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一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在do/doesis/am/aredoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeendoing過(guò)去didWas/weredoingHaddoneHadbeendoing將來(lái)willdoWillbedoingWillhavedoneWillhavebeendoing過(guò)去將來(lái)0wouldstudyWouldbedoingWouldhavedoneWouldhavebeendoing一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.,twiceaweek:我每天早晨7點(diǎn)離開家去學(xué)校,一周兩次2)客觀事實(shí),普遍真理。Theearthmovesaroundthesun:地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)ShanghailiesintheeastofChina:上海位于中國(guó)的東部3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)?。注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround:哥倫布證明了地球是圓的4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idon'twantsomuch:我不想那么多AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell:AnnWang的英文寫得很好但說(shuō)得不好比較:NowIputthesugarinthecup:現(xiàn)在我在杯子里放了糖Iamdoingmyhomeworknow(含義:我正在做我的家庭作業(yè))注:用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如:Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5﹞主將從現(xiàn)﹝主句用將來(lái)時(shí)從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)﹞①Iwilltellyou,WhenLiMingcomes(含義:當(dāng)李明來(lái)的時(shí)候我會(huì)告訴你)②I'lle-mailyouassoonasIgettoBeijing(含義:我一到達(dá)北京就發(fā)電子郵件給你)注:一般從句為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句「由WhenAssoonas...引導(dǎo)的從句」條件狀語(yǔ)從句「由If...引導(dǎo)的從句」6)表示按計(jì)劃,規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但僅限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如:begin,come,leave,go等Themeetingbeginsatseven:會(huì)議七點(diǎn)開始一般過(guò)去時(shí)1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow(含義:你剛才去哪里了?)2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。WhenIwasakid,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet(含義:當(dāng)我還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,我經(jīng)常在街上踢足球)WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome(含義:布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈的歡迎)3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth"到某人做某事時(shí)間了""某人該……了"Itistimesb.didsth."時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"Itistimeforyoutogotobed:你該睡覺(jué)了Itistimeyouwenttobed:你早該睡覺(jué)了would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'I'dratheryoucametomorrow(含義:我寧愿你明天來(lái))4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用過(guò)去時(shí),作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome(含義:我以為你想要一些)比較:一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife(含義:她已不在人間。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注意:用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1)動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse:你還有什么事嗎?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme:不知你能不能幫我個(gè)忙2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike:你能借給我你的自行車?11.3usedto/beusedtousedto+do:"過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。Motherusednottobesoforgetful:媽媽過(guò)去不是這樣健忘Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(過(guò)去常常散步)beusedto+doing:對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet:他習(xí)慣于素食Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)典型例題----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It's69568442.A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't答案(A):本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但從語(yǔ)意上看出,在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱,在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst:我應(yīng)該先讀哪一段?Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening:你今晚七點(diǎn)在家嗎?2)begoingto+不定式,表示將來(lái)。a.主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow:你打算明天干什么?b.計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth:該活動(dòng)在下個(gè)月舉行c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm:看那些烏云,暴風(fēng)雨就要來(lái)了3)be+不定式表將來(lái),按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday:我們下星期六將討論這份報(bào)告4)beaboutto+不定式,意為馬上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing:他要去北京注意:beaboutto不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。begoingto/will用于條件句時(shí),begoingto表將來(lái)will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.如果你要去旅行,你最好盡快準(zhǔn)備好Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.現(xiàn)在如果你愿意脫下你的衣服,我們將在鏡子前為你穿上新衣服beto和begoingtobeto表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。begoingto表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客觀安排)明天下午我要去踢足球I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主觀安排)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1)下列動(dòng)詞:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning:火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開—Whendoesthebusstar?汽車什么時(shí)候開?—Itstarsintenminutes.十分鐘后2)倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如:Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme:當(dāng)比爾來(lái)了,讓他等我I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere:當(dāng)我到達(dá)那里時(shí),我會(huì)寫信給你4)在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek:我希望他們下星期玩得愉快Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom:在離開房間前要確保窗子都關(guān)閉用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)意為:"意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。I'mleavingtomorrow:我明天就要走了Areyoustayingheretillnextweek:你要在這兒呆到下星期現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have(has)+過(guò)去分詞。比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once,before,already,recently,lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。舉例:Isawthisfilmyesterday:我昨天看了這部電影(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)Ihaveseenthisfilm:我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)Whydidyougetupsoearly(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。)Whohasn'thandedinhispaper(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子,可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。)ShehasreturnedfromParis:她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。Shereturnedyesterday:她是昨天回來(lái)了。HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears:他在團(tuán)中已經(jīng)三年(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears:他連續(xù)三年被一個(gè)團(tuán)內(nèi)的成員(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago:他三年前入團(tuán)(三年前入團(tuán),joined為短暫行為。)Ihavefinishedmyhomeworknow.---WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White---He'salreadybeensentfor.句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去時(shí)。(錯(cuò))Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(對(duì))Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisisthe…that…結(jié)構(gòu),that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,從句要用完成時(shí)。注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。(錯(cuò))Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(對(duì))Ihaven'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.Oneinsix.Believeitornot,that’sthenumberofAmericanswhostrugglewithhunger.Tomaketomorrowalittlebetter,FeedingAmerica,thenation’slargestdomestichunger-relieforganizationhaschosenSeptemberasHungerActionMonth.(2012-6)Today,giventhejoblossesofthepastyear,fewerunhappycoupleswillriskstartingseparatehouseholds.(2012-6)語(yǔ)態(tài)我們曬太陽(yáng)。我們曬衣服。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):be+-ed二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1.英語(yǔ)句型簡(jiǎn)單句的五種形式:

