鐵道概論 課件 7-運(yùn)輸

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：第一章鐵路運(yùn)輸組織第一篇鐵路客流組織與貨運(yùn)組織第一章鐵路客流組織第二章鐵路貨流組織Part3RailwayTransportWorkingGroupRailwaypassengerorganizationandfreightorganizationChapter1

RailwaypassengerorganizationChapter2Railwayfreightorganization

第一章鐵路運(yùn)輸組織第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃

Chapter1Railwaypassengerorganization1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization1.2Classificationofpassengerandpassengertrains1.3Organizationofrailwaypassengertransport1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransport

plan

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)

旅客運(yùn)輸是整個(gè)鐵路運(yùn)輸工作的重要組成部分，它的基本任務(wù)是：1、滿足廣大人民的旅行需要；2、安全、迅速、準(zhǔn)確、便利地運(yùn)送旅客和行李、包裹、郵件；3、保證旅客在旅行途中舒適愉快并獲得文化生活上的良好服務(wù)。

1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationPassengertransport

Passengertransportisanimportantpartofthewholerailwaytransportation,anditsbasictaskistoMeettheneedsofthepeople'stravel;Safe,rapid,accurateandconvenienttransportationforpassengers,luggage,parcels,andmail;Ensurethepassengerstohaveacomfortandpleasurejourneyandobtainthegoodserviceinculturallife.

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)“八五”期間，我國(guó)鐵路客運(yùn)量和客運(yùn)周轉(zhuǎn)量分別增長(zhǎng)了8.5％和35.7％，而同期鐵路貨運(yùn)量和貨運(yùn)周轉(zhuǎn)量分別增長(zhǎng)8.9％和21.1％；客運(yùn)列車密度增長(zhǎng)16.4％，而同期貨運(yùn)列車密度增長(zhǎng)10.0％；繁忙區(qū)段旅客列車占用的通過能力已超過貨物列車，如京滬線的滬常段，客貨列車占用的通過能力之比為56.8:43.2；全路客運(yùn)和貨運(yùn)收入之比從1:2.45上升到1:1.77，部分鐵路局出現(xiàn)運(yùn)輸收入客大于貨或客貨基本持平。這些情況表明，旅客運(yùn)輸在鐵路運(yùn)輸中的重要性正在增強(qiáng)，預(yù)計(jì)未來鐵路客運(yùn)量和客運(yùn)周轉(zhuǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)幅度將大于貨運(yùn)。因此，大力發(fā)展鐵路客運(yùn)，是我國(guó)鐵路發(fā)展的客觀要求。

DuringtheperiodoftheEighthFive-YearPlan,railwaypassengervolumeandpassengerturnoverincreasedby8.5%and35.7%respectively,whilerailwayfreightvolumeandfreightturnoverincreasedby8.9%and21.1%respectively;passengertraindensityincreasedby16.4%,atthesameperiodfreighttraindensityincreased10.0%;busysection’spassengertrainoccupancycapacityhasexceededthegoodstrains,suchasHuchangsectionofBeijing-Shanghailine,passengerandfreighttrainoccupancycapacityratiowas56.8:43.2;thewholepassengerandfreightrevenueincreasedfrom1:2.45to1:1.77,passengertrains’transportrevenueofsomeRailwayBureausisgreaterthanthatofcargo.Theseindicatethattheimportanceofpassengertransportinrailtransportisincreasingandthatthegrowthinpassengertrafficisexpectedtooutpacefreightmovementsinthefuture.Therefore,thedevelopmentofrailwaypassengertransportisanobjectiverequirementforthedevelopmentofrailwaysinChina.1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)

鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸工作性質(zhì)和組織原則與貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)膮^(qū)別：1、旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕?wù)對(duì)象是廣大旅客，其次是行李、包裹和郵件。2、旅客運(yùn)輸需求的時(shí)空不均衡性。3、旅客列車的編組一般是固定的，其始發(fā)、終到站以及到、發(fā)和途中運(yùn)行的時(shí)刻也是固定的。4、旅客車輛（包括餐車、行李車）一般都是按鐵路局固定配屬于各客運(yùn)車輛段。

1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationThenatureandorganizationprincipleoftherailwaypassengertransportandthedifferencebetweenpassengerandfreighttransportation.①Themainserviceobjectofpassengertransportisthevastnumberofvisitors,followedbyluggage,parcelsandmail②Timeandspaceimbalanceofpassengertransportdemand③Thecompositionofthepassengertrainisgenerallyfixed,itsorigin,theendofthestation,thearrival,thedeparture,andtheruntimeisfixed.④

Passengervehicles(includingdiningcar,luggage)generallybelongtothepassengervehiclesegmentaccordingtotheRailwayBureau.

