整加工過程變量。加工過程中采用開放式通用型實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)全閉環(huán)控制模式，易于將計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)時(shí)智能技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、多媒體技術(shù)、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應(yīng)控制、動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)管理及動(dòng)態(tài)刀具補(bǔ)償、動(dòng)態(tài)仿真等高新技術(shù)融于一體，構(gòu)成嚴(yán)密的制造過程閉環(huán)控制體系，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)集成化、智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。3智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前開發(fā)研究適應(yīng)于復(fù)雜制造過程的、具有閉環(huán)控制體系結(jié)構(gòu)的、智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)已成為可能。智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將計(jì)算機(jī)智能技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應(yīng)控制、動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)管理及動(dòng)態(tài)刀具補(bǔ)償、動(dòng)態(tài)仿真等高新技術(shù)融于一體，形成嚴(yán)密的制造過程閉環(huán)控制體系。附件2：外文原文NCtechnologydevelopmenttrends1NCsystemdevelopmentsathomeandabroadWiththerapiddevelopmentofcomputertechnology,thetraditionalbeginningofafundamentalchangemanufacturing,theindustrialdevelopedcountriesspenthugesumsofmoneyonthemodernmanufacturingtechnologyresearchanddevelopment,tocreateanewmodel.Inmodernmanufacturingsystems,CNCtechnologyisthekeytotechnology,whichcombinesmicroelectronics,computers,informationprocessing,automaticdetection,automaticcontrol,suchastheintegrationofadvanced,ahigh-precision,high-efficiency,flexibleautomation,andothercharacteristics,themanufacturingindustryFlexibleautomation,integrated,intelligentplaythepivotalrole.Atpresent,NCtechnologyisundergoingafundamentalchange,fromaspecialclosed-loopcontrolmodetogeneral-purposereal-timedynamicopenallclosed-loopcontrolmode.IntheintegratedonthebasisoftheCNCsystemsultra-thin,ultra-light;onthebasisoftheintelligent,integratedcomputers,multimedia,fuzzycontrol,neuralnetworkandothertechnicaldisciplines,NCsystemtoachievehigh-speed,high-precision,Efficientcontrol,automaticprocessingcanbeamendedtoregulatecompensationandtheparametersforanonlineintelligentfaultdiagnosisandtreatmentofthenetworkbasedontheCAD/CAMandCNCsystemsintegrationasonemachinenetwork,makesthecentralgovernmentcentralizedcontrolofthegroupcontrolprocessing.Foralongtime,China''sCNCsystemfortraditionalclosedarchitecture,butonlyasanon-intelligentCNCmachinecontroller.Processvariablesbasedonexperienceintheformofpre-fixedparameters,processingproceduresbeforetheactualprocessingbyhandorthroughCAD/CAMandautomaticprogrammingsystemprepared.CAD/CAMandCNChavenofeedbackcontrollink,theentiremanufacturingprocessCNCisaclosedring-openingimplementingagencies.Inacomplexandchangingenvironmentundertheconditionsofprocessingtoolintheprocessofcomposition,workpiecematerial,spindlespeed,feedrate,toolpath,cuttingdepth,step,allowanceandotherprocessingparameters,notatthescenecircumstancesunderexternalinterferenceandreal-timedynamicrandomfactors,notbyrandomamendmentfeedbackcontrollinkCAD/CAMsettingsvolume,inturn,affecttheworkofCNCmachiningefficiencyandproductquality.Clearly,thetraditionalfixedCNCsystemthatcontrolledmodeandclosedarchitecture,limitingtheCNCtothedevelopmentofmoreintelligentcontrolvariables,cannolongermeettheincreasinglycomplexmanufacturingprocess,therefore,theCNCtechnologyinthepotentialforchangeinevitable.2NCtechnologydevelopmenttrends2.1Performancedevelopmentdirectionhigh-speedhigh-precisionefficientspeed,accuracyandefficiencyofmachinerymanufacturingtechnologyisthekeyperformanceindicators.Asaresultofthehigh-speedCPUchips,RISCchip,aswellasmulti