科技英語寫作

第一節(jié)科技英語寫作語法錯戲舉例

1.1Subject-VerbAgreements(主調(diào)一致)

例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsare

described.

［說明］Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.

Applicationofthistechniqueto...isdescribed.

Sometimes,twosingularsubjectsjoinedby"a/?cTcausethiserror.

例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed

fGrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed.

Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.

例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.

例4Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.

However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby"o尸，theverbtakesthenumber

oftheclosestsubject.

例5Applicationoruseswerenoted.

Usesorapplicationwasnoted.

例6Theappropriatemetalionconcentrationortherateconstantswereused.

Therateconstantsorappropriatemetalionconcentrationwasused.

Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant;inthat

casetheyareoftenprecededbytheword“thd'.Collectivenounstakeapluralverb

whenindividualsofthegrouparemeant;inthatcase,theyareoftenprecededbythe

word"a”.

cntentsjorityangecouplenumberseriesdozenpairvarietygroup

例7Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.

［說明］Referstotheseriesasaunit.

例8Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.

［說明］Referstoeachcompound.

例9Thenumberofmetalamidessynthesizedwasthelargesttodate.

(Referstothenumberasaunit.)

Anumberofmetalamidesweresynthesized.

(Referstoeachamide.)

例10Theseriesofcompoundswaspreparedtotestthehypothesis.

(Referstotheseriesasaunit.)

Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.

(Referstoeachcompound.)

例11Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(500-700)hasbeen

preparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2co3(Na2co3)/H2。ascatalystsinsteadof

NaOH/H2O.

fAseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(500-700)hevebeen

preparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2co3(Na2co3)/H2。ascatalystsinsteadof

NaOH/H2O.

“Data”canbeasingularorpluralnoun.

例12Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.

［說明］Referstothedataasindividualresults.

例13Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.

-Afterthedataisdistributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.

［說明］Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.

例14Noneofthesampleswassoluble.

—Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.

［說明］Referstoindividuals.

例15Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.

fThisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.

［說明］Referstothegroupasaunit.

Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingular

subject.

例16Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.

fThemixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.

例17FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.

fFivegramsofNaCLwasaddedtothesolution.

例18Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.

fThreeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.

Nounsendinginicsanddenotingascientificdisciplineareusuallysingular.

dynamicsmechanicskineticsphysicsmathematicsthermodynamics

MechanicsinvolvestheapplicationofNewton'sthreelawsofmotion.

Thekineticsofelectrontransfertoandfromphotogeneratedradicalswasexaminedbylaserflash

photolysis.

Thethermodynamicsisgovernedbythepositionsofthevalenceandconductionbands.

Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“eac/i"，“every5',andueverybody91may

takesingularverbs.

例19Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.

Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.

Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.

例20Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.

Sometimes,oneofthesewordsisimplicit;suchcasestakeasingularverb.

例21Eachnameandaddressisenteredintothedatabase.

Indefinitepronounsthemselves(oradjectivescombinedwiththeindefinite

pronountlone>,)canbethesubjectofthesentence.

Thosethattakeasingularverbare"each”,"eithe產(chǎn)，“neithe產(chǎn)，“noone91,every

one>,,uanyone>,,tisomeone>,,tteveryone>,,''anybody99,''somebody91,and“everybody31.

例22Eachwasevaluatedforitseffectonmetabolism.

例23Neitherdisruptsthecellmembrane.

但U24Regardingcompounds1-10,everyonereactswiththecontrolagent.

例25Someonemeasuresthevolumeeveryday.

Thosethattakeapluralverbare“severaF,"feW","both”,andamany9".

例26Severalwereevaluatedfortheireffectsonmetabolism.

例27Fewdisruptthecellmembrane.

例28Regardingcompounds1and2,bothreactwiththecontrolagent.

例29Manywerechosentobepartofthestudy.

Thosethattakeeitherasingularorpluralverb,dependingoncontext,arettsome),,

il>,<t,,

any,noneJand"mosf.Thenumberoftheobjectofthepreposition

determinesthenumberoftheindefinitepronounrelatedtoit.

例30Someofthemoneywasstolen.

例31Someofthebookswerelost.

例32Notallthedisksarehere;somewerelost.

