types-of-s-writing公開課獲獎?wù)n件

Chapter2

TypesofNewsWriting

新聞體裁contentsTypesofnews1Typesofnewswriting23Newsstories344Features5NewsCommentaries1.TypesofnewsMedianewspapercoverage(報(bào)紙新聞)magazinecoverage(雜志新聞)radionews(廣播新聞)TVnews(電視新聞)cablenews(有線電視新聞)despatches(通訊社新聞)Locationworldnews

(國際新聞)homenews(國內(nèi)新聞)localnews(地方新聞)Contentspoliticalnews(政治新聞)economicnews(經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞)technologicalnews(科技新聞)culturalnews(文化新聞)sportsnews(體育新聞)violenceandcrimenews(暴力與犯罪新聞)disasternews(劫難新聞)weathernews(天氣新聞)obituary(訃告)entertainment

(娛樂）NatureofnewsHardnews/spotnews/straightnewsSoftnewsDifference1Hardnewsgenerallyreferstoup-to-the-minutenewsandeventsthatarereportedimmediatelysoftnewsisbackgroundinformationorhuman-intereststories. Politics,war,economicsandcrimeusedtobeconsideredhardnews,whilearts,entertainmentandlifestyleswereconsideredsoftnews.1TypesofNewsDifference2:thetoneofpresentationAhardnewsstorytakesafactualapproach:Whathappened?Whowasinvolved?Whereandwhendidithappen?Why?Asoftnewsstorytriesinsteadtoentertainoradvisethereader.InvertedPyramidStyle(倒金字塔構(gòu)造)PyramidStyle(金字塔構(gòu)造)MixedFormofInvertedPyramidandPyramidStyles（倒敘－－順敘混合構(gòu)造）StructureofNewsInvertedPyramidStyle也稱“倒敘法Theleadoffersthemostessentialelementstellingwho,what,when,where,whyandhowofthestory.

Thesecondparagraphhaslessimportantinfo.andbeginstofillindetailsaboutthelead.Laterparagraphscontainstilllessimportantinfo.Thiswayofframinganewsstoryiscalledthe“invertedpyramid.”PyramidStyle（金字塔構(gòu)造)usedtowritecomplex/complicatedemotionalnewseventorstoryaimedtoachievesuspenseandinterest(usedtowritesoftnews)Format:writteninthechronologicalstyleWiththeclimaxattheendbeginning+body+endingMixedFormofInvertedPyramidandPyramidStyles（倒敘—順敘混合構(gòu)造）：summarylead----firstprovidetheoutlineofnewsevent,thenwriteaccordingtothenaturalsequenceofnewseventsnewsstoriesJapan,2023Newscommentariesinterpretationofnewsandofcurrentissuesandthediscussionofmattersofgeneralinterest,particularlywithaviewtoconvincingreadersofthetruthorthefalsity

2.Typesofnewswriting

featurestimelyeventsofinterestandsignificancetoreadersandtimelyincidentsoflittleornonewsvaluedetailedpresentationsofmattersofrecentnews，timelytopicsorsubjectsofinterests3.Structureofnewsstories1Headline標(biāo)題2Lead導(dǎo)語3Body正文Example1992年7月31日下午，中國通用航空企業(yè)一架由南京飛往廈門旳大型客機(jī)在南京機(jī)場起飛滑跑途中沖出跑道后不久發(fā)生爆炸，造成100多人傷亡．翌日，《中國日報(bào)》頭版上刊登旳一則消息就是以“倒金字塔構(gòu)造”報(bào)道這一殘局旳：

Nanjingaircrashkillsatleast100

NANJING–AYak-42airlinercarrying116passengersand10crewmemberscrashedontakeofffromtheNanjingAirportinEastChinayesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime).Sofar,100peopleonboardaredeadand26injured.Afull-scalerescueattemptfortheinjuredisstillunderway.

TheaircraftofGP7552flightfailedtoliftoffandburstintoaballofflamesabout600metresfromtherunway.Theplane,operatedbyChinaGeneral-PurposeAirlineCompanyinXi’an,wasusedontheroutefromNanjingCityinJiangsuProvincetoXiamenCityinSoutheastChina’sFujianProvince.Aftertheaccident,ZhuRongji,Vice-PremieroftheStateCouncil,andleadingmembersofsomedepartmentsconcernedflewtoNanjingat20:00(Beijingtime)toinspectthesceneoftheaccident,lamentthedeadandexpresscondolencestothefamiliesofthedead.Theyalsowenttothehospitaltoexpresssympathytotheinjured.