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)5、旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃只有年度的客運(yùn)量計(jì)劃和客運(yùn)機(jī)車和客車車底的運(yùn)用計(jì)劃，平時(shí)只依據(jù)節(jié)、假日客流調(diào)查資料所編制的重點(diǎn)節(jié)、假日計(jì)劃，來調(diào)整年度的客運(yùn)量計(jì)劃和機(jī)車車輛運(yùn)用計(jì)劃，6、客運(yùn)站的位置要求緊靠城市，并且要與市內(nèi)運(yùn)輸及其他各種交通工具有密切的配合。7、選擇旅客列車的重量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、速度和密度時(shí)，要進(jìn)行綜合比較。

⑤Passengertransportplanonlyincludestheannualpassengertrafficplansandtheuseofpassengerlocomotivesandpassengercarplans.Atusualtime,itisonlyonthebasisoffestival,holidaytrafficsurveydatatoadjusttheannualpassengervolumeplanandlocomotiveandrollingstockutilizationplan.⑥Thelocationofthepassengerstationisclosetothecity,anditiscloselycombinedwiththecity'stransportationandotherkindsoftransportation.⑦Whenselectingtheweightstandard,speedanddensityofthepassengertrain,acomprehensivecomparisonismade.1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊饬x和特點(diǎn)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸必須遵循的幾項(xiàng)原則：1、從國(guó)家整體利益出發(fā)，認(rèn)真執(zhí)行黨和國(guó)家的各種方針政策。2、保證旅客運(yùn)輸安全。3、不斷提高旅客運(yùn)輸服務(wù)質(zhì)量。4、發(fā)揮鐵路的整體優(yōu)勢(shì)，貫徹“保證重點(diǎn)，照顧一般”和“客貨兼顧”的方針。5、發(fā)展鐵路與各種交通工具的聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸。1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationSeveralprinciplesmustbefollowedinrailwaypassengertransport:Startingfromtheoverallinterestsofthecountry,weshouldconscientiouslyimplementthepartyandthecountry'svariouspolicies.Ensurethesafetyofpassengertransport.ContinuouslyimprovethequalityofpassengertransportserviceToplaytheoveralladvantagesoftherailway,wemustcarryout"toensurethekey,takecareofgeneral"and"passengerbalance"approach.Developcombinedtransportofrailwayandvariousmeansoftransport第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類一、客流的分類：客流分為下列三種：1、直通客流。2、管內(nèi)客流。3、市郊客流。統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明，全路９７年直通、管內(nèi)和市郊客流占客流總量的比重分別為23％、70％和7％。直通客流比重呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢(shì)。I.Classificationofpassengerflow1.Throughpassengerflow2.Localpassengerflow3.SuburbanpassengerflowStatisticsshowthatthewholeroadin1997,through,in-townandsuburbanpassengerflowaccountedfortheproportionoftotalpassengerflowwere23%,70%and7%.Theproportionofthroughpassengerflowshowedarisingtrend.1.2Classificationofpassengerandpassengertrains第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類二、旅客列車的種類旅客列車分為以下幾種：1、準(zhǔn)高速旅客列車；2、快速旅客列車；3、特別旅客快車；4、旅客快車，分為直通快車（跨及兩個(gè)鐵路局及其以上）和管內(nèi)快車（運(yùn)行在一個(gè)鐵路局范圍之內(nèi)）；5、普通旅客列車；6、市郊列車；7、混合列車；8、旅游列車。各種旅客列車按運(yùn)行方向不同分為上行列車和下行列車。在中國(guó)以向首都北京方向行駛為上行，由首都北京間全國(guó)各方向行駛為下行。鐵路旅客列車車次的現(xiàn)行規(guī)定如表1-1-1所示。1.2ClassificationofpassengerandpassengertrainsII.TypesofpassengertrainsPassengertrainsaredividedintothefollowing:Quasihighspeedpassengertrain;Fastpassengertrain;Passengerexpresstrain;Passengerexpresstrain,dividedintoexpresstrain(crosstwoRailwayBureauandabove)andthelocalexpress(runningwithinarailwaybureauwithin)Ordinarypassengertrain;Suburbanpassenger;Mixedtrain;Traveltrain.Variouspassengertrainsaredividedintoupanddowntrainsaccordingtotherunningdirection.InChina,trainstraveltothedirectionofcapital(BeiJing)arecalleduptrains,trainstravelfromthedirectionofcapital(BeiJing)tovariouspartsofChinaarecalleddowntrains.

