小學(xué)英語英語故事名人故事卡爾

卡爾?馬克思生平

KarlHeinrichMarxwasbornonMay5th,1818inthecityofTrier,Germanytoa

comfortablemiddle-class,Jewishfamily.Hisfather,alawyerandardentsupporter

ofEnlightenmentliberalism,convertedtoLutheranismwhenMarxwasonlyaboyin

ordertosavethefamilyfromthediscriminationthatPrussianJewsenduredatthe

time.Marxenjoyedabroad,seculareducationunderhisfather,andfoundan

intellectualmentorinFreiherrLudwigvonWestphalen,aPrussiannoblemanwithwhom

Marxdiscussedthegreatliteraryandphilosophicalfiguresofhisday.Notably,

itwasWestphalenwhointroducedtheyoungMarxtotheideasoftheearlyFrench

socialistSaint-Simon.

AsastudentinBonnandBerlin,Marxwasgreatlyinfluencedbythephilosophyof

Hegel.WhileMarxwasimpressedwiththeHegelianprofessorsunderwhomhestudied,

heultimatelyfoundhimselfattractedtoagroupofstudentsknownasthez/Young

Hegelians.z/Thisgroupofyoungiconoclasts,includingDavidStrauss,BrunoBauer,

andMaxStirner,wereinspiredbyHegelbutweredeterminedtochampionthemore

radicalaspectsoftheoldmaster，ssystem,Inparticular,theseLeftHegelians

calledintoquestiontheconservatismtheysawinHegeTsavowedpoliticaland

religiousphilosophies.AlthoughMarxdesiredacareerasanacademicatthetime,

hispoliticalsympathiespreventedhimfromreceivinganpositioninthe

state-controlleduniversitysystem.Instead,Marxturnedtojournalismwherehis

radicalpoliticsattractedtheattentionofPrussiancensors.Thepublicationfor

whichheworkedwasshutdownforitspoliticallyincorrectcommentary,andthe

frustratedMarxtraveledtoParis.

Parisin1843wasaninternationalcenterofsocial,political,andartisticactivity

andthegatheringplaceofradicalsandrevolutionariesfromalloverEurope.In

ParisMarxbecameinvolvedwithsocialistsandrevolutionariessuchasProudhonand

Bakunin.Mostsignificantly,though,itwasinParisthatMarxmetFriedrichEngels,

thesonofawealthytextilemanufacturerinEnglandwhohadbecomeasocialistafter

observingthedeplorableconditionofworkersinhisfather，sfactories.Together,

MarxandEngelsbegantodeveloptheideaswhichbecameRevoultionaryProletarian

Socialism,or,asitisbetterknown,Communism.Eventually,Marxwasexiledfrom

Francein1845atthebehestofthePrussiangovernmentforantiroyalistwritings.

AfterleavingParis,MarxtraveledtoBelgiumwherehebecameinvolvedwithagroup

ofartisanscallingthemselvestheCommunistLeague.In1847theCommunistLeague

commissionedMarxandEngelstopenastatementoftheirbeliefsandaims.This

statementbecametheCommunistManifesto,whichMarxzealouslycomposedin

anticipationtherevolutionsof1848.WhenrevolutiondidbegininGermanyin1848,

MarxtraveledtotheRhinelandtoencourageitsprogress.Whentherevolutionfailed,

MarxreturnedtoParisbutsoonleftforLondonwherehewouldremainfortherest

ofhislife.

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MarxwaitedinLondonforthefiresofrevolutiontoigniteagain.Inpreparation

forthis,hespenthistimeincorrespondencewithrevolutionaryleadersonthe

Continent,ignoringtheEnglishChartistsandTradeUnionistswhomhethought

simplemindedandineffectual.Eventually,Marxrealizedthattherevolutionwasnot

imminent,andhewithdrewfromhisassociations,buryinghimselfintheBritish

Museumtoresearchthehistoryofclassconflict.Thefruitofthisresearchwas

Marx'sgreatDasKapital,thefirstvolumeofwhichwaspublishedin1867.