Upontheaccident,afire-brigadeworkingneartheairportrushedtothesiteimmediately,whilemedicalteamsandpolicereinforcementsarrivedashorttimelater.Thecauseofthetragedyisstillunderinvestigation.TheNanjingAirporthasresumednormaloperation.

ChinaDaily,Aug.1,1992discussionInthelead(thefirstparagraph),thereportercoveredthemostimportantinformation,whichenablesreaderstoknowwhatthenewsisabout.WHO—116passengersand10crewmembersWHAT—AYak-42airlinercrashedontakeoff100peopleonboardaredeadand26injuredWHEN—yesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime)WHERE—theNanjingAirportinEastChinaHOW—ontakeoffThefollowingparagraphsconstitutethebodyofthenewsreport,describingtherescuework,backgroundinformationconcerningtheaccidentandtheresumptionoftheairportoperation,whichareoflessimportance．FeaturesFeaturestoriesaren'tdefinedsomuchbysubjectmatterastheyarebythestyleinwhichtheyarewritten.Inotherwords,anythingwritteninafeature-orientedwayisafeaturestory.featuresarefoundineverysectionofthepaper,fromnewstobusinesstosports.News:inclusiveandintegrated--panoramaFeatures:episode-focused---asetofenlargedcloseupsFeaturestories

Thelede:Afeaturelededoesn'thavetohavethewho,what,where,whenandwhyintheveryfirstparagraph,thewayahard-newslededoes.Instead,afeatureledecanusedescriptionorananecdotetosetupthestory.amoreleisurelypacethannewsstoriesUsuallylongerthanhardnewsarticlesAfocusonthehumanelement:Soifahardnewsstoryrecountshow1,000peoplearebeinglaidofffromalocalfactory,afeaturestorymightfocusonjustoneofthoseworkers,portrayingtheirgriefatlosingtheirjobExample HEEMERGEDFROMTHEMETROATTHEL'ENFANTPLAZASTATIONANDPOSITIONEDHIMSELFAGAINSTAWALLBESIDEATRASHBASKET.Bymostmeasures,hewasnondescript:ayoungishwhitemaninjeans,along-sleevedT-shirtandaWashingtonNationalsbaseballcap.Fromasmallcase,heremovedaviolin.Placingtheopencaseathisfeet,heshrewdlythrewinafewdollarsandpocketchangeasseedmoney,swiveledittofacepedestriantraffic,andbegantoplay. Itwas7:51a.m.onFriday,January12,themiddleofthemorningrushhour.Inthenext43minutes,astheviolinistperformedsixclassicalpieces,1,097peoplepassedby.Almostallofthemwereonthewaytowork,whichmeant,foralmostallofthem,agovernmentjob.L'EnfantPlazaisatthenucleusoffederalWashington,andtheseweremostlymid-levelbureaucratswiththoseindeterminate,oddlyfungibletitles:policyanalyst,projectmanager,budgetofficer,specialist,facilitator,consultant.KindsoffeaturestoriesPersonalityprofile人物特寫anarticleaboutanindividual,andtheprofilearticleisoneofthestaplesoffeaturewriting.Reportersdothemonpoliticians,CEOs,celebrities,athletes,andsoon.What-feature事件特寫focusesonatopicofinterestinthenewsLocalityfeature旅游特寫focusesonthehistory,customs,historicsitesandspecialfoodsofaplacePersonal-experiencefeature親身經(jīng)歷特寫recountsthefirst-handexperienceNewsstoryUneasypeaceinbatteredCityofAngelsANUNEASYpeacetookholdinLosAngelesyesterdayasthousandsofNationalGuardsmenandpolicepatrolledstreetslitteredwithdebrisfromthreedaysofriotingthatleft40deadandnearly2,000injured.UnitedStatesPresidentMr.GeorgeBushsaidhewassendinginabout4,500federaltroopswithauthorizationtoshootiffiredupon,andMr.RodneyKingpleadedforanendtotheviolencecommittedinhisname.24Newsstory“Iwillusewhateverforceisnecessarytorestoreorder.”Mr.BushsaidinatelevisedaddressonFridaynight.Hesaidhewassendingin3,000Armytroopsand1,500Marinestoquellthenation’sworstriotingsincethe1960s.Thecitywascalmasdawnbroke,butsporadicviolenceovernight---afire,afatalshooting,amotoristassaultedatgunpoint---servednoticethefuryhadnotcometoanend.Theviolence,whichbrokeoutonWednesdayafterfourwhitepolicemenwereacquittedofbrutalityinbeatingMr.King,ablackmotorist,wascentredonthemostlyblackandHispanicneighbouredofsouthcentralLosAngeles.About5,200peoplehavebeenarrested.DamagewasputatUS$550million(HK$4.29billion)andrising.Morethan3,700fireshavebrokenout.Meanwhile,theJusticeDepartmentsaidithadopenedagrandjuryinvestigationtodetermineiftheofficerswhobeatMr.Kingcouldbechargedwithcivilrightsviolations.ElsewherearoundthecountryonFriday,Atlantapolicefiredteargasatacrowdofblackprotestershurlingbricks.InNewYorkblacksinHarlempulledtwowhitemenoutofatruck,stabbingoneandleavingtheotherwithcutsandbruises,policesaid.Bothwerehospitalizedinstablecondition.

