w5s1 - global dimensions不平等全球維度

Week5-Session1GlobalDimensionsofInequalitySOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonSection1TheoriesofdevelopmentSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonTheoriesofdevelopmentMarket-orientedtheoriesUnfetteredparticipationinamarketeconomyleadstocountry-leveldevelopment.Theroleofthestateistogetoutoftheway.WorldSystemsTheory(WST)DependencytheoryisrelatedtoWSTinthatbothsuggestextractionfromdeveloping/peripheralcountriesisthehindrancetodevelopmentTheroleofthestateisoftenexpressedviacolonialism,neo-colonialismfordeveloped/corecountriesandvulnerability/corruptionfordeveloping/peripherycountries.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonTheoriesofdevelopmentState-centredTheoriesStatetakesanactiveroleinprotecting/stimulatingwithin-countryproductionThestateisaguarantorofstabilityandcoordinatesdevelopment(e.g.,China)Post-developmentCritiquesRejectsthesearchfor“developmentalternatives”Seeks“alternativestodevelopment”SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonSection2TheoriesofInequality:RousseautoHegelandbeyond…SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonRousseau(1712-1778)Maninthe“stateofnature”isinherentlygoodandsharing.Societyandtheaccumulationofthings(materialandstatus-oriented)areaperversionof(wo)man’snaturaltendencies.Inequalityisa“symptom”ofhumanslivinganunnaturallife.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonMalthus(1766-1834)Thereisanaturaltendencyforsocietytobeinastateofneardeprivation(i.e.,toomanypeople,notenoughfood).Inequalityisanecessarycomponentofsocietyandcannotbeprevented.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonPointatwhichpovertystartsto“control”populationgrowth.Hegel(1770-1831)Historyisa“dialect”andthelessadvantagedareingmorepowerful.Withtime,inequalitycan/shouldfade.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonSection3Inequality:Whatisitandwhatdowemeanwhenwetalkaboutit?SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonJefferson(1743-1826):OntologicalEqualityJeffersonisoneofthemorefamouspeopletosuggestthatbirthshouldnotdictatestatus(exceptforhis200+slaves).Thisisthestartingpointformostdefinitionsof(in)equality.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.Creighton“Allmenarecreatedequal…”-Jefferson(DeclarationofIndependence)Flavorsof(in)equalityEqualityofOpportunitySocietyisobligatedtoallowallmemberstostartwiththesamechanges.Afterthestart,anyinequalityisjustifiedandjustifiable.EqualityofConditionSocietyshouldcompensatefordifferencesinthe“startingposition”ofmembers.Thistypicallyincludeseffortslikeaprogressivetaxsystemandaffirmativeaction.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonFlavorsof(in)equalityEqualityofe:Everyoneshouldendupthesame,regardlessofhowonegoesabouttheirlives.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonStratification:Estate,CasteandClassEstate:Differencesarebasedindefinedeconomicroles.Caste:Differencesarebasedinhistorical,ofteninherited,roles.Class:Differencesarebasedinconflict(oppositionbetweengroups).SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonSection4PikettyandGoldhammer2015:InequalitySOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonInequality:Right-leftPerspectives

[PikettyandGoldhammer2015]LeftInequalitycomesfromdifferencesinpositionsofpower/ownershipInequalityisreducedviamechanismsofredistribution(typicallythestate)RightInequalitycomesfromunequaldistributionofskills,opportunityand/ormotivationInequalityisreduced(totheextentthatiscanbe)viaunfetteredaccesstoopportunity.Skillsandmotivationarealwaysthereandwillalwaysresultinsomeinequality.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonKuznetts(1955):Post-WWIIPredictionsInequalityfollowedaninvertedu-shape.Inequalityincreasedasagriculturalproductionwasreplacedbyindustrial(i.e.,wage-based)production.Inequalityplateauedasindustrialproductionceasedtoexpandandtheeconomy“settled”.Inequalitydecreasedasmechanismsofredistribution,determinedbyorganizedindustrialworkersanddemocraticpressure,wouldreduceinequality.SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightoneInequality:France2000SOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonRedistribution:Ireland,FranceandtheUKSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightoneInequality:GlobalTrendsSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonSection5Inequality:Whydowecare?AGlobalPerspectiveSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonInequalityandHealthSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonRichardWilkinson(TEDTalk;16:51):InequalityandChildWell-BeingSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonRichardWilkinson(TEDTalk;16:51):Section6PracticeExamQuestionSOC10020-IntroductiontoSociology-MathewJ.CreightonPracticeExamQuestions:

GlobalDimensionsofInequality

Inthe5thweekofthemodulewecoveredinequalityfromaglobalperspective.Pleasedescribethedifference(s)between“equalityofopportunity”,“equalityofcondition”and“equalityofe”.Followthiswithadescription