(1)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞);

(2)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語(yǔ);

(3)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ);

(4)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ);

(5)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。兩類系動(dòng)詞:①be動(dòng)詞;

②一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用作系動(dòng)詞:feel,taste,smell等;并列句:一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中包含兩個(gè)或更多互不相依存的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),中間用一些連接詞連接起來(lái)的句子。

并列句不能只用逗號(hào)隔開,而要用連接詞連接。

連接詞:

(1)并列關(guān)系句型:連接詞有and,aswellas,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…

eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.

Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.(2)轉(zhuǎn)折概念并列句型:轉(zhuǎn)折詞有but

eg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.

(3)對(duì)比關(guān)系的并列句型:

eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.練習(xí):20XX年6月閱讀

Cerling’steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.(簡(jiǎn)單句)

Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes.(并列句)

簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句是復(fù)合句的基礎(chǔ)。2.非謂語(yǔ)使用條件英語(yǔ)句子不能沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,簡(jiǎn)單句中只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上動(dòng)詞,充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的只能有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,其余的用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式表達(dá)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用條件:一句話中至少有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,且其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)充當(dāng)了謂語(yǔ)。Hewantstogoforawalk.HeboughtawatchmadeinJapan.Passingherwindow,heheardLucyplayingthepiano.3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞三時(shí)性非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞三種基本形式:動(dòng)詞不定式、-ing,-ed。關(guān)系主要表現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的聯(lián)系上。Themanstoppedworking.Themanstoppedtowork.Passingherwindow,heheardLucyplayingthepiano.Hewantstogoforawalk.HeboughtawatchmadeinJapan.4.-ing形式及其短語(yǔ)用法-ing形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以單獨(dú)使用,也可以加上一些詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)-ing短語(yǔ)。詞性上講,-ing形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于名詞或者形容詞。Seeingisbelieving.ThesleepingboyisTom.TheboysleepingunderthetableisTom.修飾語(yǔ)位置:做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),單獨(dú)一個(gè)-ing形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常放在被修飾名詞前;如果是-ing短語(yǔ)修飾名詞,則只能放在被修飾名詞之后。此外,ing短語(yǔ)還可以單獨(dú)使用,通常用逗號(hào)與句子分開,在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Hearingthenews,sheburstintotears.Hearingthenews,tearswererollingdownhercheeks.(錯(cuò)誤)-ing形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞四個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是共時(shí)關(guān)系(2)與被修飾名詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系(3)單獨(dú)使用時(shí),-ing短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)一致(4)介詞后面的動(dòng)詞需變?yōu)?ing形式5.-ed形式及其短語(yǔ)用法從詞性上講,-ed形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于形容詞。Thebrokenglassliesonthefloor.TheglassbrokenbyTomliesonthefloor.-ed形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)可以單獨(dú)使用,常用逗號(hào)與句子分開,在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Injuredinacaraccident,hewassenttoahospitalintheneighborhood.