Whenafractionisthesubjectofthesentence,thenumberoftheattendantobject

oftheprepositiondeterminesthenumberofthesubject.

例33One-thirdoftheprecipitatewasdissolved.

例34One-fourthoftheelectronsareexcited.

例35Theremainderofthecompoundsareyettobedescribed.

Whenasubjectanditspredicativedisagreeinnumber,theverbtakesthenumber

ofthesubject.

低?。?6Thepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethreecompoundsarethetopicof

paper.

例37Thetopicofthispaperisthepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethree

compounds.

1.2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses

Whenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessaryto

thesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.

Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedbylithar,not“which”.

例38Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnot

withthehydroxyl.

—Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnot

withthehydroxyl.

Aphraseorclauseisnonrestrictiveifitaddsinformationbutisnotessential;that

is,thesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningifthephraseorclauseisdeleted.

Nonrestrictivephraseandclausearesetoffbycommas.

快！)39Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibility

ofallfourprocesses.

例40MelvinCalvin,whowontheNobelPrizein1961,elucidatedthebiochemical

pathwaysinphotosynthesis.

1.3DanglingModifiers語(Danglingphrases)

Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyand

logicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.

Theunderstoodsubjectisusuallythesameasinthemainclause.

fAfterthetechnicalreportwasreviewed,theseveralmistakeswerefoundinit.

Basedonthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofive

majorgroups.

fOnthebasisofthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedinto

fivemajorgroups.

fLakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroupsaccordingtotheirbiologicaland

geographicalcharacters.

b.懸垂不定式短語(Danglinginfinitivephrases)

Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,itneedstoconsidertheprotectedarea

constructionasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand...

fInordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,weshouldconsidertheconstructionof

protectedareaasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand...

c.懸垂介詞短語(Danglingprepositionphrases)

Afterremovingtheoutmostleaves,thematerialwasrubbedwith70%ethanolforsurface

sterilization.

fThematerialswerecleansedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization,aftertheiroutmost

leaveswereremoved.

下面幾種情形不是danglingmodifiers:

(4)Absoluteconstructionsarewords,phrases,orclausesthataregrammatically

unconnectedwiththerestofthesentenceinwhichtheyappear.Theyaresometimes

calledsentencemodifier^becausetheyqualifytherestofthesentence.Theymay

occuranywhereinthesentence,andtheyarealwayssetoffbycommas.Theyarenot

danglingmodifiers.

快!I50Contrarytotheexcited-statesituation,metal-bondinginteractionsintheground

statesareweak.

例51Theconstructionswerepremature,consideringthelackofavailabledata.

例52judgingfromthespectralchanges,exhaustivephotolysisofcompound4hadoccurred.

例53TheconformationsabouttheRe-Rebond,inaddition,aredifferentforallthreecomplexes.

Absoluteconstructionsoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:

consideringprovidedgivenprovidingjudgingregardingconcerningfailing

(5)lnmathematicalpapers,absolutephrasesbeginningwiththewords“assuming”

and“taking“areoftenusedassentencemodifiers.

例54Assumingthatdistancedisinducedbythenorm,Misasymmetricalandpositively

definedmatrix.

例55Takingthisvalueasanupperlimit,thetwoshortestdistancesaresometimestoolong

forincipienthydrogenbonds.

(6)Asubordinateorellipticalclausemaybeusedasasentencemodifier.

例56Thecompoundisstableinair,asweconcludedfromtheexperimentevidence.

彳列57TheMo5sorbitals,asexpected,interactstronglywiththeligands.

(7)Anintroductoryinfinitiveorinfinitivephrasemaybeasentencemodifier.

例58Topreparecompound2,themethodofGamerwasfollowed.

1.4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs

Besurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsand

auxiliaryverbs.

例59Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.

fTheeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesampleswerecollectedin10-mL

increments.

第二節(jié)科技英語寫作表達的幾個問題

2.1簡明

科學論文不同于文學作品，要求必須簡明、清晰、準確

例AscanbeseenfromFig.7,growthisrapid.

fGrowthisrapid(Fig.l).

fFig.lshowsthatgrowthisrapid.

AsshowninFig.l...

fFig.lshows...

Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeansofthethird

peakareainDSCcurve.

fThemolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)the

thirdpeakareainDSCcurve.

下述句式可以更加簡捷的形式表達

常以介詞或副詞代替

anumberof=several,some

atatemperatureofat

atsomefuturetimelater

atthepresenttime(moment)now

averylimitednumberoffew

bymeansofbyorwith

duetothefactthatbecauseorsince

duringthetimethatwhile

foraperiodoffor

forthereasonthatbecauseorsince

fromthestandpointofaccordingto

greater(orhigher)numberofmore

ifconditionsaresuchthatif

comparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA

considerableamountofmuch

considerablenumber(orproportion)manyormost

inacarelessmannercarelessly

inaconsiderablenumberofcasesoften

inasimilarmannersimilarly

inallcasesalways,all

inanycaseanyhow

inconsequenceofthisfacttherefore

inexcessofmorethan

infewcasessometimes,rarely,seldom

inmanycaseschemistsare...manychemistsare...

inordertoto

in[with]regardtoinrelationtoinrespectof[to]inthecaseofinthiscontextof

以上可使用適當?shù)慕樵~，例如in,for,about,with

insomecasessometimes

intermsofin

inthecaseofsodiumwithsodium

intheeventthatif

inthenearfuturesoon

inthetemperaturerangeofbetween...and...℃

inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause

largenumber(s)ofmany

largeproportionofmany

ofgreatimportanceimportant

ofsuchhardnessthatsohardthat

onthebasisoffrom,by,because

ontheorderofabout

overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyears

owingtothefactthatsince,because

asmallnumberofafew

subsequenttoafter

asufficientnumberofenough

withreferencetoabout

priortobefore

Itisapparentthat...Apparentlyhence,thus

Itappearsthat...Apparently...

Itisinterestingtonotethat...1interestingly...

Itwasin1977that...In1977...

Itisclearthat...Clearly...

Itisourconclusionthat...Weconcludethat...

Itispossiblethat...

Itmaybesaidthat...PerhapsPossibly,Probably

Itisoftenthecasethat...Often...

Itispossiblethatthecauseis...Thecausemaybe...

可去掉It,改用動詞，而不用名詞

Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide...

fThisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding...

ACS建議以如下幾種方式，使文章寫得更簡明：

⑴刪去諸如下述短語

Asalreadystated

Ithasbeenfoundthat

Ithaslongbeenknownthat

Itisinterestingtonotethat

Itisworthmentioningatthispoint

Itmaybesaidthat

Itwasdemonstratedthat

⑵刪去多余的詞

Itisaprocedurethatisoftenused.

—>Thisprocedureisoftenused.

Therearesevenstepsthatmustbecompleted.

—>Sevenstepsmustbecompleted.

Thisisaproblemthatis...

一Thisproblemis...

Theseresultsarepreliminaryinnature.

一Theseresultsarepreliminary.

⑶不用短語，用單一詞表達

anumberof—>many,several

asmallnumberof一afew

areinagreement一agree

arefoundtobe一are

areknowntobe一are

atpresent一now

atthepresenttime一now

basedonthefactthat一because

bymeansof一by

despitethefactthat—>although

duetothefactthat—>because

duringthattime—while

fewerinnumber一fewer

forthereasonthat—because

hasbeenshowntobe—>is

ifitisassumedthat一if

incolor,e.g.,redincolor一juststatethecolor,e.g.,red

inconsequenceofthisfact一therefore,consequently

inlength一long

inorderto一to

inshape,e.g.,roundinshape—juststatetheshape,e.g.,round

insize,e.g.,smallinsize一juststatethesize,e.g.,small

inspiteofthefactthat—although

inthecaseof...—>infor...

inthenearfuture—>soon

inviewofthefactthat—because

isknowntobe—>is

itappearsthat一apparently

itisclearthat一clearly

itislikelythat一likely

itispossiblethat一possibly

itwouldappearthat—apparently

ofgreatimportance—>important

ontheorderof—about

owingtothefactthat—because

priorto—>before

reportedintheliterature—reported

subsequentto—>after

兩種類型的復雜句及其簡化

有被動式從句與主動式從句之分

［被動式從句］

Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.

fHeusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.(簡化為后置的過去分詞)

帶有介詞+which句子的簡化

(1)atwhich一where

Airportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.

一Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.

(2)bymeansofwhichfwhereby

Afuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided.

fAfuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.

Definitionofthermalanalysis

Ageneraltermcoveringagroupofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceofthe

parametersofanyphysicalpropertyofasubstanceontemperatureismeasured.

(3)ofwhichfwhose

Venusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.

一Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.

有介詞from,in,for者不能簡化

Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted.

有助動詞的句子，不能簡化

Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.(這里是今年要

做的/必須做的/已做過的實驗明細表。),

［主動式從句］

ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.

fThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.

(簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語。)

再簡化

被動式

Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.

fAircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.

fCompressedaircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.

主動式

Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.

Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.

Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.

2.2富于變幻

比如，“稱作”一詞

Suchfractionsarecalledasnon-freezingwater.

Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater.

Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater.

再比如，報道、闡述、主張、確認

Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly（vinyl

chloride）-PVC-andpoly（methylmethacrylate）-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal[l]reportedPVC/PMMA

tobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60%w/w,whereasRozinskaetal[2]

claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal[3]assertedPVC/PMMAto

bemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,7g,inthesecond

DSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal[4]by

non-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.

2.3辨析近義詞

例1absorbedby,adsorbedon

adsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收其中）。

如：...adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodine.（…吸附于碘化銀的表面。）

Waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）

例2accuracy,precision

accuracy（準確度），示值（實驗值）與被測量真值（約定真值）的一致程度；

precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性上

例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（雖然達至（J高精密度，但準確度低。）

例3actually,infact

在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderably

slower,...”中，對于科學論文來講，這里施用infact更為合適。與書面語言相比，actually更多

用于口語。

例4adjust,calibrate

calibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測量儀器或測量系統(tǒng)的示值

與被測量相對應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作。可以用校準的結(jié)果評定測量儀器、測量系統(tǒng)的

示值誤差，或給任意標尺上的標記賦值；有時把校準的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式

的一系列校正因子?？砂瓷鲜龅男Ｕ龑y量結(jié)果做調(diào)整（adjust）。例如:Theresultsofthecalibration

permittedustoadjustthefinalresult.（校準的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果。）

例5common,general,ordinary,usual,routine

common（普通的，共同的），a-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmany

bauxites.（a-氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分。）.

general（一般的），Oneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthe

aromaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction」制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法之一是

Friedel-Craft反應(yīng)。）

ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertain

physicalproperties」重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同。）

ordinarypressure（常壓）,

ordinarytemperature（常溫）。

usual（常規(guī)的），Undertheseconditiontheend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyinthe

usualway.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點。）

茲以method為例：

acommonmethod普通的方法

ageneralmethod一般的方法

ausualmethod常規(guī)的方法

aconventionalmethod傳統(tǒng)的方法

止矽卜，routine（貫常的），如routinetest（慣常測試），是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復測試。

例6bymeansof,intermsof

bymeansof與by,using,byusing同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射

線衍射等）開展研究、觀測；

intermsof通常用在采用某種理論（說法）、參數(shù)來解釋實驗結(jié)果。

例如：ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigated

bymeansofDSCandDMA.

Sometimes,wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombination

oftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults.

Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature（紜）andcopolymer

compositions.

fTherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature（"）andcopolymercompositionswas

interpretedintermsofFoxequation.

Wehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecomposition

procedurebyTG-DTG,DTA,SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermal

kineticsbymeansoftheMalekmethod.

一...intermsoftheMalekmethod.

