權(quán)威trados英漢記憶庫：科技類(8萬字)

ChineseEnglish受熱固體在其冷卻過程中的收縮作用，被利用在鉚接上。Contractionduringcoolingofheatedsolidsismadeuseofinriveting.曾試圖再生催化劑，其方法是在300℃的溫度下以8cm3/s的流速對(duì)催化劑通氧4小時(shí)。Attemptsweremadetoregeneratethecatalystbypassingoxygenattherateof8cc/sec.for4hoursat300℃.電能可以儲(chǔ)存在由一絕緣介質(zhì)隔開的兩塊金屬極板內(nèi)。這類裝置稱之為電容器，其儲(chǔ)存電能的能力叫做電容。電容的測量單位是法拉。Electricalenergycanbestoredintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium.Suchadeviceiscalledacapacitor,oracondenser,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergy(iscalled)capacitance.Itismeasuredinfarads.所有信號(hào)分成許多組，而若干組信號(hào)又組合成一個(gè)復(fù)合信號(hào)。Thesignalsaregroupedintopackagesandanumberofpackages(are)combinedintoacompositesignal.頂風(fēng)時(shí)速度為每小時(shí)20英里，順風(fēng)時(shí)速度為每小時(shí)80英里。Thespeedagainstthewindis20milesperhourandwiththewind80miles.第一個(gè)計(jì)劃將需要至少108周，而第二個(gè)計(jì)劃將只需72周。Thefirstprogramwouldrequireaminimumof108weeks,thesecondonly72weeks.在本書中T將只表示溫度，除非另有說明。Twillrepresenttemperaturealoneinthisbookunlessotherwisestated.自然界中發(fā)現(xiàn)的元素大部分是同位素的混合物。Mostelementsasfoundinnaturearemixturesofisotopes.在河口灣出現(xiàn)的混合物越強(qiáng)烈，次表層向陸地方向的流量越來越大。Themoremixingthatoccursintheestuary,thegreateristhelandwardflowinthesubstancelayer.由于空氣是由幾種不同的純凈物組成，它是一種混合物。Composedofseveraldifferentsubstances,airismixture.拉力性能的改善確實(shí)確實(shí)取決于熱處理過程。Theimprovementoftensilepropertiesdependsindeedontheproceduresofheattreatment,asinFig.5.圍繞中心向內(nèi)吹的風(fēng)與等壓線構(gòu)成20°～40°的夾角。Thewinddirectedinwardaroundthecentermakesanglesof20°to40°withtheisobars.標(biāo)量是只計(jì)大小的量。Ascalarquantityisonedefinedbyitsmagnitudealone.這樣給的數(shù)字不能提供什么有用的情報(bào)。Thuspresented,thefiguresgivenousefulinformation.這些小裝置設(shè)有電動(dòng)壓縮泵，因而有“電”冰箱之稱。Thesesmallunitshaveanelectricallycompressivepump,hencetheyhavethename“electric”refrigerator.如果在一張世界地圖上把具有相同溫度異常的地點(diǎn)以等異常線畫出來，結(jié)果就可得到一張氣溫等異常圖。Iflines,calledisanomals,aredrawnonaworldmap,joiningplacesofequalthermalanomaly,anisanomalousmapistheresult.如果把這些物質(zhì)放在一起并在常壓下加熱到25℃，則結(jié)果會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種新的化合物。Ifputtogetherandheatedto25℃atconstantpressure,thesesubstanceswillresultinanewcompound.電子學(xué)是一切電信系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。Electronicsisthebasisofalltelecommunicationsystems.很多年以前，科學(xué)家們就認(rèn)識(shí)到瘧疾是由病菌引起的，該病菌是由某種蚊子攜帶的。Manyyearsago,scientistswereconvincedthatmalariaiscausedbyagermcarriedbyacertainspeciesofmosquito.食鹽溶于水。Commonsaltdissolvesinwater.圖2示出了煉油廠的總布置圖。Figure2showstheprincipallayoutofanoilrefinery.錫可以耐受空氣或水的腐蝕的。Tinisresistanttocorrosionbyairorwater.反應(yīng)已經(jīng)終止。Thereactionhasalreadycometoanend.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的最顯著特點(diǎn)之一，就是全世界科學(xué)家及科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)之間不斷發(fā)展更為密切的合作的趨勢。Oneofthemoststrikingcharacteristicsofmodernsciencehasbeentheincreasingtrendtowardsclosercooperationbetweenscientistsandscientificinstitutionsallovertheworld.帕斯卡把一根水銀管帶到山頂上，當(dāng)即發(fā)現(xiàn)水銀柱隨高度的增加而降低。Pascalcarriedamercurytubetothetopofamountainandobservedthatthecolumnfellsteadilyastheheightincreased.培養(yǎng)方式A顯示有大量的干重，而這種培養(yǎng)方式所使用的銨鹽量最大。這可能意味著添加的氨量是這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定性條件。