-ed形式的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞四個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是先時(shí)關(guān)系(2)與被修飾名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系(3)單獨(dú)使用時(shí),-ed短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)一致(4)介詞后面的動(dòng)詞需變?yōu)?ing形式6.動(dòng)詞不定式用法從詞性上講,不定式相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞。Hewantedtoseeafilm.不定時(shí)短語(yǔ)具有“后時(shí)性”。不定式短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)形式:顯性被動(dòng):tobe–edHeisthepersontobeblamedforthedelayofthework.Maryisnotaneasybosstobepleased.隱形被動(dòng):Heistoblameforthedelayofthework.Maryisnotaneasybosstoplease.如果不定式動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞,但后面沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),這就構(gòu)成了不定式的隱性被動(dòng)。第二章基本句法英語(yǔ)句型的種類1.按謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞類別分主系表主謂(賓)TherebeCommoncoldisaviralinfection.Theboysareveryhappy.Thecompanystarteditsbusinessthreeyearsago.Thismedicineworkswell.Therearemanybooksonthetable.Thereexistmanyunsolvedproblems.按謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量分簡(jiǎn)單句并列句主從句Highmarkups,however,donotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofit.Therearecostsofproduction,transportation,storage,advertisingandmore.Theveryhightemperaturesattainedinanuclearexplosionresultintheformationofanextremelyhotintensemassofgascalledafireball.定語(yǔ)從句基本構(gòu)成名詞(代詞)+引導(dǎo)詞+(主語(yǔ))+謂語(yǔ)+其他Thosewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsareknownascolor-blinded.Thisisthestorythat/whichhetoldus.Heboughtmeatable,whichstandsthere.變體形式當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可以省略。Thepersonyoumetinthehallwayjustnowismyboss.Tomisreadingabookheborrowedfromthelibrary.閱讀練習(xí):Acontrolboxfittedtothecarcontainsamini-cellphone,amicro-processorandmemory,andaGPS(全球定位系統(tǒng))satellitepositioningreceiver.(06.6)Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.(06.6)Interestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronic(長(zhǎng)久的)personnelshortagesthatarecausingcompaniestosearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.(06.6舊)Itenrolls90,000students,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.(07.12)Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(07.12)18.W:Youhadajobinterviewyesterday,didn’tyou?Howdiditgo?M:Nottoobad,Iguess.Therewereabout20candidatescompetingforthesalesmanager’sjob.Andfinallyitwasdowntothreeofus,buttheothertwoseemedbetterqualified.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?A)Heisconfidenthewillgetthejob.B)Hischanceofgettingthejobisslim.C)Itisn’teasytofindaqualifiedsalesmanager.D)Theinterviewdidn’tgoaswellasheexpected.Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.09.12漢密爾頓并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外國(guó)任職的教育家。whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleader(whois)familiarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.科羅拉多大學(xué)董事會(huì)在遴選新校長(zhǎng)時(shí),想聘用一個(gè)與州政府熟悉的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,因?yàn)橹菡菍W(xué)校的主要資金來(lái)源。09.12Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.職業(yè)專家說(shuō)求職者用因特網(wǎng)找工作時(shí)保持安全的一個(gè)方法是隱瞞其真實(shí)身份。特殊句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句1.用形容詞“very”,“single”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

eg.YouaretheverypersonI'mlookingfor.

你就是我要找的那個(gè)人。

RedArmyfoughtabattleonthisveryspot.