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)中國(guó)鐵路客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)目前采用的組織機(jī)構(gòu)形式：鐵道部運(yùn)輸局客運(yùn)處↓鐵路局客運(yùn)處↓鐵路分局客運(yùn)科┌────┴────┐車站客運(yùn)段客運(yùn)車間（列車段）

1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportIII.Theorganizationformsofthecurrentrailwaypassengertransportsysteminchina:MinistryofRailways↓PassengerTransportDepartment↓RailwayBureauPassengerServiceDepartment↓RailwayPassengerTransportBranch┌────┴────┐StationPassengertransportsectionPassengertransportworkshopTrainsection第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)鐵道部運(yùn)輸局客運(yùn)處：1、根據(jù)國(guó)家的有關(guān)方針政策，制訂和修改鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)囊?guī)程、規(guī)則、運(yùn)價(jià)、票據(jù)和飲食供應(yīng)的綜合加成；2、研究客流并編制全國(guó)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸年度計(jì)劃和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)計(jì)劃；3、負(fù)責(zé)編制直通旅客列車運(yùn)行圖和時(shí)刻表，并對(duì)跨及三個(gè)鐵路局以上的直通列車，確定客流的分配計(jì)劃：4、確定各種旅客列車的編組內(nèi)容，制定客車運(yùn)用計(jì)劃，掌握各鐵路局的客車配屬、技術(shù)狀態(tài)、檢修情況，掌握跨三局以上臨時(shí)旅客列車的開行和客車的加掛；5、審批和公布新線營(yíng)業(yè)里程，開辦和封閉營(yíng)業(yè)站，審查大型客運(yùn)站修建方案和投資計(jì)劃；6、日常掌握全路直通旅客列車的運(yùn)行，保證安全、正點(diǎn)。Passengertransportdepartment,Ministryofrailways:1. Accordingtotherelevantnationalpolicies,itformulatesandrevisesrailwaypassengertransportcomprehensiverulesandfreight,billsandcateringaddition;2. Studyingthepassengerflowandthepreparationofthenationalrailwaypassengertransporttomakeannualplanandlong-termplan;It’sresponsibleforthepreparationofstraightlinemapandtimetableofpassengertransport,andisinchargeofthethroughtrainswhichcrossmorethanthreeRailwayBureaustodeterminetheallocationofpassengerflow;Tomakesurethecontentofvariouspassengertrainmarshaling,settheplanofusingtrains,mastertheattachmentandtechnicalstatus,maintenanceofvariousRailwayBureaus,mastertheoperationofpassengertrainandpassengervehicleadditionwhichcrossmorethanthreeRailwayBureaus;5. Approveandpublishthenewmileage,openandcloseoperatingstation,examinelargepassengerstationconstructionschemeandinvestmentplan;6. Graspthedailyrailwayoperationofpassengertrain;ensureitssafetyandpunctuality.1.3Organizationofrailwaypassengertransport

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)

鐵路局客運(yùn)處：1、貫徹執(zhí)行鐵道部的規(guī)章、命令、指示，制定有關(guān)旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)难a(bǔ)充辦法；2、編制和調(diào)整管內(nèi)旅客列車運(yùn)行圖，掌握跨局旅客列車的票額分配及調(diào)整，制定管內(nèi)旅客運(yùn)輸組織辦法；3、審批飲食供應(yīng)的分類加成和車站供應(yīng)點(diǎn)的設(shè)置：4、掌握配屬客車的運(yùn)用維修、本局管內(nèi)臨時(shí)旅客列車的加開和客車的加掛；5、審查管內(nèi)營(yíng)業(yè)站的開辦和封閉及中等以上車站的客運(yùn)設(shè)備的修建方案和投資計(jì)劃；6、掌握直通和管內(nèi)旅客列車的運(yùn)行，保證安全、正點(diǎn)。1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportRailwayBureauPassengerServiceDepartment:Toimplementtheregulations,ordersandinstructionsoftheMinistryofrailways,andformulatesupplementarymeasuresforthecarriageofpassengers;Prepareandadjustlocalpassengertraindiagram,mastertheinterBureaupassengertrainticketassignmentandadjustment,formulatetubepassengertransportorganization;Examineandapprovetheclassificationoffoodsupplyandsetupstationsupply;Tomastertheoperationandmaintenanceofthetemporarylocalpassengertrainsandtheadditionofpassengervehicle.Examinetheconstructionplansandinvestmentplansfortheoperatingandclosingofthelocalstationandthepassengertransportfacilitiesatmediumorabovemediumstations;Mastertheoperationoflocalthroughpassengertrain,ensurethesafetyandpunctuality.