ThehighestdryweightisshownforcultureA,whichreceivedthegreatestamountoftheammoniumsalt.Thismaymeanthattheamountofnitrogenaddedwasthedeterminingconditionfortheexperiments.在這些試驗(yàn)的其他條件不變的情況下，當(dāng)土壤里添加了硫酸銨時(shí)，稻子生長得較好。Ricegrewbetter,undertheotherconditionsofthesetests,whenammoniumsulphatewasaddedtothesoil.直到1949年急流才作為一種氣象實(shí)體現(xiàn)象為人們充分認(rèn)識(shí)到。Thejetstreamwasnotfullyrecognizedasameteorologicalentityuntil1949.據(jù)報(bào)道，科學(xué)工作者曾針對(duì)儲(chǔ)存太陽能的問題進(jìn)行過多年的研究。Itwasreportedthatscientistshadworkedattheproblemofstoringthesun’sheatformanyyears.資料剛在圖上填完，分析就開始了。Thedatahadnosoonerbeenchartedthananalysiswasstarted.這些科學(xué)家和技術(shù)人員下月將進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)非常重要的測試。Thescientistsandtechnicianswillcarryoutaveryimportanttestnextmonth.受壓縮的氣體的溫度將會(huì)升高。Agasundercompressionwillbecomehotter.在進(jìn)行激光淬火時(shí)，工件表面先用能增大其吸收能力的物質(zhì)（例如石墨或磷酸錳）涂敷，再借助高功率密度的光束的沖擊而加熱到奧氏體化溫度；當(dāng)移去光束時(shí)，就會(huì)因向工件體內(nèi)的熱傳遞而發(fā)生快遞的冷卻，快得足以促發(fā)馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變，而無需施加外部冷卻。Inlaserhardening,thesurfaceoftheworkplace,coatedwithasubstance(e.g.graphiteormanganesephosphate)whichincreasesitsabsorptivity,isheatedtoaustenitizingtemperaturebyimpingementofthebeamathighpowerdensities;onremovalofthebeam,cooling,sufficientlyfasttopromotemartensitictransformation,takesplacebyheattransfertothebodyofthecomponent,noexternalcoolingbeingapplied.根據(jù)這種應(yīng)用，多小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)庫的處理可以分配給專用的、通常可被系統(tǒng)內(nèi)所有小型計(jì)算機(jī)訪問的后端數(shù)據(jù)庫管理處理器，或通過把原始數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移到現(xiàn)場數(shù)據(jù)庫的辦法而把數(shù)據(jù)庫分配到整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中去，并借助于最大限度減少通信設(shè)備負(fù)載來完成計(jì)算更新。Dependingontheapplication,databasehandlinginamultiminisystemmaybeassignedtoaspecial-purposeback-enddatabasemanagementprocessorthatusuallycanbeaccessedbyalltheminisinthesystem,orthedatabasesmaybedistributedthroughoutthesysteminsuchawaythattransferofrawdataistositeofthedatabaseandcomputingupdatesareperformedinamannerthatminimizestheloadonthecommunicationsfacility.氧氣也是穿過耐火爐壁向上噴吹到爐池中，從而達(dá)到熱狀態(tài)與化學(xué)條件的嚴(yán)格控制、良好的工藝靈活性和很高的反應(yīng)速度，并將耐火材料問題、煙塵問題以及其他采用一般常規(guī)風(fēng)口或頂吹法時(shí)所遇到的問題減小到最低限度。Oxygenisalsoinjectedupwardsintothemoltenbaththroughtherefractorywallsprovidingclosecontrolofthermalandchemicalconditions,superiorprocessflexibility,highreactionratesandminimizationofrefractory,dust,andotherproblemsencounteredwithconventionaltuyeresortop-blowingmethods.在切削金屬之前，應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)器清理干凈。Beforecuttingmetalyoushouldcarefullycleanthemachine.此螺釘也可用在用以精密測量小物件直徑的卡鉗上。Thescrewisalsousedincalipersformeasuringveryaccuratelythediametersofsmallobjects.從這個(gè)化合物中釋放氧是相當(dāng)有難度的。Toliberateoxygenfromthiscompoundisratherdifficult.當(dāng)往熔融生鐵中吹氧時(shí)，硅首先開始氧化。Whenoxygenisblownintomoltenpigiron,siliconbeginstooxidizefirst.實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，存在著化學(xué)性質(zhì)和X射線光譜完全相同但原子量等行之卻迥異的兩種鉛，由此第一次證明了同位素的存在。Theexperimentaldemonstrationoftheexistenceoftwokindsoflead,identicalinchemicalpropertiesandX-rayspectrabutdifferentinpropertiesinvolvingatomicmass,wasthefirstproofoftheexistenceofisotopes.每當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，都應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行精深觀測以便獲得這一大氣事件的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的資料。