紅軍就在此地打過(guò)一仗。

Notasinglepersonhasbeenintheofficethisafternoon.

今天下午竟然沒(méi)有一個(gè)人來(lái)過(guò)辦公室。2.用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Imyselfwillseeheroffatthestation.我將親自到車站為她送行。Youcandoitwellyourself.你自己能做好這件事情。3.用助詞“do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形”表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Thebabyisgenerallyhealthy,buteverynowandthenshedoescatchacold.

那孩子的健康狀況尚好,但就是偶爾患感冒。Dobequiet.ItoldyouIhadaheadache.務(wù)必安靜,我告訴過(guò)你,我頭疼。4.用“...a(chǎn)ndthat”,“...a(chǎn)ndthose”,等結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Theyfulfilledthetask,andthatinafewdays.

他們?cè)趲滋靸?nèi)完成的就是那項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

Igavehersomepresents,andthosethedaybeforeyesterday.

前天我送給她的就是那些禮物。5.用雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Thereisnoreasonwhythisnewimmigrantshouldnothavethesamesuccess.

完全有理由相信這些新移民應(yīng)該擁有相同的成功。

Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.

一個(gè)男人有再多的領(lǐng)帶也不為過(guò)。Ican'tthankyoutoomuch.

我無(wú)論怎樣感謝你都不過(guò)份。Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.Iamnotunfaithfultoyou.我對(duì)你無(wú)比忠誠(chéng)。6.用短語(yǔ)“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”,“onlytoo”,“alltoo”,“buttoo”,“inheaven”,“intheworld”,“inhell”,“onearth”,“underthesun”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)e.g.Hisbehaviourwasineverywayperfect.

他的舉止確實(shí)無(wú)可挑剔。Thenewswasonlytootrue.

這消息確實(shí)是事實(shí)。Whereinheavenwereyouthen?

當(dāng)時(shí)你到底在哪里?7.用倒裝句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)8.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

Itisthat或Itiswhoe.g.Itwastheheadmasterwhoopenedthedoorforme.

正是校長(zhǎng)為我開的門。

Itwasyesterdaythatwecarriedoutthatexperiment.

就是在昨天我們做了那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

2.倒裝句在大學(xué)級(jí)別的考試中,應(yīng)用是非常廣泛的,包括在閱讀、完形、寫作以及翻譯當(dāng)中;

總共分為兩種形式:全部倒裝和部分倒裝

全部倒裝:主謂賓構(gòu)成了正常的語(yǔ)序,把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提到了動(dòng)詞的前面,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接發(fā)生在主語(yǔ)之前,那么就是全部倒裝。

另外一種情況就是,仍然是主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱的變化,把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上的助動(dòng)詞提到了主語(yǔ)的前面,這個(gè)就叫做部分倒裝。全部倒裝的情況:

1.Thebusiscominghere.

Herecomesthebus.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)在變?yōu)榈寡b的時(shí)候要變?yōu)橐话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)。

2.Studentswentaway.

Awaywentstudents.

3.Theboyrushedout.

Outrushedtheboy.

here/away/out/在英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中稱作方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞。①當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go,come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的話,倒裝后要改為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞置于句首

②如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。

Theoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.

Inthecitycenterlivestheoldman.

Atemplestandsonthemountain.

Onthemountainstandsatemple.

③當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首,把be動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主語(yǔ)放在后面。

Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout18.

Onthefloorliesaboyagedabout18.

Sittedonthegroundareagroupofyoungpeople.eg.訪問(wèn)北京的是300名日本青年。/300名日本青年正在訪問(wèn)北京。

300JapaneseyoungpeoplearevisitingBeijing.