ThingsbegantoturnaroundforMarxin1863whenFrenchworkerstraveledtoEngland

inordertoestablishafederationofworkingmenpledgedtooverthrowtheeconomic

statusquo.AlthoughMarxdisagreedwithmanyoftheideologicalfactionsinthe

group,herecognizedthesignificanceofthiseventandlefthisself-imposedexile

tojointhem.Marxsuccessfullyinsinuatedhimselfintotheleadershipofthegroup,

nowknownastheInternational,anddeliveredhisfamousInauguralAddresstothe

FirstInternationalasatriumphantproclamationofhisprinciples.AtlastMarx

hadwhathehaddesiredsince1847;hehadprovidedtheintellectualfoundationfor

asocialistmovementoverwhichheexercisedfullorganizationalcontrol

Marx'ssatisfactionsoonended,however,astheParisCommuneof1871,thefirst

trueinstanceofworkersachievingpowerforthemselves,turnedintoabloody

disaster.ThemorepacifisticEnglishworkersbecamefrightenedandtheFrench

movementfelltoinfighting.TheanarchistsupportersofBakunintriedtowrest

controloftheInternationalfromMarx,andthestrugglebetweenMarxandthe

anarchistsfinallyleadtothedissolutionofthegroupin1876.

Inthefewremainingyearsofhislife,Marxwrotealmostnosignificantworks.His

statureastheformerleaderoftheInternational,though,didmakehimasought

afterresourcefornewrevolutionarygroupsthroughoutEuropeand,inparticular,

inRussia.AlthoughMarxhelpedthesenewleadersashecould,hedidnottakeon

anyleadershiprolesinanymovementagain.MarxdiedinLondonin1883,still

awaitingtheinevitablerevolutionwhichhehadpredicted.

AbouttheCommunistManifesto

In1846KarlMarxwasexiledfromParisonaccountofhisradicalpolitics.Hemoved

toBelgiumwhereheattemptedtoassemblearagtaggroupofexiledGermanartisans

intoanunifiedpoliticalorganization,theGermanWorkingMen'sAssociation.Marx,

awareofthepresenceofsimilarorganizationsinEngland,calledthesegroups

togetherforameetinginthewinterof1847.UnderMarx'sinfluencethisassemblage

ofworking-classpartiestookthename〃TheCommunistLeague,z/discussingtheir

grievanceswithcapitalismandpotentialmethodsofresponse.Whilemostofthe

delegatestothisconferenceadvocateduniversalbrotherhoodasasolutiontotheir

economicproblems,Marxpreachedthefieryrhetoricofclasswarfare,explaining

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tothemesmerizedworkersthatrevolutionwasnotonlythesoleanswertotheir

difficultiesbutwasindeedinevitable.TheLeague,completelytakenwithMarx,

commissionedhimtowriteastatementoftheircollectiveprinciples,astatement

whichbecameTheCommunistManifesto.

Aftertheconference,MarxreturnedtoBrussels,carryingwithhimadeclaration

ofsocialismpennedbytwodelegates,thelonecopyofTheCommunistJournal,the

publicationoftheLondonbranchoftheCommunistLeague,andastatementof

principleswrittenbyEngels.AlthoughMarxfollowedEngel，sprinciplesveryclosely,

theManifestoisentirelyofhisownhand.Marxwrotefuriously,butjustbarely

madethedeadlinetheLeaguehadsetforhim.TheManifestowaspublishedinFebruary

1848andquicklypublishedsoastofantheflamesofrevolutionwhichsmoldered

ontheContinent.WhenrevolutionbrokeoutinGermanyinMarch1848,Marxtraveled

totheRhinelandtoputhistheoryintopractice.Whenthisrevolutionwassuppressed,

MarxfledtoLondonandtheCommunistLeaguedisbanded,theManifestoitsonlylegacy

totheworld.

TheManifestohaslivedalongandillustriouslife.Whileitwashardlynoticed

amongstthecrowdedfieldofpamphletsandtreatisespublishedin1848,ithashad

amoreprofoundeffectontheintellectualandpoliticalhistoryoftheworldthan

anysingleworkinthepast150years.Ithasinspiredthecommunistpoliticalsystems

whichrulednearlyhalftheworld，spopulationatitsheightanddefinedthechief

ideologicalconflictofthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,alteringeventhose

countrieswhichstoodfirmlyagainstcommunism,e.g.WesternEuropeanandAmerican

WelfareStates.Intellectually,Marx'sworkhasprofoundlyinfluencednearlyevery

fieldofstudyfromthehumanitiestothesocialsciencestothenaturalsciences.