Wheneveroccasionarisesintensiveobservationsaretobedonetogettheinformationonthefinestructureoftheatmosphericevent.在清風(fēng)吹拂或河道流量減少期間，海岸附近的洋流往往會(huì)小得幾乎難以察覺。Duringperiodsoflightwindsorreducedriverflowcoastalcurrentsoftenbecomesoweakastobebarelydiscernible.該熱量能促使反應(yīng)加速進(jìn)行。Theheatcausesthereactiontobeaccelerated.在通訊系統(tǒng)中，電子學(xué)要解決的問題是如何把信息從一個(gè)地方傳送到另一個(gè)地方。Incommunication,theproblemofelectronicsishowtoconveyinformationfromoneplacetoanother.要使潮波在赤道上移動(dòng)的速度跟得上月亮，海洋深度必須為22千米左右。Inorderforthetidewavestomovefastenoughattheequatortokeepupwiththemoon,theoceanwouldhavetobeabout22kmdeep.如果與風(fēng)暴中產(chǎn)生的巨浪相結(jié)合，颶風(fēng)涌浪可具有極大的破壞性。Combinedwithextremelyhighwavesgeneratedbythestorm,hurricanessurgescanbehighlydestructive.純鐵是銀白色的金屬，熔點(diǎn)為1535℃.Pureironisasilver-whitemetal,meltingat1535℃。建造于古代，這些皇家墓葬群而今已成為最令人振奮的考古遺跡之一。Builtinancienttimes,theimperialgraveshavenowbecomeoneofthemostexcitingarchaeologicalsites.如果我們讓三個(gè)氣團(tuán)—一個(gè)冷氣團(tuán)，一個(gè)暖氣團(tuán)和有一個(gè)冷氣團(tuán)—依次由西向東運(yùn)動(dòng)，則會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)峰。Twofrontswillexistifwehavethreeairmasses,acold,awarm,andacold,movingfromwesttoeastoneafteranother.這次實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果令人頗為失望，因此該實(shí)驗(yàn)必須從頭再來一次。Theresultoftheexperimentisratherdisappointing,soithastobedonealloveragain.其他條件相同時(shí)，蒸散率隨濕度增大而減小。Otherthingsbeingequal,theevapotranspirationratedecreaseswithincreasinghumidity.一種流體走外管，另一種流體走內(nèi)管，通過管壁進(jìn)行熱交換。Oneofthefluidsflowsthroughtheoutsidepipe,theotherthroughtheinsidepipe,withheatexchangetakingplacethroughthewall.一物體絕不會(huì)對(duì)另一物體施加作用力而不受到該物體的反作用力。Oneobjectneverexertsaforceuponanotherwithoutthesecondreactingagainstthefirst.受熱時(shí)，裝在氣囊里的空氣就膨脹，于是氣球就上升了。Onbeingheated,airtrappedinthegasbagexpanded,sotheballoonrose.串聯(lián)電路的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能在需要時(shí)加大電阻以減小電流。Seriescircuitshavetheadvantageofincreasingresistancetoreducecurrentwhenthisisdesirable.切削金屬絕非簡單的操作。Cuttingmetalisnosimpleoperation.這一工序叫做定向冷卻。Thisprocessiscalleddirectionalcooling.設(shè)備中的熱熔線圈出了故障。Thereissomethingwrongwiththeheatingcoilinthedevice.這解釋了融化中的冰和結(jié)冰中的水會(huì)具有相同溫度的原因。Thisaccountsformeltingiceandfreezingwaterhavingthesametemperature.油輪把原油運(yùn)到煉油廠，在那里對(duì)原油進(jìn)行加工。Theoiltankercarriescrudeoiltoarefinery,wheretheoilisprocessed.始終存在著交叉的橫向穩(wěn)定磁場和縱向交變磁場。Therearealwayscrossedtransversesteadyandlongitudinalalternatingfields.這一可能性在試驗(yàn)中于一定程度上得到了證實(shí)。Thispossibilitywassupportedtoalimitedextentinthetests.只需再經(jīng)過幾次試驗(yàn)，價(jià)格低廉的人工心臟很快便可研制成功。Thedevelopmentofaneconomicalartificialheartisonlyafewtransientfailuresaway.橡膠性軟，受壓會(huì)變形。Rubberisnothard;itgiveswaytopressure.每件產(chǎn)品均須達(dá)到嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Eachproductmustbeproducedtorigidqualitystandard.幾乎各類車輛都一直靠汽油機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)；現(xiàn)在它也用于飛機(jī)和汽艇。Thepetrolenginehasbeenusedtodrivealmosteverykindofthingthatrunsonwheels;itisalsousedforaeroplaneandsmallboats.工程陶瓷主要由所謂耐熱氧化物以及許多過渡金屬的硼化物、碳化物、氮化物和硅化物組成。Theengineeringceramicsconsistsmainlyoftheso-calledrefractoryoxidesandtheborides,carbides,nitrides,andsilicidesofmanyofthetransitionmetals.