例7curve,thermogram

curve（曲線）,thermogram（熱譜）。

thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日記錄。因此，以英國學者為主

的熱分析名詞委員會主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTAcurve（DTA曲線），

DSCcurve（DSC曲線）。

例8derivative,differential

derivative（微商），表示某物理量P對溫度T或時間t的微商，dP/dT（或dP/dt）,如derivative

thermogravimetry（微商熱重法）

differential（差，差式），如differentialscanningcalorimetry（差式掃描量熱法）。

修!19different,various,varying

different（不同的）,various（各種的），varying（改變...的）。

例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（結(jié)果顯然不同。）

Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我們試過各種方法。）

Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas...（改變條件的影響是）

例10mass,weight

mass（質(zhì)量），weight（重量）。

如：massofthesample（試樣質(zhì)量，或簡稱試樣量），而不稱sampleweight（試樣重量）。重量

在本質(zhì)上與力是相同的，即是質(zhì)量與因重力而產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積。

例11usually,often,sometimes

它們在表現(xiàn)時間的頻次上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次為"通常”、“常?！?、“有

時”，頻次降低。

如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat...（通常觀測...）

Itwasoftenobservedthat...（常常觀測...）

Itwassometimesobservedthat...（有時觀測）

例12standardmaterial,certifiedreferencematerial

standardmaterial標準物質(zhì)，

certifiedreferencematerial有證參樣（或稱有證標準物質(zhì)）。

standardmaterial用于檢定儀器測量準確度的物質(zhì)；certifiedreferencematerial用一種或多種

技術(shù)上正確的方法，鑒定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機構(gòu)所發(fā)給的證書或其他文件

的標準物質(zhì)。

例13

materialsubstancesamplespecimentestspecimenspecimens試料IS011358:

sample:

Asmallpartorportionofabulkmaterialorbatchofproductsintendedtoberepresentativeof

thewhole.（樣品:可代表整個材料或產(chǎn)品的一小部分批料）

testspecimen:

Acompleteproductorsinglepiecetakenfromasampleandusedtocarryoutatest.Inthecase

ofbulkmaterialssuchaspellets,powdersandgranules:aportiontakenfromasampleandusedto

carryoutatest.檢樣：取自樣品的一個完整產(chǎn)品或單一件并用于進行測底。對于諸如板

材、粉末或粒子的批料，是從樣品取一小部分，并用于測試。）

用非常少量的試樣而又必須能代表整個樣品，則要求必須制備成均勻組成的分析試樣。

2.4語法修辭及其他

2.4.1時態(tài)、語態(tài)與人稱

1）時態(tài)

用一般過去時，陳述以往做過的事。如：

Thesolutionheatedtoboiling.

Thespectrawererecorded.

Jonesreviewedtheliteratureandgatheredmuchofthisinformation.

Werecentlyfoundthatrelativisticeffectsenhancethebondstrength.

Thestructureweredeterminedbyneutrondiffractionmethods.

用現(xiàn)在時敘述事實

Absoluterateconstantsforawidevarietyofreactionsareavailable.

Hyperbranchedcompoundsaremacromolecularcompoundsthatcontainabranchingpointin

eachstructuralrepeatunit.

現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時可用于表達文章的結(jié)果、討論和結(jié)論

Thecharacteristicsofthevoltammetricwaveindicatethatelectrontransferandbreakingof

thecarbon-iodinebondareconcerted.

Theexcellentthermalstabilityofpoly（nRMI）wasconfirmedbythermalanalysistechnique,

i.e.,theyhadahighglasstransitiontemperatureanddecompositiontemperature.

論文常用時態(tài)可概括如下：

表示“報道、研究、綜述”等，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時

InthispaperwereportthesynthesisofRFCcontainingbariumferriteaccordingtoaspecific

recipeanditsevaluationofdielectricandmechanicalproperties.

Theprobablemodeofevolutionisdiscussed.

敘述他人已報道的內(nèi)容用一般過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時

Inthepastdecadepublicattentionmoreandmorefocusedonthepotentialapplicationsof

renewableresources(forexampleasbuildingmaterials,Sobral1990嚴).

表示研究過程的行為通常用一般過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時

HighDensityPolyethylene(HDPE)waskindlysuppliedbyFIAT(Italy).

TheHDPEwasblendedwiththeLDPE,inthemoltenstateathightemperature(200℃),

usingaBrabenderblender,equippedwithrotatingblades.

Filmswereobtainedfromallthementionedmaterials,bycompressionmouldingona

laboratoryscaleatT=180℃withathickness0.2mm.

Thecurecharacteristicsandmechanicalpropertiesofshortnylonfiber-styrenebutadienerubber

compositeswithandwithoutaninterfacialbondinga