ItishardtoimagineanareaofserioushumaninquirywhichMarxismhasnottouched.

ButevenintheenormousbodyofworkrelatedtoMarxism,TheManifestoisundoubtedly

unique.Evenatitsshortlength(only23pagesatitsfirstprinting),itisthe

onlyfullexpositionofhisprogramthatMarxwrote.AndwhileMarxdevelopedhis

viewsthroughouthiscareer,heneverdepartedfarfromtheoriginalprinciples

outlinedtherein.TheManifestois,withoutadoubt,Marx'smostenduringliterary

legacy,settinginmotionamovementwhichhas,althoughnotinexactlythewayMarx

predicted,radicallychangedtheworld.AsMarxfamouslyassertedinhisTheseson

Feuerbach,〃Thephilosophershaveinterpretedtheworldinmanyways.Whatmatters

ischangingit.〃Noonehasepitomizedthisasmuchashe.

卡爾?馬克思

全世界無產(chǎn)階級的偉大導(dǎo)師和領(lǐng)袖，馬克思主義的創(chuàng)始人。生于普魯士萊茵省特里爾城一個

猶太人律師家庭。曾先后就學(xué)于波恩大學(xué)和柏林大學(xué)法律系，重點學(xué)習(xí)歷史和哲學(xué)，獲哲學(xué)

博士位。在學(xué)期間參加青年黑格爾派，主張激進(jìn)的無神論。1842年起擔(dān)任《萊茵報》撰稿

人，10月任主編。在此期間通過寫報紙評論，對反動政府進(jìn)行了深刻揭露，思想開始從唯

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心主義立場轉(zhuǎn)向唯物主義，從革命民主主義轉(zhuǎn)向共產(chǎn)主義。1843年《萊茵報》被查封，馬

克思和燕妮?威斯特華倫結(jié)婚并遷居巴黎，開始同德國、法國秘密工人社團(tuán)建立聯(lián)系，經(jīng)常

參加工人、手工業(yè)者的集會，開展對政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、空想社會主義和歷史的研究。1844年初

創(chuàng)辦《德法年鑒》，發(fā)表《黑格爾法哲學(xué)批判導(dǎo)言》《論猶太人問題》等文章，第一次指出無

產(chǎn)階級是唯一能消滅剝削制度的階級，工人運動必須與科學(xué)的世界觀相結(jié)合；主張“對現(xiàn)存

的一切進(jìn)行無情的批判”，尤其是“武器的批判”。這些文章和當(dāng)時給阿?盧格的幾封信，標(biāo)

志著馬克思世界觀的轉(zhuǎn)變已經(jīng)完成。

1844年8月底，馬克思和恩格斯在巴黎會見，從此他們?yōu)闊o產(chǎn)階級解放事業(yè)并肩戰(zhàn)斗到終

生。他們首先共同系統(tǒng)地研究科學(xué)的新世界觀。第一個成果是《神圣家族》，批判了青年黑

格爾派主要代表人物布魯諾?鮑威爾等的唯心主義哲學(xué)，闡述了人民群眾是歷史的創(chuàng)造者這

一歷史唯物主義的基本原理。1844年，馬克思又寫了《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-哲學(xué)手稿》。1845年，因從

事革命活動，被法國政府驅(qū)逐出境，遷居比利時首都布魯塞爾，寫出著名的《關(guān)于費爾巴哈

的提綱》，不久，又與恩格斯合寫了《德意志意識形態(tài)》，進(jìn)一步在批判青年黑格爾派的基礎(chǔ)

上闡明了新世界觀的理論，特別是歷史唯物主義的一些基本原理，第一次提出了無產(chǎn)階級奪

取政權(quán)的歷史任務(wù)。1846年，與恩格斯一起創(chuàng)立了共產(chǎn)主義通訊委員會和德意志工人協(xié)會,

批判了蒲魯東主義、魏特林平均共產(chǎn)主義和“真正的”社會主義。1847年發(fā)表《哲學(xué)的貧

困》，同年加入共產(chǎn)主義者同盟。1847年12月一一1848年月，參加了同盟第二次代表大會,

并受大會委托，同恩格斯一起起草了同盟的綱領(lǐng)，這