金屬鐵的含量是通過電化學(xué)溶解的方法用硝酸銅溶液加以確定的。Metallicironcontentsweredeterminedbyelectrochemicalsolutionoftheironwithcoppernitratesolution.鋁箔和鋁帶的制造原理進(jìn)來一直是一系列研究的主題。Theprinciplesofaluminumfoilandstripmanufacturehavebeenthesubjectofaseriesofinvestigationsrecently.比如說，對(duì)紐約市進(jìn)行人工降雨可能意味著在該市上風(fēng)不過幾英里處進(jìn)行一次撒播作業(yè)。Forexample,theartificialmodificationofrainatNewYorkCitymaysuggestaseedingactivityjustafewmilesupwardofthemetropolis.為了進(jìn)行天氣預(yù)報(bào)，自古以來人們就一直觀察天象、風(fēng)向、大氣以及其他各種天氣征兆。Sinceearliesttime,menhavewatchedthesky,thewind,andtheatmosphere,aswellasavarietyofotherweathersigns,inordertomakeweatherforecast.這里的設(shè)想是，在氣象記錄中找出一些盡可能類似于當(dāng)前天氣狀況的氣候條件。Theideahereistolocateintheweatherrecordsconditionsthatareasanalogoustothecurrentconditionsaspossible.氣體不管裝在何種容器里，都會(huì)把容器充滿。Agasoccupiesallofanycontainerinwhichitisplaced.去除這種酸性污染物的最有效的方法是對(duì)廢氣進(jìn)行冷卻，然后加以中和。Themosteffectivemethodofremovingthisacidcontaminantistocoolandthenneutralizetheexhaustgases.圖2為闡明SL/RN法的流程圖。TheflowsheetshowninFig.2isintendedtoillustratetheSL/RNprocess.我認(rèn)為，網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)、中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革、新技術(shù)的采納和快速增長的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的相互交融，把中國推向了一個(gè)突出的位置。It'smybeliefthatthisconfluenceofanetworkedeconomy,China’sreforms,embraceofnewtechnologiesandarapidlygrowingeconomyputChinainauniqueposition.人類破壞大自然的同時(shí)也就是在摧毀人類自身，反之亦然，這不僅是在理論上是可能的，而且在現(xiàn)實(shí)中也是完全可能的。Itisnotonlypossiblebutaltogetherprobablethatbydiminishingnaturewediminishourselves,andviceversa.氫是所有元素中最輕的元素。Ofallelements,hydrogenisthelightestone.用高倍望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察到的恒星，絕大多數(shù)都在銀河系。Byfar,thelargestnumberofthestarsthatweseethroughapowerfultelescopeareintheMilkyWaySystem.不論運(yùn)動(dòng)方向怎樣，摩擦總是與運(yùn)動(dòng)城反作用。Frictionalwaysopposethemotionwhateveritsdirectionmaybe.刀具使用前，應(yīng)仔細(xì)加以檢查。Cuttingtoolsshouldbeinspectedcarefullybeforetheyareused.用電解法生產(chǎn)的氫幾乎是純氫，雖然比用熱裂法制取氫昂貴得多。Thehydrogenproducedbyelectrolysisisnearlypure,thoughrathermoreexpensivethanthatobtainedbythethermalcrackingprocess.粉煤噴吹顯然早在1948年就在（前）蘇聯(lián)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。而西方國家報(bào)道的第一次工業(yè)試驗(yàn)，則是在1962年才由（美國的）國民鋼鐵公司和伯利恒鋼鐵公司完成的。Powdercoalinjectionwasapparentlyaccomplishedasearlyas1948inRussia.However,thefirstcommercialscaletrialreportedbyawesterncountrywascarriedoutbyNationalSteelandBethlehemSteelin1962.導(dǎo)線越粗，電阻越小。Thethickeristhewire,thesmalleristheresistance.空氣的溫度越高，它能吸取的水蒸氣就越多。Theaircanabsorbthemorewater,thehigheritstemperatureis.雨水少的地方，水庫就會(huì)給我們提供水。Wherethereislittlerain,thereservoirwouldprovideuswithwater.無論控制系統(tǒng)什么地方發(fā)生故障，都會(huì)發(fā)出信號(hào)。Asignalwillbeshownwhereveranythingwrongoccurswiththecontrolsystem.病菌可通過煮沸或少量加入某些化學(xué)藥品加以殺滅。Diseasebacteriamaybekilledbyboiling,orbyaddingsmallamountsofcertainchemicals.許多人造材料正在取代某些天然材料，這或者是因?yàn)樘烊划a(chǎn)品的數(shù)量不能滿足人類不斷增長的需求，或者更多的是因?yàn)楹铣晌铮ㄟ@是各種人造材料的統(tǒng)稱）的物理性能被選中，甚至受到極大的重視，因而使得它將會(huì)在即將加以應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮最大的功效。Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialseitherbecausethequantityofthenaturalproductscannotmeetoutever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasizedsothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldwhichitistobeapplied.（前）蘇聯(lián)成千上萬家企業(yè)層采用的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量綜合管理體系，是在整個(gè)企業(yè)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)行質(zhì)量管理過程中使企業(yè)內(nèi)各個(gè)管理機(jī)構(gòu)和各種管理對(duì)象相互作用的綜合體，這種互動(dòng)是借助于材料部門、技術(shù)部門和信息部門實(shí)現(xiàn)的。TheintegratedproductqualitycontrolsystemonceusedbythousandsofenterprisesintheSovietUnionisacombinationofcontrollingbodiesandobjectsundercontrolinteractingwiththehelpofmaterial,technicalandinformationfacilitieswhenexercisingQCatthelevelofanenterprise.每一個(gè)家族企業(yè)，無論規(guī)模大小，技術(shù)含量高低，眾所周知還是默默無聞。Whetherlargeorsmall,high-techorlow,publicorprivate,everfamily-ownedbusinessisdifferent.真空管腳是制成針狀，裝在管子底部。Theterminalsofthetubearemadeintheformofpinsatthebaseofthetube.這種轉(zhuǎn)子的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)得很好，它由一個(gè)迭片鐵心構(gòu)成，鐵心上繞著線圈。Thistypeofrotorhasawell-designedstructureconsistingofalaminatedcorecontainingawinding.金屬在淬火之后必須回火。Havingbeenhardened,themetalmustbegivenatemperaturetreatment.當(dāng)普通的棒硫溶解于少量稱為二氧化硫的不可燃液體中，并且將此溶液傾倒入結(jié)晶盤內(nèi)，我們便發(fā)現(xiàn)該溶液會(huì)緩慢地蒸發(fā)，而以留下呈細(xì)小晶體狀的硫。Whenordinaryrollsulphurisdissolvedinasmallquantityoftheinflammableliquidknownascarbonbisulphideandthesolutionispouredintoacrystallizingdish,wefindthatthesolventslowlyevaporatesleavingthesulphurintheshapeofcrystals.假如允許通過安培計(jì)的電流太多，則當(dāng)接通該安培計(jì)時(shí)就會(huì)使電壓會(huì)下降，因而所測得的電壓值便是錯(cuò)誤的。Iftoomuchcurrentflowedthroughanammeter,thevoltagewouldfallwhenitwasconnected,andthemeasuredvoltagewouldbewrong.如果甲烷受到冷卻和壓縮，它就會(huì)液化。Ifmethaneiscooledandcompressed,itliquefies.氣缸中的爆燃溫度是如此之高，以致氣缸壁的金屬材料經(jīng)受不住。Thetemperatureoftheexplosioninthecylindersissohighthatthemetalofthecylinderwallscannotstandit.我們必須有重量、體積和長度單位，以便度量物質(zhì)。Wemusthaveunitsofweight,volume,andlengthtomeasurematter.某些合金元素能使鋼的晶粒細(xì)化，從而提高了鋼的硬度和強(qiáng)度。Somealloyingelementsmakethegrainofthesteelfiner,thusincreasingthehardnessandstrengthofsteel.而今，氣象學(xué)家們對(duì)于颶風(fēng)形成、運(yùn)動(dòng)和消失的機(jī)理已經(jīng)了然于胸。Nowadaysmeteorologistshavealreadybeenclearabouthowthehurricaneforms,movesanddisappears.催化劑和稀釋劑先給入混合槽中，而后同乙烯和氫一起送入反應(yīng)器。Catalystanddiluentareinitiallyfedtoamixingtankpriortobeingpassedontothereactoralongwithethyleneandhydrogen.現(xiàn)時(shí)對(duì)光子計(jì)算甚感興趣的基本原因，乃是總也不能滿足的對(duì)更快速計(jì)算機(jī)的需求。Underlyingmuchofthecurrentinterestinopticalcomputingistheinsatiableneedforfastermachines.全世界都采用相同的數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)。Throughtheworldcometousethesamesignsandsymbolsformathematics.只有以這種方式你才能成功地做好這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。Onlyinthiswaycanyousucceedinmakingtheexperiment.一定重量的氣體的體積與絕對(duì)溫度成正比，假如壓力不變的話。Thevolumeofagivenweightofgasvariesdirectlyastheabsolutetemperature,providedthatthepressuredoesnotchange.宏觀物質(zhì)的波動(dòng)特性不明顯，因?yàn)槠洳ㄩL很短，難以察覺。The“wave”propertiesofmacroscopicmatterarenotapparentbecausethewavelengthisundetectablysmall.傳播在這張圖上表現(xiàn)為向某一方向傾斜的表示云量的連線。Propagationismanifestedonthisdiagramasacoherentlineofcloudinessslopinginonedirectionoranother.我們正在慢慢摸索著去理解這些事物。Weareslowlygropingtowardsanunderstandingofthosethings.電熱器能將其電能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。Electricheaterscanhavetheirelectricenergytransformedintoheat.