newsstoryNewsstoryInLosAngeles,someresidentsbegancleaningupbutheldlittlehopeofrebuildinginmuchofthestrickenarea.Mr.ChadMac,a19-yearMarine,workedwithashovelonapileofemberswhereanappliancestoreoncestood.“JustayearagoIwasinthecleanupinKuwaitandSaudiArabia,”hesaid.“Nowyouhavetoturnaroundanddothesamethinginyourownbackyard.It’ssaid”FeaturestoryEmotionallydrainedKingurgespublictoendviolenceLOSANGELES:Shakingandonthevergeofemotionalcollapse,Mr.RodneyKinghaspleadedwithpeopletostoptheriots.Lookingcompletelyoverwhelmed,Mr.KingwentbeforethemediaonguiltyverdictsonfourLApoliceofficersaccusedofbeatinghim.ThepublicstatementwasextremelydifficultforMr.King,whowasdescribedbyhislawyer,Mr.SteveLerman,asbeing“completelyunglued”becauseofhisassociationwithoneoftheworstriotsinmodernUShistory.FeaturestoryMr.King,ashyandinarticulate26-year-old,tookdeepbreathsbeforeheaddressedthemediaandwastoldtospeakslowly.Severaltimesthroughouthisthree-minutestatement,madeupashewentalong,Mr.King’svoicebrokeashevergedontears.Hismessagewasclear,however---stopthelooting,stopthearson,stoptheviolence.“People,Ijustwanttosay,canweallgetalong,canwegetalong,”Mr.Kingbegan.“Canwestopmakingithorriblefortheolderpeopleandthekids.Imean,wehaveenoughsmoghereinLosAngeles,letalonetodealwiththefiresandthings.Itisnotright,itisnotright.”“Itisnotgoingtochangeanything.Wewillgetourjustice.Theywonthebattlebuttheyhavenotwonthewar.Wewillhaveourdayincourtandthat’sallwewant.”“Iamneutral.Ilovepeopleofallcolour.Iamnotlikewhatpeoplearemakingmeouttobe.”“Wehavegottoquit,wehavetoquit.Afterall,Icanunderstandthefirstupsetforthefirsttwohoursaftertheverdict,buttokeepgoingonlikethisandseethesecurityguardshotontheground,itisnotright,itisjustnotright.”“Becausesomepeoplewillnevergohometotheirfamiliesagain.Imean,please,wecangetalonghere,weallcangetalong.”“Weareallstuckhereforawhile.Let’strytoworkitout.”AreporterstartedtoaskaquestionbutMr.Lerman,yelled“noquestions”.HeexplainedMr.Kingcouldnotmakefurthercommentonanythingbecauseofthependingfederalaction.Mr.Kingapparentlybeggedtobeallowedtomakeapublicpleaforpeacesincethestartofriots,whichhewatchedontelevision.“Ididn’twantMr.Kingtoinflate,inciteorencouragecivilunrest,”Mr.Lermansaid.“Hisimagescouldhavebeenusedbyotherstofermentangerandbelookingtostrikeupproblems.”Thepressconference,heldinBeverlyHillsafterlocalpolicethereguaranteedhissafety,wasthefirsttimeMr.Kinghasbeenseeninpublicformorethanayear.AfewdaysafterthevideotapedbeatingonMarch3lastyearhegaveashortpressconference.Hesaidverylittle,lessthanhedidyesterday,buthisappearancethenspokeathousandwords.Injuriessustainedfromthe56blowstohisheadandbodybytheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentofficers,lefthimunabletowalk,soMr.King,abigmanofmorethan1.8metrestall,hadtoattendtheconferenceinawheelchair.Hisfacewasmisshapenfromcutsandbruisesandhisfacehisbeenleftpartiallyparalysed.Mr.LermansaidMr.Kingwasnowgettingpsychiatrictreatment.Mr.Kingwatchedontelevisionathishomewhenthenotguiltyverdictswerereadout.Hewatchedasthefourpoliceofficerssmiledandhuggedeachother.Speechless,shakingandabsolutelystunned,Mr.Kinggotup,wentintohisbedroomandlockedthedoor.Itwassoonafterthathisoccasionalscreamsbegantobeheard,“Why?Why?Why?Whyaretheybeatingmeagain?”“Hewasdumbfoundedbytheverdicts,”Mr.LermantoldtheReuters.“Hecouldnotbelievethey(thejury)heardtheevidenceandcouldcomeoutwithanythingbutaguiltyverdict.”Newscommentary新聞評論Editorials社論Reviewsorcommentaries述評Columns專欄言論