VisitingBeijingare300Japaneseyoungpeople.全部倒裝的情況:

①當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go,come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。

②如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。

③當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首,把be動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主語(yǔ)放在后面。

主要出現(xiàn)在閱讀當(dāng)中,在翻譯當(dāng)中考到全部倒裝的可能性比較小。部分倒裝部分倒裝的形式:主謂賓保持原來(lái)的形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)的前面。

1、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝

這類詞語(yǔ)有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonly等。

eg.Heneversmokes.他從來(lái)不抽煙。

Neverdoeshesmoke.

eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.這位顧客不僅僅抱怨食物不好,還拒絕付費(fèi)。

eg.在任何情況下我都不會(huì)相信你。UndernocircumstancedoItrustyou.2、當(dāng)句首為only加狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。

eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.

eg.只有當(dāng)你來(lái)了這,我們才可以開始會(huì)議。Onlywhenyoucome,canwestartthemeeting.3、so......that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首時(shí),常引起部分倒裝

eg.HerunssofastthatIcan'tcatchupwithhim.他跑得實(shí)在是太快了,以致于我都沒(méi)有辦法追上他。

SofastdoesherunthatIcan'tcatchupwithhim.

eg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.皓月當(dāng)空,花朵就像白天那樣的鮮艷。

Sobrightwasthemoonthattheflowersbrightasbyday.4、句子開頭的as處在第二個(gè)單詞的位置上,表示雖然的意思。

eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.雖然我很小但是我卻能養(yǎng)活自己了。

YoungasIam,Icanlivebymyself.

eg.Althoughsheisagirl,shecansupportthewholefamily.雖然她是個(gè)女孩,但是她卻可以養(yǎng)活整個(gè)家庭的人。Girlassheis,shecansupporttheholefamily.

eg.AlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,....

MuchasIlikemusic,.....5、常見(jiàn)的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。

hardly.....when....一......就......scarcely.....when.....

hardly,scarcely后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),when后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑開了。

eg.Hardlyhadthebabycriedwhenhismotherrushedtocarryhim.嬰兒一哭,他媽媽就跑去抱他。

nosooner....than.....一......就......

nosooner后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),than的后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmoreheavily.他們一到家,雨就越下越大起來(lái)。

themore......themore...越....越....

eg.Theharderyouwork,thehappieryoufeel.你工作越努力,就越覺(jué)得快樂(lè)。倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。

全部倒裝:

①當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go,come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。

②如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。

③當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首,

把be動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主語(yǔ)放在后面。

部分倒裝:

1、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝。

2、當(dāng)句首為only加狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。

3、so......that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首時(shí),常引起部分倒裝。

4、句子開頭的as處在第二個(gè)單詞的位置上,表示雖然的意思。

5、常見(jiàn)的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。

hardly.....when....;scarcely.....when.....;nosooner....than.....:hardly,scarcely,nosooner后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),when后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí);themore......themore...越....越....;實(shí)例練習(xí)(1)直到他完成使命(Notuntilhehadfulfilled/finishedhismission)didherealizethathewasseriouslyill.(08.06)

2.Thewitnesswastoldthatundernocircumstance(shouldhelietothecourt)他都不應(yīng)該對(duì)法庭撒謊。(07.12)

3.Onlyinthesmalltown(doeshefeelsecureandrelaxed)他才感覺(jué)安全和放松。hefeelssecureandrelaxed.(07.6)

4.Notonly(didhechargemetoomuch)他向我收費(fèi)過(guò)高,buthedidn'tdoagoodrepairjobeither.(06.6)

5.OnlyafterIfoundoutthetruth(didIrealize(that)hewasinnocent)我才意識(shí)到他是無(wú)辜的。6.Notuntilthegamehadbegun(didhearriveatthesportsground)他才到達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)。閱讀中的倒裝:1.Amongthereportaremoreoutrageous(令人無(wú)法容忍的)findings-aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas"earthworm-friendly",abrandoffloursaiditwas"non-polluting",andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe"environmentallyfriendlier".(05.06閱讀)

該報(bào)道當(dāng)中,有很多讓人無(wú)法忍受的發(fā)現(xiàn),如:一種德國(guó)肥料被描繪成“對(duì)蚯蚓無(wú)害”;一種新的品牌的面粉寫道“沒(méi)有任何污染”;還有一家英國(guó)公司的衛(wèi)生紙被宣稱為“環(huán)保者”。