性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能radiantenergysimilarinnaturetolight該金屬對(duì)酸性腐蝕的耐受性resistanceofthemetaltoacidcorrosion從靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)開始落下的自由落體afreelyfallingbodystartingatrest能量以波的形式從太陽傳播到地球上。Energycomestotheearthfromthesunintheformofwaves.許多年以前，人們并不了解這個(gè)事實(shí)：是地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)而不是相反。Manyyearsago,peopledidnotlearnaboutthefactthatitistheearththatrevolvesaroundthesuninsteadofthelatterrevolvingaroundtheformer.這種金屬是采用空氣熔煉還是真空熔煉。Itisnomatterthatthemetalmeltsinairorvacuum.電解質(zhì)就是其水溶液能導(dǎo)電的那些化合物。Electrolytesarecompoundswhosewatersolutionsconductelectricity.像拉烏爾定律一樣，亨利定律適用于一定范圍，該范圍對(duì)每一體系而言是不同的，但亨利定律僅只在低濃度時(shí)才有效。LikeRaoult’slaw,Henry’slawapplieswithinaconcentrationrangewhoseextentvariesfromonesystemtoanother,butitisvalidonlyatlowconcentration.運(yùn)動(dòng)部件間的摩擦力使金屬磨損，這就縮短了這些部件的使用壽命。Frictionwearsawaymetalinthemovingparts,whichshortenstheirworkinglife.靜止的物體不可能運(yùn)動(dòng)，除非對(duì)它施加作用力。Abodyatrestcannotmoveunlessaforceactsuponit.力可用磅來計(jì)算，不管它是怎樣產(chǎn)生的。Forceismeasuredinpounds,nomatterhowitisproduced.合金是介于混合物和化合物之間的一種中間結(jié)構(gòu)。Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixturesandcompounds.好塑料的必要條件是合意的塑性、對(duì)酸堿的耐蝕性和混入各種色料的可能性。Therequirementsofagoodplasticaredesirableplasticity,acidandalkaliresistance,andthepossibilitytomixwithvariouscolors.人們將這種變化稱之為化學(xué)變化。Peoplecallthiskindofchangechemicalchange.此法免除了其他揮發(fā)物或有機(jī)物的干擾。Thismethodisfreefrominterferencebyothervolatilematerialororganicmatter.這些鋼質(zhì)部件在凍結(jié)溫度下摸起來冰冷。Thesteelpartsfeelicycoldatfreezingtemperatures.原子能將會(huì)廣泛而有效地加以利用。Atomicenergywillbewidelyandeffectivelyused.他發(fā)明了一種全新的工作方法。Heinventedacompletelynewmethodofwork.所有放射性元素都在不斷地蛻變。Allradioactiveelementsareconstantlydisintegrating.沒有催化劑能在本研究所采用的條件下保持穩(wěn)定。Nocatalystisstableundertheconditionsemployedinthiswork.可以利用激光束在金剛石上打孔。Usecanbemadeoflaserbeamstoburnaholeinadiamond.相對(duì)論預(yù)言，在引力場作用下，光不僅會(huì)彎曲，而且要減速。Relativitypredictsthatlightshouldbenotonlyslowedbutbentinagravitationfield.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才為人們所知，因?yàn)殇X總是和其他元素—最常見的是氧（因?yàn)殇X對(duì)氧的親和力很強(qiáng)）—化合在一起，所以在自然界任何地方都找不到處于游離狀態(tài)的鋁。Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthe19thcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsbeingalwayscombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.絕緣材料因?yàn)檫^熱而燒毀了。Theinsulationwasburntforoverheating.與鐵不同，水銀在常溫下是液態(tài)。Adversetoiron,mercuryisinaliquidstateatordinarytemperature.液體和蒸汽的混合物進(jìn)入第一分離器。Themixtureofliquidandvaporpassesintothefirstseparator.拉長了的彈簧能在收縮到它的正常長度的過程中做功。Astretchedspringcandoworkincontractingtoitsnormallength.假如便攜式電器的撓性引線磨損而裸露其中的金屬線，并且后者隨后碰巧與該電器的金屬部件相接觸，那么誰碰到這些部件，誰就會(huì)觸電。Iftheflexibleleadsofaportableelectricappliancefrayandbreakandthewiresthenhappentotouchthemetalpartsoftheappliance,thesepartscangiveasevereelectricshocktoanyonewhotouchesthem.如果我們接入一個(gè)安培計(jì)來測量流入手電筒電珠里的電流，并接入另一個(gè)安培計(jì)去測量流出的電流，那么它們各自哦讀數(shù)就會(huì)相同。Ifweconnectoneammetertomeasuretheelectriccurrentflowingintoatorchbulbandanotheronetomeasurethecurrentflowingout,theyeachreadthesame.