Fresh：2024自動駕駛汽車的安全注意事項白皮書（英文版）-38正式版

SafetyConsiderationsforAutonomousVehiclesFreshConsultingTableofContents3Intro5CurrentStateoftheIndustry102332ThePlayers:Companies,Governments,andAdvocacyGroupsSafetyConsiderationsforAutonomousVehiclesandRoboticsOutlookandPredictions2IntroFullyautonomousvehicleshavethepotentialtofreeuphumantimeanda?ention,whileultimatelymakingtransportationsafer.Theroadtoperfectingthistechnologyislong,butengineershavebeenworkingtowardsrealizingthetechnologyforalmost100years.In?veyears,theself-drivingcarwillcelebrateitsone-hundredthbirthday.Yes,self-drivingvehiclesarealmostacenturyold.In1925,theHoudinaRadioControlcompanydebutedthe“AmericanWonder,”a1926Chandlerautomobilethatwasequippedwithradio-controlledsteering.1Houdina’steamfollowedtheAmericanWonderdownthestreetsofNewYork,controllingitviaremotecontrol.Inthelate‘70s,Stanfordresearcherscreatedwhatcouldbeconsideredthe?rstexampleoftrulyautonomousdriving;theirStanfordCartwasabletoindependentlynavigatearoomfullofchairsin5hours.2Thecartpausedfor10to15minutesa?ereverymeteroftraveltoevaluateitssurroundingsandchooseitsnextpath.We’vecomealongwaysincetheseprojects—inthe1990s,engineerswere?nallyabletocreatefully-autonomouscarsthattravelatspeedsacceptableforUSroadways.Thetechhasnotdevelopedinavacuum;everyotherareaofthetechindustryhasadvancedaswell,broadeningthecapabilitiesofthemodernself-drivingvehicle.Today,semi-autonomoussystems,likeTesla’sAutopilot,aresocapablethatcustomersfeelcomfortablepu?ingtheirvehicleonautopilotfor95percentofacoast-to-coastroadtrip.34We’restillafewyearsawayfrombeingabletocatchaself-drivingcab,butstillcloserthanmostpeopleprobablyrealize.Ifthetechnologyforautonomousvehicleshasbeenaroundsinceatleastthe90s,whyhaven’tweseenmoreLevel3andLevel4autonomousvehicles5availableforpurchasebythepublic?Theanswertothisquestioncomesdowntooneareaoftheautonomousvehicleindustry:safety.Safetyisperhapsthemostchallengingaspectofcreatingareliableautonomousvehicle,ataskthatisalreadyimmenselychallenging.Maintainingsafetyinavehiclewithoutahumanbehindthewheelrequiresadaptability,predictivebehavior,advancedcomputervision,legislation,anddata-basedresearch,allofwhichhavetakenthelastthirtyyearstoreachnear-maturity.Throughoutthispaper,we’lldiscusstheobstaclestosafetyintheautonomousvehicleindustry,thereasonit’ssoessentialtorealizingtheautonomousvehiclevision,andthekeyplayerspropellingthatvisionforward.Anewtechnologyleapisjustafewstepsawayfromhi?ingthemarket,andinthisreport,we’llcoverwhatit’sgoingtotaketocompletethose?nalsteps.CurrentStateoftheIndustryForsomanygenerations,self-drivingvehicleshavebeenafantasyforscientistsandconsumersalike,capturingimaginationsacross?lmandliterature.Overthelastdecade,however,thatfantasyhasquicklysteppedintoreality,andforthe?rsttimewe’rebeginningtoseehigh-levelautonomousvehicleswithintheautomotiveindustry.Whilethistechnologyhasrapidlyprogressed,thesafetystandardsandregulationshavelagged,andwenow?ndourselvesatapointintimewherethetechisrapidlyapproachingfruition,butourinfrastructureandregulationisnotmovingwiththesamevigor.SafetyastheBasisforAutonomousVehiclesDespitehowclosewearetoself-drivingcars,completelyautomatedhighwaysstillseemlikeathingofthefuture.Thoughit’seasytosaythatself-drivingcarshavestartedtoenterthemainstreamoverthelastdecadethankstocompanieslikeTesla,thisisn’tanentirelyaccuratepictureofautonomousvehicles.Itwasactuallyin1995,whenagroupfromCarnegieMellonUniversitydrove(orrodein)a98.2%autonomousvehicleacrossAmerica,thatthe?rstimagesofautomatedcarsreallystartedtocomeintofocus.6Giventhatridingacrossthecountryinanautonomousvehiclewasalreadypossiblein1995,youmaybewonderingwhattheholdupisinbringingautonomousvehiclestoconsumers.Howweretheseyoungscientistsabletoaccomplishsomethingthatthebiggestmotorvehiclecompaniesintheworldstillhaveyettoachieve?Theanswer,ofcourse,liesinthatlast1.8%ofautomation,arguablythemostimportantsliceofthepercentagepie.Thatpercentistheautomationoftheunpredictable—makingself-drivingvehicles100%safeinsituationsthattypicalengineeringcan’taccountfor.Thisincludeswater-?lledpotholesthattrickvehiclesensors,pedestriansonthesideoftheroadsuddenlydecidingtocrossthestreet,looseterrain,glareinterferingwithcameras,fallenpowerlines,iceontheroads,andfallingobjects,justtonameafewchallenges.Thelast1.8%includesanythingthatahumanbraincouldquicklyadaptto,butthatrequiresmoresubtletythanmostcomputerscienceiscurrentlycapableof.Withouta100%safetyguaranteeofautonomousvehicles,we’reunlikelytoseethemadoptedintodailyroutines.SafetyastheLongPoleSinceDARPA?rstheldaseriesofdriverlessvehiclecompetitionsbetween2005and2007,self-drivingvehicleshavebeeninR&Dmode,withcompaniesallovertheworldstrivingtocreatethemostfeature-rich,excitingdriverlesscartheworldhaseverseen.Intheprocess,though,safetyhasbeenputonthebackburner,delayingthepossibilityofautonomousvehiclesforeveryone.Therehasbeenalackofcompanyandindustryinvestmentintheearlydevelopmentphasesforautonomousvehicles,whichincludesafety.Safetyistime-andcapital-intensive,andventurecapitalistswillneedtoaccommodatethiswithintheirinvestmentportfolioinorderfortheindustrytoreachthelevelsofreliabilityneededtosendautonomousvehiclesoutontopublicroadways.Althoughit’stakenalongtime(andwillcontinuetotakesometime)toachievefull100%reliabilityinautonomousvehicles,that’scertainlynottosaythatnoprogresshasbeenmadeinthelast25years.Inthelast?veyearsalone,theself-drivingindustryhasmademajorstrides,bringingsubstantialautomatedfeaturestoconsumerandindustrialvehiclesalike.Thesefeaturesarealsobecomingmorea?ordable,increasingthespreadofthetechnology.6Today,companiesare?nallystartingtohavethetechnologyavailabletobringautomatedvehiclesonpublicroadwaysenmasse;inthepast6-12months,numerouscompanieshavebeenreadyingtheirLevel3and4vehicledeployments.Whileexciting,thisfurtherhighlightstheneedfor(andabsenceof)modernsafetyregulationsandimplementationswithintheautonomousvehicleindustry.Therearestandardsandcerti?cationsforvehiclesandroadwaysthroughoutallofthemodernworld.Whiletheseregulationsarerelevanttoautonomousvehiclesafety,theydon’tcoverthebroadanduniqueconcernsofallowingautonomousvehiclesonpublicroadways.Tra?clawsandinsuranceregulationsneedclearerdirectivesaswellasautonomousvehicleindustrystandardsandrequirements.ForLevel3,4,and5autonomousvehiclestostartleavingthefactory?oor,it’sessentialthatthetechnologybecomeregulatedwithsafetyasthetoppriority.Then,andonlythen,willweseeself-drivingcartechnologymovefromexcitingtopractical.ChallengesofSafetyinAutonomousVehiclesWe’veestablishedwhysafetyma?ersandshownhow,byignoringsafetyforthesakeofdevelopment,thespeedofautonomousvehicledeploymenthasbeenhampered.However,weareyettodiveintothecomplexitiesandchallengesofimplementingsafetyinautonomousvehicles.Wetendtotakethedi?cultyofdrivingavehicleforgranted,consideringthatmostteenagerslearnhowtodoitsuccessfullyinafewmonths.Butthehumanbrainisabletoadapttounpredictablecircumstances,andthehumaneyeismorecapablethanmostautonomoussensorsandautonomousvehicleAI(arti?cialintelligence)7.Tryingtoapproximatethecapabilitiesandsituationalawarenessofthehumanbraininavehicleleadstocreatingamachinethatisoverwhelminglycomplicated.Thechallengeofimplementingsafetyintoanautonomousvehiclemeansnotonlyaccountingforunpredictablecircumstancesontheroad,butalsothepotentialerrors,bugs,andshortcomingsofeverypieceoftechwithinthevehicle.Creatingastandardizedmeansforevaluatingeachsensor,circuitboard,andalgorithm—withoutanylong-termdatatobasethesedecisionson—willsettheautomobileindustrybackseveraldecades,despitehowforward-lookingthetechnologyis.8Additionally,there’stheissueofhowquicklythetechnologyandoursocietyisgoingtochangeoncethesevehiclesareontheroad.Youcanviewthisonasmallscalebylookingatdocklessscooters,whichhavebecomecommonplaceinmostmajorU.S.cities.Almostovernight,thesedevicesexplodedinpopularity.However,theyalsoposedunpredictedissuesthatnocityhadeverdealtwithbefore:amassiveincreaseintwo-wheeledtra?c,electricscootersandbikesbeingabandonedinrandomareas,andnoobviousaccountabilityforaccidentsandle?devices.Withself-drivingvehicles,thereareboundtobeevenmoreunanticipatedissues.Theywillchangeparkinglaws,accountability,insurance,vehicle-on-pedestrianaccidents,commuting,publictransportation,lawenforcement,speedlimits,andmuchmore.Alackofconsistentregulationandindustrystandardswillcompoundtheseissues,creatingasituationthatisfarmorecomplicatedandnuancedthanthechallengesofmicro-transportation.8Finally,enduserandmarketperceptionisanimportantconsideration.Therewillnotonlyneedtobeaframeworkforreliablydeveloping,testing,andregulatingautonomousvehicles,butcompanieswillalsoneedtoconvinceconsumersthattheirsolutionshavebeenrigorouslytestedtoensuretherearenogapsinthevehiclecapabilities.Inshort,therearemanyhurdlesle?toclearbeforewe’llseeself-drivingvehiclesbecomeubiquitous.9ThePlayers:Companies,Governments,andAdvocacyGroupsAlthoughthereareseveralexcitingnewindustriesonthehorizon,includingaugmentedreality9,robotics,andtheInternetofThings,nonehavegeneratedabuzzthatrivalstheexcitementofautonomousvehicles.This,coupledwiththecomplexlegalimplicationsofself-drivingvehicles,hasledestablishedautomotivecompanies,techcompanies,startups,governmentagencies,internationalorganizations,andadvocacygroupstoparticipateinthedevelopmentofautonomousvehicles.Below,we’vecompiledalistofsomemajorindustryplayersworkingtoadvancesafetyintheautonomoussector.CompaniesWaymoWaymostartedin2009astheGoogleSelf-DrivingCarProject.10Sincethen,theprojecthasbecomeitsowncompany.Waymowasthe?rstcompanytoplaceafullydriverlessvehicleonpublicroads,deployingavehiclethathadnosteeringwheelor?oorpedalsonAustinroadsin2015.11Itwasalsothe?rstcompanytoo?erdriverlessrideserviceinPhoenix.12Waymohasbeenoneofthemostprominent?guresintheself-drivingindustrytopushforsafetystandards.Ina2018reportbytheCaliforniaDMV,Waymoledtheindustryinbothsafetyanddistance,reportingthemostmileagecoveredwiththeleastamountofincidents.13Waymo’svehiclewasshowntoaccuratelypredictcyclistbehavior,detectchildrenatacrosswalk,andotherimpressivefeats.ImageSource:WaymoEdge-Case-ResearchEdge-Case-ResearchisacompanyfoundedbyautonomyexpertsfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,whosestudentsledoneofthe?rstautonomousroadtrips.14Thecompanyworkswithbusinessesdevelopingautonomoussystems,primarilyautonomousvehicles,toensuretheendproductisn’tjustexcitingandfeature-packed,butalsorigorouslytestedforsafety.Edge-Case-Researcho?ersproductsdesignedtotacklesafetyintheautonomousvehicleindustry.15Hologramisoneoftheirprogramsthattestsroadperceptionsystemsinsituationsthatcancausethemtofail.AndSwitchboardo?ersasimplestress-testenginethatrandomly“fuzzes”anAIsystemtocheckforvulnerabilities.16OEMs(OriginalEquipmentManufacturers)Althoughthetwocompanieslistedabovearepioneersofsafetyintheautonomousvehicleindustry,therearemanymorecompaniespushingtheindustryforwardwithasafety-?rstmindset.OneofthemostprominentexamplesistheSafetyFirstForAutomatedDrivinginitiative,asetofguidelinesputtogetherbyelevencompaniesintheself-drivingindustry,includingAudi,BMW,FiatChrysler,andIntel.17TheSafetyFirstforAutomatedDrivinginitiativeproposessafetystandardsthatallsigningpartieswillaimtoadhereto,suchascreatingfallbacksincasecriticalcomponentsfail,implementingdefensesagainstsecuritythreatssuchashacking,andmonitoringpassengerstodeterminetheirabilitytotakeoverthevehicleinanemergency.Othercoalitionslikethishavebeenformedaswell,liketheSelf-DrivingCoalitionforSaferStreets,showingthatautonomousvehiclemanufacturersareactivelyworkingtocreatesafetyregulationswithintheindustry.18AnothercollectiveprojectworthmentioningistheAutonomousVehicleComputingConsortium(AVCC),agroupofautomotivesuppliers,OEMs,andindustryleaders(includingBosch,Mazda,GM,Toyota,andothers)workingtocreateasharedcomputingarchitecturetoadvancetheworkofitsmembers.1912RideSharingCompaniesTheriseofautonomousvehiclesposesaninterestingquestion:ifavehicledoesn’tneedadriver,doesanyonereallyneedtoownavehicle?PublictransportationserviceshavemostlybeenlimitedtometroareasintheU.S.,leavingindividualsinruralareasorwithlongercommutestheneedtopurchasetheirownvehicles.Butasremoteworkbecomesmorecommonplaceandself-drivingvehicleseliminatetheneedforpaiddrivers,whynothaveautonomousvehiclesavailableineverycityandtownacrossthecountry?Thisisthevisionofjustabouteveryridesharingcompanyatthemoment.BothLy?andUberarepursuingautonomousvehicles,claimingthatit’stheonlywaytheirbusinessescansurviveinthefuture.20However,ridesharingcompanies(namelyUber)havealsofacedthehighestnumberofpublicissueswhenitcomestoautonomousvehiclesafety.Uber’sself-drivingvehiclestragicallyhitapedestrianinanerrorthatprovedfatal:thevehiclewasprogrammedonlytodetectpedestriansatcrosswalks,andhadnotbeentaughttorecognizejaywalkersaspedestrians.21Itsautomaticemergencybrakinghadalsobeendisabled.22Thisisonlyoneof37crashesthatoccurredasaresultofUber’sself-drivingvehicleprogram,highlightingtheneedforstrictsafetystandardsintheautonomousvehiclespace.13TruckingCompaniesThetruckingindustryispositionedtobeoneofthemostsuccessfuladoptersofautomateddriving.Autonomousdrivingismuchmorepredictablethanconsumerdrivingandlargelyconsistsofmaintainingspeedandawarenessforhundredsofmiles.However,truckingisalreadyahigh-fatality23occupation,makingsafetyevenmoreimportantforsemi-trucksandotherlong-distancetransportationvehiclesthanfortheaverageconsumercar.Onewaythattruckingcompaniesarelookingtomaximizethesafetyofautonomousvehiclesisthrough“platooning.”24Platooningiswhenseveraltransportationtrucksformarowonthehighway.Withautonomoussystemsinplace,thisallowsallofthetrucksintheplatoontousedatabeinggatheredbythe?rsttruck,thesecondtruck,andsoon,sothateachtruckhasanabundanceofdatatobasesafedecisionson.Whilethisconceptworksintheory,theissueofcourseis:whathappenswhenonevehiclemisinterpretsapieceofdataandpassesittotheothertrucksascorrect?Forexample,saythere’safallentreeontheroadthatthe?rsttruckdoesn’tdetect.Thecostofasinglemiscalculationinthetruckingindustrycanbemuchworsethaninotherautonomousvehicleusecases.14ManagementConsultingFirmsManagementconsulting?rms,particularlythoseinthetechindustry,areinvestingheavilyinautonomousvehicleresearchinordertoprovidetheirclientswiththemostup-to-dateinformationpossible.Thegoalformanyofthese?rmsistoeducatetheirclientsonthepossibilitiesoftheindustry,bothgoodandbad,andonhowtoleveragetheopportunitiesautonomousvehicleswillcontinuetobring.Onewaymanagementconsulting?rmsdothisisbyobservingtheautonomousindustry’sdevelopmentinmultiplecountriesandsharingthatinformationwiththeirclients,providingaglobalperspectiveonthesector.25Other?rms,likeCAVita,arefocusedonhelpingpublicandprivateentitiescapitalizeonthelesser-knownimpactsofautonomousvehicles.26AutoInsuranceCompaniesOneoftheindustriesexpectedtobethemostdisruptedbyautonomousvehiclesistheautoinsuranceindustry.Thisdisruptioncomesdowntoasimplequestion:inafullyorsemi-autonomousvehicle,whoisliable,andtowhatextent?Traditionalinsurancecompaniesarehavingahardtimedeterminingthis.Instead,they’reraisingratesforautonomousvehicleownerstocovertheuncertaintythesevehiclespose.Someinsurancecompanies,likeAvinew,arebeingfoundedsolelytoaddresstheseunknowns,o?ering?exibleserviceslikereducedratesthemoredriversuseautonomousdriving.27Forthemostpart,it’sexpectedthatmanufacturerswillassumetheresponsibilityofvehicleinsurance.Withautonomouscarsdrasticallyreducingvehicleaccidents,however,therequirementofinsurancemightbecomelessandlessimportant,whichcouldcauseinsuranceratestofallsigni?cantly.Otherinsurers,likeAAA,areenthusiasticadvocatesforautonomousvehicles,despitetheuncertainties.AAApartnerswithWaymotoeducateconsumersaboutautonomousvehiclesandhelpdissuadefearsaboutafuturethatincludesautonomousvehiclesonpublicroadways.28ThegoalofinsurerslikeAAAistocreatetransparencyaroundthestatusofautonomousvehicles,includingtheirbene?tsandlimitations,inordertocreateapathwayforsafeimplementation.15Tier1&2AutomotiveSuppliersTier1andTier229automotivesupplycompaniesareafewstepsbelowautomobilemanufacturersinthesupplychain.ATier1automotivesupplier,likeBosch,makesproductsexclusivelyfortheautomobileindustry:whenamanufacturerneedsapartforacar,theyorderitfromaTier1supplier.30Tier2suppliersmanufactureproductsforseveraldi?erentindustries,oneofwhichmightbetheautomotiveindustry.Tier1manufacturerswillpurchasethepartstomaketheirproductsfromTier2suppliers.Intheautonomousspace,newsuppliersarecrossingintotheautomotivesectorfromthebroadertechindustry.CompaniessuchasNVIDIA,Qualcomm,andEyesightTechnologiesaremovingintotheautonomousspacewithsolutionsthatimprovethesafetyofself-drivingvehicles.313233GovernmentOrganizationsFederalandLocalDepartmentsofTransportation(DOT)TheFederalandLocalDepartmentsofTransportation(DOT)inAmericaarethemostimportantcomponentofensuringsafetyinautonomousvehicles.They’retheonlygroupthathavetheabilitytoreliablysetsafetystandardswithintheindustry,makingthemcriticaltothefutureofself-drivingcars.Whilegoverningbodieshavebeenslowtoactonself-drivingvehiclesinthepast,theDOThasmadehugestridesinse?ingguidelinesfortheindustryoverthelastfewyears.TheFederalDOT’smostrecentoutlineforsafetyregulations,PreparingfortheFutureofTransportation:AutomatedVehicles3.0,addressesmanykeypointsofsafetyinautonomousvehiclesbyde?ningterminology,remainingtechnology-neutral,designingmoderninfrastructure,andcreatingatemplateforlocalDOTstodesigntheirownautonomousvehiclelegislation.34FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)TheFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)hascreatedaNationalDialogueonHighwayAutomationinordertoexplorethesafetyoftruckplatooning,discussquestionssurroundingautonomousvehicleoperationsonUShighways,andstandardizehighwayinfrastructuretobesafeforautonomousvehicles,amongothertopics.35TheFHWA’sobjectiveistofacilitatedatacollectionandcollaborationbetweenpublicagenciesandindustryleadersinordertocreatesaferegulationsforautonomousvehiclesonroadways.TheFHWAhavealsobegunsometestingprojects,suchastestingtra?ccontrolalgorithmsandroadsideequipmentthatcouldcommunicatewithautonomousvehicles.3617NationalHighwayTra?cSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)TheNationalHighwayTra?cSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)supportstheremovalofregulatorybarriersthatwouldimpedetheadvancementofsafeautonomousvehicles.Thisorganizationworkstoensureautonomousvehiclesundergorigorouslabtestingandsimulationspriortobeingtestedontracksthatmimicpublicroadwayconditions.TheNHTSAhasabrightoutlookonthefutureofautonomousvehicles,butplanstoensurethesevehiclesarefullyroad-readybeforeallowingthemonpublicroads.37NationalTravelandSafetyBoard(NTSB)TheNationalTravelandSafetyBoard(NTSB)isanindependentU.S.governmentagencythatinvestigatesaccidentsinciviltransportation.Assuch,theNTSBhasinvestigatednearlyeveryautonomousvehicleaccidenttodate,determiningandpublicizingthecause.38Thishastwoimportante?ectsontheautonomousindustry.First,itensuresthatacertainlevelofaccountabilityismaintainedwithintheindustry,andsecond,itensuresthatthepublichasdirectinsightsintoaccidentsrelatedtoself-drivingvehicles.Asautonomousvehiclesbecomemoremainstream,it’spossiblethattheNTSBwillmovetoinvestigatingonlymajoraccidents,butfornow,it’sexpectedthateveryautonomousvehicleaccidentwillleadtoanNTSBinvestigation.FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)TheFCC,orFederalCommunicationsCommission,isoneofthebe?erknownagenciesinthegovernmentforitsroleinregulatingtechnology.39Speci?cally,theFCCregulatesanytechnologyusedforcommunication,suchastheinternet,radio,cable,andsatellite.TheFCCplaysaspeci?croleintheself-drivingindustry,regulatingif,how,andwhenautonomousvehiclescancommunicatewithoneanother.It’snotclearexactlywhenthiscommunicationtechwillbewidelyimplemented,butit’sclearthatcreatinganetworkinfrastructurethatself-drivingvehiclescanusetocommunicatewithoneanotherwillsigni?cantlyimprovesafetyande?ciencyintheindustry.TheFCCisgoingtobeakeyplayerindecidingwhatthatinfrastructurelookslike.Mostrecently,theycontributedtothisinfrastructurebyimplementingC-V2X,whichpartitionedo?afrequencyofradiowavesforuseintheautonomousvehiclesector.40DepartmentofMotorVehicles(DMV)ADMV,orDepartmentofMotorVehicles,isastate-leveldepartmentforregulatingtransportation.Itperformstaskslikeregisteringvehiclesandprovidingdrivinglicenses.Becausethesearestate-levelorganizations,theycurrentlyhavethe?nalwordonwhetherornottheyallowautonomousvehiclesontheirroadsandtowhatextent.Forexample,theCaliforniaDMVpermitsfullyautonomousvehiclesonitsroads.41AutonomousvehiclesarealsoallowedinArizona,whichiswhysomanyself-drivingcarsusearouteconnectingCaliforniaandArizona.42InArizona,however,adriverisnotrequiredsolongastheautonomousvehiclemeetscertainrequirements.FederalTradeCommission(FTC)TheFTC,orFederalTradeCommission,isagovernmentagencyresponsibleforprotectingconsumerrightsandcompetitioninthemarketplace.43Intheautonomoussector,asidefromimplementingantitrustmeasures,theagency’sprimaryconcernisprotectingconsumerdata.Autonomousvehicleshavetheabilitytocollectandstorepersonaldataonpassengersand,onceself-drivingvehiclesbegincommunicatingwithoneanother,they’llhavetheabilitytosharethatdatawithothervehicles.TheFTCiscurrentlydiscussingandimplementingregulationsonwhatdatacanbecollected,ifandhowthatdatacanbestored,andifandhowthatdatacanbeshared.44TheFTCisalsocommunicatingwithotherregulatoryagencies,liketheFCCandNTSB,toensurethattheseconcernsarebeingaddressedbyalloftheresponsibleorganizations.19AdvocacyGroupsInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety(IIHS)TheIIHS,orInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety,isanindependentorganizationthatwasfoundedinthelate1950sbythreemajorinsurancecompaniesofthattime.45Thegoalofthegroupwastoimprovehighwaysafetystandardsbypushingforcertainregulationsaswellaseducatingthepubliconroadwaysafety.Theorganizationhasledtokeyimprovementsinroadwaysafetybyaddressingfactorssuchasseatbeltusage,teendrivers,andsubstanceabuseinthecontextofdriving.Today,theyarepushingforequallycriticalimprovementsintheautonomoussector.Arguablytheinstitute’smostimportantworkinthisareatodatehasbeenitsresearchandexposureofsafetyfailuresintheautonomousindustry.46TheIIHShaspublishedseveralarticleshighlightingthedangersofself-drivingvehiclesandthelackofsafetymeasuresagainstthesedangers.TheIIHSisalsopushingforstrongerconsumereducationonautonomousvehicles,pointingoutthattheaverageconsumerdoesn’tknowthedi?erencebetweenLevel3or4automation.47InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion(ITU)TheITU,orInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion,isaUnitedNationsorganizationbasedinGeneva,Switzerland.48Itfacilitatestheassignmentofelementslikeradiowavefrequencies,satelliteorbits,andthedevelopmentoftheinternet.Recently,theITUhasbeenworkingtoimprovethesafetyofautonomousvehiclesbyestablishingtestsandresearchprogramsrelatedtothe?eld.Oneofthesetests,FG-AI4AD,runsanautomateddrivingAIthroughaseriesofexercisesthatensuretheAImeetsorexceedsthecapabilitiesofahumanbehindthewheel.49Thetestisinlinewithestablishedinternationalguidelinesforroadsafetyandaimstomaintainaninternationalstandardduringthedeploymentofautonomousvehicles.IntelligentTransportationSocietyofAmerica(ITSAmerica)T