2.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemereplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon'ttalkaboutthatanymore.(07.06閱讀)

幾年前的一天,我說(shuō)了一句話并最終成為我對(duì)任何和全部挑釁的回答:關(guān)于那個(gè)問(wèn)題我再也不討論了。3.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.(03.01閱讀)

與新技術(shù)息息相關(guān)的是一些現(xiàn)代商人,他們?nèi)找婵粗貒?guó)外生意的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。實(shí)例練習(xí)(2)1.ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.(06.12閱讀)

萃取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。閱讀當(dāng)中遇到的句型:

一般情況下開始出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或者是分詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),中間出現(xiàn)了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,后面出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)后面接上一些限定(包括從句、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等),這種形式就是出現(xiàn)的全部倒裝的形式。2.NotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingrouts,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls.(0606閱讀)

公路系統(tǒng)不但為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了運(yùn)輸路線,還帶動(dòng)了一批諸如加油站、汽車旅館、酒店、購(gòu)物中心等相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展。

3.Onlywhenit'sgonedoyouwishyou'vedonemoretoprotectit.(0806閱讀)

當(dāng)你失去的時(shí)候,你才會(huì)希望自己原來(lái)能夠多做點(diǎn)事情以保護(hù)好它。

only后面必須接狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,句子才可以部分倒裝。

eg.Onlyyoucandothisjob.4.Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain.(0706閱讀)

我們不僅要找出疼痛的病因,幫助我們更好地治療;還要提供綜合療法,治療與慢性疼痛相關(guān)的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問(wèn)題。

5.HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.(0906閱讀)

如果我不是參加了這次講習(xí)班,我肯定會(huì)不由自主地認(rèn)為那位男士候選人更合適,因?yàn)槲覀冞@個(gè)空缺的崗位需要頻繁出差。6.Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.