將石墨顆粒均勻地懸浮在整個(gè)鹽浴中tosuspendgraphiteparticleshomogeneouslythroughoutthesaltboth圍繞空間網(wǎng)格各個(gè)格點(diǎn)分布的對(duì)稱要素的延伸網(wǎng)絡(luò)anextendednetworkofsymmetryelementsdistributedaboutthepointsofaspacelattice春潮每間隔1周出現(xiàn)一次，通常出現(xiàn)在距離新月和滿月幾天之內(nèi)。Springtidesoccureverytwoweeks,usuallywithinafewdaysofthenewandfullmoon.此外，后門程序是多維的；因此，建議使用多種檢測方法來最大限度地防范后門程序BO2000在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的一臺(tái)或多臺(tái)電腦內(nèi)安裝，并且一旦有該程序裝入，就可及其詳盡地獲知其相關(guān)情況。Inaddition,backdoorprogramsaremulti-dimensional,soseveraldetectionmethodsarerecommendedtoachievemaximumprotectionagainstandawarenessoftheinstallationofBO2000onamachineorseriesofmachinesonanetwork.各種不同形式的能都可用來做功。Differentformsofenergyallcanbeusedtodowork.麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）的研究人員已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種硅晶片移植技術(shù)，它有望在將來用于長期的藥物服用。ResearchersatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havedevelopedasiliconwaferimplantthatmaybeusedforlongtermdrugadministrationinthefuture.用閃速熔煉法煉銅時(shí)產(chǎn)生的爐渣要緩慢地加以冷卻，而后破碎、研磨至大小為200目的顆粒，并進(jìn)行浮選，以回收其所含的銅。Theslagproducedduringtheflashsmeltingprocesswouldbeslowlycooled,crushed,groundto200-mesh,andfloatedforrecoveryofthecontainedcopper.氣壓低，沸點(diǎn)就低。Whenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.化學(xué)清洗明顯優(yōu)越，既適用于直管，也適用于彎管。Chemicalcleaninghasthedistinctadvantageofbeingequallyapplicabletostraightorbowedtubes.雷達(dá)發(fā)射的是波長非常短的電磁波。Radarinvolvestransmittingelectromagneticwavesofveryshortwavelength.當(dāng)達(dá)到露點(diǎn)溫度時(shí)，水汽將從其看不見的狀態(tài)凝結(jié)成可見的水分。Thewatervaporwillchangefromitsinvisiblestatetocondenseintoinvisiblemoisturewhenthedewpointtemperatureisreached.充了電的電容器就像一個(gè)蓄電池一樣。Thechargescapacitorbehavesasasecondarybattery.然而，這個(gè)小組還建議及早確定幾個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的隨機(jī)化的撒播試驗(yàn)，以便可對(duì)各種風(fēng)暴類型的可撒播性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。Butthepanelalsorecommendedtheearlyestablishmentofseveralcarefullydesigned,randomizedseedingexperiments,plannedinsuchawayastopermitassessmentoftheseedabilityofavarietyofstormtypes.圖3中的流程圖闡明了計(jì)算機(jī)的工作原理。TheflowsheetshowninFig.3isintendedtoillustratehowthecomputerworks.那批易碎的瓷器經(jīng)歷了顛簸的旅途而完好無損。Thefragilechinasurvivedthebumpyjourneysafeandsound.氣體分子運(yùn)動(dòng)起來比液體和固體分子更為自由。Themoleculesingasesmovemorefreelythandothoseofliquidsandsolids.原子是元素的最小粒子。Theatomisthesmallestparticleofanelement.太陽從東方升起，至西方落下。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.如果能知道頻率，就能求出波長。Ifyouknowthefrequency,youcanfindthewavelength.氫是最輕的元素，原子量為1.008。Hydrogenisthelightestelement,withanatomicweightof1.008.重力是向下的力，任何物體都會(huì)向下運(yùn)動(dòng)。Weightisadownforce,andthereforeanyobjectwillmovedownward.太陽曬熱地球，從而使植物得以生長。Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.要說明汽車的速度，就必須獲知它的行駛方向。Tostatethevelocityofacarwemustfindinwhichdirectionitistravelling.壓力不變，一定重量的氣體的體積與絕對(duì)溫度成正比。Ifthepressuredoesnotchange,thevolumeofagivenweightofgaswillbeindirectproportiontotheabsolutetemperature.半導(dǎo)體設(shè)備沒有燈絲，因而不需要加熱功率和加熱時(shí)間。Semiconductordeviceshavenofilamentorheaters;hencetheyrequirenoheatingpowerorwarmed-uptime.有催化劑時(shí)反應(yīng)速度的加速叫做催化作用。Increasedrateofreaction,inthepresenceofcatalyzers,iscalledcatalysis,orcatalyticaction.激光而今正在很多領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用。Lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation,orlaser,isnowwidelyusedinalotoffields.