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)客運(yùn)站（段）：1、貫徹執(zhí)行鐵道部、鐵路局和鐵路分局的規(guī)章、命令和指示；2、調(diào)查和分析客流，摸清規(guī)律，組織均衡運(yùn)輸，做好車站旅客輸送日計(jì)劃和票額管理；3、制定有關(guān)客運(yùn)工作的細(xì)則和作業(yè)過程；4、做好車站（列車）對(duì)旅客的服務(wù)、宣傳、衛(wèi)生和飲食供應(yīng)工作；5、認(rèn)真做好外賓的運(yùn)送、接待和服務(wù)工作。1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportPassengertransportsection:1. Tocarryouttheregulations,ordersandinstructionsoftheMinistryofrailways,therailwayadministrationandtheRailwaySubbureau;2. Investigateandanalyzethepassengerflow,findouttherulesofbalancedtransport,makesurepassengertransportstationdailyplanandticketmanagement;3. Makethedetailedrulesandoperationprocessofthepassengertransportwork;4. Doagoodjobofstation(train)passengerservice,publicity,healthandfoodsupply5. Doagoodjobinthetransportation,receptionandserviceofforeignguests.第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃一、客流調(diào)查二、旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃三、鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃的編制IPassengersurveyIIPassengertransportplanIIIRailwaypassengertransportplan1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃一、客流調(diào)查１．影響客流變化的主要因素⑴工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，廠礦企業(yè)的興建，生產(chǎn)力的配置，邊疆的開發(fā)，地方工業(yè)的興辦；⑵農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)和水利建設(shè)的發(fā)展；⑶國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人民物質(zhì)和文化生活水平的提高；⑷國(guó)家的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化活動(dòng)和國(guó)際交往的發(fā)展；⑸現(xiàn)有鐵路的加強(qiáng)、改建及新線的修建、客流吸引范圍的擴(kuò)大等。1.Themainfactorsaffectingpassengerflowchanges(1)Thedevelopmentofindustrialproduction,theconstructionoffactoriesandmines,theallocationofproductiveforces,thedevelopmentoffrontierareas,theestablishmentoflocalindustries;(2)Thedevelopmentofruraleconomy,townshipenterprisesandwaterconservancyconstruction;(3)Thedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,theimprovementofpeople'smaterialandculturallivingstandards;(4)Thedevelopmentofthepolitical,economicandculturalactivitiesofthecountryandinternationalexchanges;⑸Strengtheningoftheexistingrailways,alterationsandtheconstructionofnewlines,theexpansionofpassengerattractionrange.1.4PassengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplanPassengersurvey第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃一、客流調(diào)查２．客流調(diào)查范圍的劃定客流調(diào)查是對(duì)鐵路沿線的吸引范圍進(jìn)行的，它分為直接吸引范圍和間接吸引范圍兩種：前者是指車站所在地及其附近地區(qū)，被車站直接吸引的城市和居民點(diǎn)的總區(qū)域而言；后者是指車站直接吸引范圍以外，由其它交通工具的聯(lián)系而被間接吸引的較遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的城市和居民點(diǎn)的總體區(qū)域而言。例如，位于港口附近的客運(yùn)站，即有經(jīng)由海運(yùn)各航線來的旅客，需要繼續(xù)乘坐火車才能達(dá)到目的地。2.DefinitionofPassengerFlowInvestigationScopeThescopeofpassengersurveyistheattractivenessoftherailway,itisdividedintodirectandindirecttypes:Theformerreferstothelocationofthestationanditssurroundingareas,thecityandresidentialareasintermsofthetotalareaisdirectlyattractedbythestation;Thelatterreferstothegeneralareaofcitiesandsettlementsinremoteareasthatareindirectlyattractedbythelinkagesofothermodesoftransportbeyondthestation'sdirectattractingrange.Forexample,apassengerterminalnearaport,thatis,apassengerviaasearoute,needstocontinuetotravelbytraininordertoreachdestination.1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運(yùn)輸計(jì)劃一、客流調(diào)查３．客流調(diào)查的方法（一）綜合調(diào)查⑴吸引地區(qū)的一般情況；⑵直接影響客流的各項(xiàng)因素；（二）節(jié)假日調(diào)查⑴重點(diǎn)廠礦企業(yè)、機(jī)關(guān)、學(xué)校放假日期，社會(huì)活動(dòng)及外地流動(dòng)人口乘坐火車的流量、流向；⑵其它運(yùn)輸企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)路線、運(yùn)輸規(guī)模、營(yíng)銷策略，與鐵路的中轉(zhuǎn)客流的銜接情況及運(yùn)能、運(yùn)量的變化情況；（三）日常調(diào)查車站客運(yùn)營(yíng)銷人員應(yīng)經(jīng)常注意吸引地區(qū)客流變化因素，隨時(shí)掌握客流變化情況。1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan3.Methodsofpassengersurvey(1)comprehensivesurvey1)thegeneralsituationofattractingthearea;2)factorsdirectlyinfluencingpassengerflow;(2)Investigationonholidays(1)holidaydateoffactory,institution,school,socialactivitiesandtheflowofthefloatingpopulationbytrain;(2)Theoperationroute,transportationscaleandmarketingstrategyofothertransportationenterprises;Situationandtransportcapacity,theamountoftrafficchanges;(3)Dailyinvestigation.Stationmarketingpersonnelshouldalwayspayattentiontochangefactorsofattractingregionalpassengerflow,graspchanges