據(jù)說(shuō)人們從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去描述氣候。一般情況下,全部倒裝會(huì)在閱讀中出現(xiàn),只需要看出結(jié)構(gòu)就可以了;部分倒裝在翻譯題中也會(huì)進(jìn)行考查,在備考過(guò)程中還是要特別的關(guān)注。第三章短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)介詞短語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單式:介詞+名詞Onjuly28,2014IntheclassroomBythismethodWithherhelpDespitetheevidenceExcepther擴(kuò)展式:名詞+介詞+名詞AbookonthetableAbookunderthetableTheconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeopleandbythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy.AofBofCofDAofB,ofC,ofDAofB,C,D形容詞短語(yǔ)由一個(gè)形容詞加一個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)。名詞/代詞+形容詞+介詞名詞/代詞+形容詞+介詞+名詞Thiscorporationshallhavethepowertodoeverythingnecessaryfortheaccomplishmentofanyofpurposeshereinexpressed.碰到形容詞短語(yǔ),如果不能馬上讀懂意思,可以將這個(gè)形容詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞作為核心的短語(yǔ)。TakearestTakecareofTakeoffTakewhathesaid…Theattainmentoftheobjectdependslargelyuponteamwork.Theattainmentoftheobjectdependstoalargeextenduponteamwork.動(dòng)詞與名詞結(jié)構(gòu)互換動(dòng)詞+名詞和名詞+of+動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換EstablishatheoryTheestablishmentofatheoryConstructahouseTheconstructionofahouseAppreciateworksofartTheappreciationofworksofart動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞+of+名詞+介詞結(jié)構(gòu)AddAtoBTheadditionofAtoBTransformAintoBThetransformationofAintoBLiberateAfromBTheliberationofAfromB第四章長(zhǎng)難句突破并列句.1ThosewhocontinuedtomaketheNewYear’svisitsandtoofferthetraditionalpresentsonApril1wouldhavebeenaccountedAprilFools,andeventuallythesebonafidecourtesieswerereplacedby“pretendedgiftsandmockceremonialvisits.”2..Youmightbesignedupforsomanydailyservices,suchashoroscopes,newsservicesorpersonals,thatyourmailboxissofilledupwith“junkmail”,thatfindingtheimportante-mailsthroughyourmailboxmighttakehours.3.Manyofthemsharedwithustheirtremendousneedtobeinformed,tobekeptup-to-dateontheirmedicalconditionandtobetoldwhentheendwasnear.4.Abook,forthepurposeofthisdiscussion,isawrittenorprintedmessageofconsiderablelength,meantforpubliccirculationandrecordedonmaterialsthatarelightyetdurableenoughtoaffordcomparativelyeasyportability.5.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.6.Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeautywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.7.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminatestheusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemaliceofthemalicious.從句8.Inspiredbythesuccessoftheseleaders,youngBillthrivedonthehardworkthathisacademicandextracurricularactivitiesrequired.9.Philosophyisspeculativeinthatitattemptstoconstructpatternsfromlifeexperiencesthatgivemeaningtorealityintheuniverse.10.Itseemssimpleenoughtodistinguishbetweentheorganismandthesurroundingenvironmentandtoseparateforcesactingonanorganismintothosethatareinternalandbiologicalandthosethatareexternalandenvironmental.11.AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.12.BeneathhishumoroussurfaceDonQuixoteistherepresentation,eventhoughhisisalsotheexaggeration,ofagreatidea-thatlifeholdsmorethanthedullroutineofeverydayaffairs,thattruegreatnessistobefoundonlyintheservicetoanideal.13.Giventhatwedonothavecompleteinformationaboutanimaldetectioncapabilities,andthatourknowledgeofthephysicaleventsprecedingearthquakesisalsoincomplete,wecanonlyguessastowhattheanimalsareactuallysensing.14Thelawcourts,intheirjudgments,havegiventhesephrasesadefiniteandindisputablemeaning,andtoavoidfuturedisputesthephraseshavecontinuedtobeusedinpoliciesevenwhentheyhavepassedoutofnormaluseinspeech.15.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheatsoonafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,onlytoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.16.WhatisspecialaboutMan’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,ateddy-bear(玩具熊)withthesoundpattern“teddy-bear”.17.ItisamarkofRembrandt’sentrepreneurialachievementthathemanagedtogetsomanyartiststoadopthisidiosyncraticstyleandpassthemselvesoffashim.18.What’sworrisome,theysay,isthatnorthwesterncitiessuchasPortland,SeattleandVancouverhavenotpreparedforearthquakesofthismagnitude,whichcouldrattle(擾亂)therecentSanFranciscoareadamageseemmildincomparison.19.Thusisnotmerelytrue,asfrequentlynoted,that90percentofallthescientistswhoeverlivedarenowalive,andthatnewscientificdiscoveriesarebeingmadeeveryday.20Itislikelythatthedisputeregardingflatsversus(對(duì)抗)individualhouseswillcontinuetorageonforalongtimeasfarasBritainisconcerned.21.Thewayinwhichauniversityshouldfunctioninthepreparationforanintellectualcareer,isbypromotingtheimaginativeconsiderationofthevariousgeneralprinciplesunderlyingthatcareer.22.Ifintheolddayschildrendidnotexist,itseemsequallytruetodaythatadult,asaclass,havebeguntodisappear,condemningallofustoremainboysandgirlsforever,jogginganddoingpushups(俯臥撐)againsteternity.23.Sowesleepwellwhenweareinafamiliar,safeplace,butwesleeplightly,ifatall,whenwefearthatbearswillnoseintothetent.24.Alargenumberofnon-scientistsbelievethattheLochNessisthesiteofabreedingcolonyoflargeunknownaquaticanimals,duetothefactthatLochNesswasonceanarmofthesea.25.SomeofmycolleaguesandIonceinterviewedandfollowedapproximately500terminallyillpatientsinordertofindoutwhattheycouldteachusandhowwecouldbeofmorebenefit,notjusttothembuttothemembersoftheirfamiliesaswell.26.Mostsociologists,however,donotagreewitheitherthepessimistsoftheoptimists;instead,theyarguethatthefamilyisexperimentingwithan

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