美國報(bào)紙旳評論體系大致上涉及社論（Editorials)、社論版對頁(OppositeEditorial，縮寫為Op-Ed)、專欄文章(Columnists)和讀者來信（Readers’Opinions)四種主要形式。其中，社論，又稱社評，是報(bào)紙或雜志旳申明、言論或文章，用以體現(xiàn)其編輯、編審委員會或出版者針對近期發(fā)生旳某一政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化以及民生事件旳意見或看法。它不但提供實(shí)時(shí)信息，更主要旳是必須發(fā)出報(bào)紙自己旳聲音以體現(xiàn)本身旳立場，解釋問題、引導(dǎo)輿論，使讀者在其引導(dǎo)下能夠做出判斷。因?yàn)樯缯撝袝A觀點(diǎn)往往代表著該報(bào)刊旳風(fēng)格和立場，又被看作是報(bào)紙旳靈魂。Theme引論Demonstration論證Conclusion

結(jié)論GreenhouseTactics

TheBushadministrationhasdrawnsharpcriticismforweakeningtheglobalwarmingtreatythatwillbesignedattheUnitedNationsenvironmentalsummitinBrazilnextmonth.Thetreatywillsetnofirmtargetsandtimetablesforreducingtheemissionofgreenhousegasesthatcouldalterworldclimate. Itwillsimplyrequirecountriestoadoptgreenhouse-reductionprograms.Newspeg新聞由頭Theme Buttheadministration’soppositiontomandatorylimitswasonsolidground---theneedisnotyetprovedandthecostcouldbehigh.Theadministration’srealfailureismorefundamental.Evenbyitsown“noregrets”policy,itisdoingfartoolittletocurbemissions.

Demonstration Globalwarmingremainsperplexing;despiteyearsofstudy,thereareenormousuncertainties.Allexpertsagreethatcertaingasesputintotheatmospherebyhumanactivities—notablycarbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxide----trapheatandcauseaveragetemperaturestorise.Butnooneknowshowmuchorhowfasttemperatureswillriseandwhethertheincreasewillmakemuchdifference.DemonstrationThemostauthoritativeestimate,byscientistsassembledunderUnitedNationsauspices,projectsthataverageglobaltemperatureswillriseabout2.5centigradedegrees(4.5Fahrenheit)bytheyear2100.Thatwouldprobablynotmeanrecord-settingtemperaturesbutrathermorehotdaysorfewerfrostynights.Shoulditoccure,suchachangecouldcauseseriousdamage.Sealevelmightriseabout60centimeters(2feet),duetothermalexpansionofthewaterandmeltingofice,threateninglow-lyingareas.Hurricanesmightbecomemoreforceful.Weatherchangesmightdisruptagriculture.Cataclysmicchange,althoughunlikely,isatleastconceivable,perhapsasuddenshiftofoceancurrentsthatnowwarmorcoolsomeregions,orbreakupofthehugeWestAntarcticIc