-CPUcontrolsystemwithhigh-resolutiondetectoroftheabsoluteexchangedigitalservosystem,takenatthesametimeimprovethemachinedynamicandstaticcharacteristicsofeffectivemeasures,thehigh-speedhigh-precisionmachinehasbeenefficientgreatlyenhanced.Flexibleincludestwoaspects:CNCsystemitselfflexibility,NCsystemismodularindesign,functionalcoverage,canbecutandstrong,andeasytomeettheneedsofdifferentusers;groupcontrolsystemflexibility,withacontrolsystempursuanttotherequirementsofdifferentproductionprocesses,materialsflowandinformationflowautomaticallydynamicallyadjustedtomaximizetheirgroupcontrolsystemperformance.Processofcompositeandmulti-axistoreducetheprocesstimeforthemainpurposeofsupportingthecompositeprocessing,andaremovingtowardsmulti-axis,multi-functioncontrolofthedirectionofseriesdevelopment.NCMachineToolTechnologycompositereferstotheworkpieceinasinglemachineonafixture,throughanautomatictoolchange,rotatingspindleheadorturntable,andothermeasurestoaccomplishmultipleprocesses,multi-surfacemachiningcompound.AxisCNCtechnology,Siemens880-axiscontrolsystemforupto24axes.Real-timeIntelligentearlyforthereal-timesystemisusuallyrelativelysimpleidealenvironment,anditsroleistoschedulingtasks,toensurethatthetaskbecompletedwithinaspecifiedtimelimit.Andartificialintelligenceisusedtomodeltherealizationofmankind''svariousintelligentbehaviors.Tothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologytoday,real-timesystemsandartificialintelligencecombinedwitheachothertowardsartificialintelligenceisareal-timeresponse,amorerealisticfieldofdevelopment,andalsointhereal-timesystemwithintelligentbehavior,themorecomplexapplicationdevelopment,resultingintheIntelligentreal-timecontrolofthisnewarea.NCtechnologyinthefield,real-timeintelligentcontroloftheresearchandapplicationofdevelopmentalongseveralmainbranches:adaptivecontrol,fuzzycontrol,neuralnetworkcontrol,expertscontrol,learningcontrol,feed-forwardcontrol.Forexample,inCNCprogrammingsystemwithexpertsystems,faultdiagnosisexpertsystemparametersautomaticallysetandtoolmanagementandautomaticcompensation,suchasadaptiveconditioningsystems,inhigh-speedprocessingoftheintegratedmotioncontrolaheadoftheintroductionofbudgetprojectionsandfunctional,dynamicFeedforwardfunctionsinpressure,temperature,position,velocity,control,fuzzycontrol,thecontroloftheNCsystemperformancegreatlyimproved,soastoachieveoptimalcontrolpurposes.2.2FunctionaldevelopmentdirectionTheuserinterfaceisgraphicaluserinterfacewiththeCNCsystemofdialoguebetweentheuserinterface.Sincedifferentusersinterfacerequirementsaredifferent,thusthedevelopmentoftheworkloadofgreatuserinterface,userinterfacesoftwaredevelopedintothemostdifficultpartof.AtpresentINTERNET,virtualreality,visualizationinscientificcomputingandmultimediatechnologies,suchastheuserinterfacehasputahigherdemand.Graphicaluserinterfacegreatlyfacilitatestheuseofnon-professionalusers,itcanbecarriedoutthroughthewindowandmenuoperation,easeofprogrammingandblueprintforrapidprogramming,three-dimensionaldynamicthree-dimensionalcolorgraphics,graphics,simulation,graphics,dynamictrackingandsimulation,andthedifferentdirectionsviewandpartialdisplayratioscalingfunctioncanbeachieved.visualizationinscientificcomputingvisualizationinscientificcomputingcanbeusedforefficientdataprocessingandinterpretationofdata,sothattheexchangeofinformationisnolongerlimitedtousingthewrittenwordandlanguage,andcandirecttheuseofgraphics,image,animation,videoandotherinformation.Visualizationtechnologyandvirtualenvironmenttechnology,tofurtherbroadentheapplicationareas,suchasadrawingdesign,virtualprototypingtechnology,whichshortenproductdesigncycles,improvingproductquality,reduceproductioncostisofgreatsignificance.NCtechnologyintheareasofvisualizationtechnologycanbeusedforCAD/CAM,suchasautomaticprogrammingdesignparametersautomaticallyset,toolcompensationandtoolmanagementofdynamicdataprocessinganddisplay,aswellastheprocessingofvisualsimulation,andotherpresentations.interpolation,andavarietyofmethodsofcompensationinterpolationmethodssuchasmultiplelinearinterpolation,circularinterpolation,cylindricalinterpolation,spaceellipticalsurfaceinterpolation,threadinterpolation,polarcoordinatesinterpolation,2D+2helicalinterpolation,NANOinterpolation,interpolationNURBS(non-uniformrationalB-splineinterpolation),splineinterpolation(A,B,Ckind),suchaspolynomialinterpolation.Avarietyoffunctionssuchascompensationgapcompensationverticalcompensationquadranterrorcompensation,andmeasurementsystemspitcherrorcompensation,andspeed-relatedfeedforwardcompensationandtemperaturecompensation,withnearlysmoothandexit,aswellastheoppositepointofthecutterradiuscompensation.high-performancePLCcontentscontentsperformanceCNCsystemPLCcontrolmodulecanbedirectlyusedladderdiagramorhigh-levellanguageprogramming,withintuitiveonlinedebuggingandonlinehelpfunction.ProgrammingtoolsincludethestandardusedlatheandmillingmachinePLCuserprogramanexample,usersmayPLCuserprogramstandardsonthebasisofeditorialchanges,thuseasilybuildtheirownapplications.applicationofmultimediatechnologyofmultimediatechnology-computers,audio-visualandcommunicationtechnology,andithasthecomputerintegratedvoice,text,imagesandvideoinformation.InNCtechnology,multimediatechnologycanbeappliedtoinformationprocessingintegrated,intelligent,real-timemonitoringsysteminthefieldandproductionequipmentfaultdiagnosis,monitoringofprocessparameterssuchasproductionhasasignificantvalue.2.3DevelopmentoftheArchitectureintegrationofahighlyintegratedCPU,programmableRISCchipsandlarge-scaleintegratedcircuitsFPGA,EPLD,CPLDandASICASICchipsthatcanimprovetheCNCsystemintegrationandhardwareandsoftwareoperatingspeed.ApplicationFPDflatpaneldisplaytechnologycanimprovedisplayperformance.Flat-paneldisplayswithhighscienceandtechnologycontent,lightweight,smallsize,lowpowerconsumptionandportabilityadvantagescanberealizedSupersized,acounterweighttotheemergingandCRTdisplaytechnology,displaytechnologyinthe21stcenturythemainstream.Applicationofadvancedpackagingandinterconnecttechnologies,semiconductorsandsurfacemounttechnologyintegration.Byincreasingthedensityofintegratedcircuits,reducingthelengthandnumberofinterconnectionproductstoreduceprices,improveperformance,reducecomponentsize,improvethereliabilityofthesystem.easytoimplementmodularhardwaremodularNCsystemsintegrationandstandardization.Accordingtovariousfunctionalrequirements,thebasicmodules,suchasCPU,memory,positionservo,PLC,theinputandoutputinterfaces,andcommunicationsmodules,makingthestandardSeriesproducts,throughfunctionalbuilding-blockapproachtocuttingthenumberofstepsandmodules,aNCsystematdifferentgrades.machineinterconnectionnetworkforremotecontrolofunmannedoperation.Machinethroughnetworking,canbeinanyonemachineontheothermachineprogramming,configuration,operation,operating,differentmachinecanbedisplayedonthescreeneachmachineonthescreen.general-opentheclosed-loopcontrolmodetoadoptacommoncomputercomponentBus,modular,open,embeddedarchitecture,easeofcutting,expansionandupgrading,canbecomposedofdifferentgrades,differenttypes,differentdegreeofintegrationCNCsystem.Closed-loopcontrolmodeisthetraditionalCNCsystemonlyforsingleclosed-open-loopcontrolmodeproposed.Themanufacturingprocessisamulti-variablecontrolandtheroleofintegratedprocessingcomplexprocess,includingprocessing,suchassize,shape,vibration,noise,temperatureandthermaldeformation,andotherfactors,therefore,toachievetheprocessofmulti-objectiveoptimization,Multivariablemustadopttheclosed-loopcontrol,real-timeprocessinginthedynamicadjustmentprocessvariables.Processingtheadoptionofopenuniversalreal-timeclosed-loopcontrolmodethewholedynamic,easyreal-timeintelligentcomputertechnology,networktechnology,multimediatechnology,CAD/CAM,servocontrol,adaptivecontrol,dynamicdatamanagementanddynamictoolcompensation,dynamicsimulationandotherhightechnologyintoone,atightclosed-loopmanufacturingprocesscontrolsystemtoachieveintegrated,intelligent,network-based.3PCNCnewgenerationofintelligentCNCsystemResearchandDevelopmentadaptedtothecurrentcomplexityofthemanufacturingprocess,withthestructureoftheclosed-loopcontrolsystem,anewgenerationofintelligentPCNCCNCsystemhasbecomepossible.PCNCNCintelligentsystemwillbeanewgenerationofintelligentcomputertechnology,networktechnology,CAD/CAM,servocontrol,adaptivecontrol,dynamicdatamanagementanddynamictoolcompensation,dynamicsimulationandotherhightechnologyintoone,atightclosureofthemanufacturingprocessCentralcontrolsystem.付：外文翻譯電火花加工電火花加工法對加工超韌性的導(dǎo)電材料（如新的太空合金）特別有價(jià)值。這些金屬很難用常規(guī)方法加工，用常規(guī)的切削刀具不可能加工極其復(fù)雜的形狀，電火花加工使之變得相對簡單了。在金屬切削工業(yè)中，這種加工方法正不斷尋找新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。塑料工業(yè)已廣泛使用這種方法，如在鋼制模具上加工幾乎是任何形狀的模腔。電火花加工法是一種受控制的金屬切削技術(shù)，它使用電火花切除（侵蝕）工件上的多余金屬，工件在切削后的形狀與刀具（電極）相反。切削刀具用導(dǎo)電材料（通常是碳）制造。電極形狀與所需型腔想匹配。工件與電極都浸在不導(dǎo)電的液體里，這種液體通常是輕潤滑油。它應(yīng)當(dāng)是點(diǎn)的不良導(dǎo)體或絕緣體。用伺服機(jī)構(gòu)是電極和工件間的保持0.0005~0.001英寸（0.01~0.02mm）的間隙，以阻止他們相互接觸。頻率為20000Hz左右的低電壓大電流的直流電加到電極上，這些電脈沖引起火花，跳過電極與工件的見的不導(dǎo)電的液體間隙。在火花沖擊的局部區(qū)域，產(chǎn)生了大量的熱量，金屬融化了，從工件表面噴出融化金屬的小粒子。不斷循環(huán)著的不導(dǎo)電的液體，將侵蝕下來的金屬粒子帶走，同時(shí)也有助于驅(qū)散火花產(chǎn)生的熱量。在最近幾年，電火花加工的主要進(jìn)步是降低了它加工后的表面粗糙度。用低的金屬切除率時(shí)，表面粗糙度可達(dá)2—4vin.(0.05—0.10vin)。用高的金屬切除率[如高達(dá)15in3/h(245.8cm3/h)]時(shí)，表面粗糙度為1000vin.(25vm)。需要的表面粗糙度的類型，決定了能使用的安培數(shù),電容,頻率和電壓值?？焖偾谐饘伲ù智邢鳎r(shí)，用大電流,低頻率,高電容和最小的間隙電壓。緩慢切除金屬（精切削）和需獲得高的表面光潔度時(shí)，用小電流,高頻率,低電容和最高的間隙電壓。與常規(guī)機(jī)加工方法相比，電火花加工有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。1.不論硬度高低，只要是導(dǎo)電材料都能對其進(jìn)行切削。對用常規(guī)方法極難切削的硬質(zhì)合金和超韌性的太空合金，電火化加工特別有價(jià)值。2.工件可在淬火狀態(tài)下加工，因克服了由淬火引起的變形問題。3.很容易將斷在工件中的絲錐和鉆頭除。4.由于刀具（電極）從未與工件接觸過，故工件中不會產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力。5.加工出的零件無毛刺。6.薄而脆的工件很容易加工，且無毛刺。7.對許多類型的工件，一般不需第二次精加工。ElectricaldischargemachiningElectricaldischargemachininghasprovedespeciallyvaluableinthemachiningofsuper-tough,electricallyconductivematerialssuchasthenewspace-agealloys.Thesemetalswouldhavebeendifficulttomachinebyconventionalmethods,butEDMhasmadeitrelativelysimpletomachineintricateshapesthatwouldbeimpossibletoproducewithconventionalcuttingtools.Thismachiningprocessiscontinuallyfindingfurtherapplicationsinthemetal-cuttingindustry.Itisbeingusedextensivelyintheplasticindustrytoproducecavitiesofalmostanyshapeinthesteelmolds.Electricaldischargemachiningisacontrolledmetalremovaltechniquewherebyanelectricsparkisusedtocut(erode)theworkpiece,whichtakesashapeoppositetothatofthecuttingtoolorelectrode.Thecuttingtool(electrode)ismadefromelectricallyconductivematerial,usuallycarbon.Theelectrode,madetotheshapeofthecavityrequired,andtheworkpiecearebothsubmergedinadielectricfluid,whichisgenerallyalightlubricatingoil.Thisdielectricfluidshouldbeanonconductor(orpoorconductor)ofelectricity.Aservomechanismmaintainsagapofabout0.0005to0.001in.(0.01to0.02mm)betweentheelectrodeandthework,prev