當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們所曾接觸過的人正患有艾滋病時(shí)，許多人會(huì)感覺恐慌。ManymayfeelalarmedwhenpeoplehavefoundanybodytheyhavecontactedisillwithAIDS,orAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.絕緣體實(shí)際上也導(dǎo)電，但其電阻很高。Insulatorsinrealityconductelectricitybut,nevertheless,theirresistanceisveryhigh.退化作用/降解作用degradation分布狀況distribution觀察結(jié)果observation準(zhǔn)備工作/制備過程preparation還原反應(yīng)/作用/過程reduction共振現(xiàn)象resonance在快速氧化過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生火焰。Inrapidoxidationaflameisproduced.當(dāng)能量以輻射能形式存在時(shí)，可以在傳遞很長距離后，才被吸收或轉(zhuǎn)化為熱。Whileintheformofradiation,theenergymaytravelatremendousdistancebeforebeingabsorbedorchangedbackintoheat.我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理使得圖3中的曲線可以被視為概率分布曲線。OurnormalizationissuchthatthecurvesinFig.canberegardedasprobabilitydistributions.一到達(dá)對(duì)流層，溫度就停止隨著高度的降低而下降的過程。Assoonasthetropopauseisreached,temperaturestopsdecreasingwithheight.綜合自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)能利用計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控整個(gè)操作過程。Thecomplexautomaticcontrolsystemmonitorsovertheprocessbymeansofcomputers.引線的箭頭標(biāo)記著材料類型。Thearrowsintheleadsidentifythematerials.光波從光源擴(kuò)散時(shí)，強(qiáng)度減弱。Lightwavesweakenastheyspreadoutfromasource.在20世紀(jì)60年代以前，人們關(guān)于30千米左右以上的高空大氣知識(shí)主要是根據(jù)地基觀測推斷得到的。Priortothe1960sknowledgeoftheatmosphereaboveabout30kmwasbasedlargelyoninferencesfromground-basedobservations.這臺(tái)新型電視機(jī)真是物美價(jià)廉。ThisnewtypeofTVsetisreallyfineandinexpensive.由于電子傳導(dǎo)是借助空穴和電子兩者進(jìn)行的，因而結(jié)型晶體管是雙極式的。Sinceconductionisbybothholesandelectrons,thejunctiontransistorisbipolar.我們必須把這些現(xiàn)象弄清楚。Wemustmakethephenomenaclear.已經(jīng)在人造衛(wèi)星上對(duì)脈沖激光系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)。Apulsedlasersystemhasbeentestedonasatellite.顯然，較低的溫度可以使細(xì)菌的活動(dòng)減慢。Clearly,cooltemperatureslowsdowntheactionofbacteria.車間里有一排排的機(jī)器設(shè)備，他以往可從未見識(shí)過。Therearerowsofmachinesorequipmentintheworkshophehasneverseenbefore.各傳感器開關(guān)位于每條給料皮帶末端附近。Sensorswitchesarelocatedneartheendofeachfeedbelt.第一批電子計(jì)算機(jī)于1946年投入使用。Thefirstelectroniccomputerswentintooperationin1946.“速度”和“速率”這兩個(gè)詞，如果不是用在技術(shù)書中，通常可認(rèn)為是同義詞。Thewords“velocity”and“speed”arenormallyconsidered電動(dòng)機(jī)可/能將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能。Theelectricmotorscovertelectricenergyintomechanicalenergy.高空飛機(jī)過去是而且現(xiàn)在仍舊是一種了不起的飛行器。Thehigh-altitudeplanewasandstillisaremarkablebird.甚至在第二個(gè)五年計(jì)劃之前，中國就已經(jīng)在生產(chǎn)各種車床、機(jī)器、器械和儀表了。EvenbeforetheSecondFive-yearPlan,Chinawasalreadyproducingallkindsoflathes,machines,apparatusandinstruments.火箭的第一級(jí)在火箭起飛后僅僅幾分鐘就被扔掉。Thefirststageofarocketisthrownawayonlyminutesaftertherockettakesoff.那些半導(dǎo)體材料本來是應(yīng)該保存在某個(gè)干燥地方的。Thosesemiconductormaterialsshouldhavebeenkeptinsomedryplace.普通玻璃必須先消除色差才能制成光學(xué)玻璃。Ordinaryglassmustbefirstachromatizedtobecomeopticalglass.工藝流程中包括集水池，是為了消除來自五個(gè)來源的廢水在流量和水質(zhì)上的波動(dòng)。Thecollectivereservoirisincludedintheflowschemetoironoutfluctuationsinflowsandqualitiesoftheeffluentsfromthefivesources.氣體即使封閉在剛性容器中，在高溫下也會(huì)膨脹。Confinedinarigidcontainer,gaswillexpandatsomehightemperature.液體凍結(jié)時(shí)收縮，但水卻是這一規(guī)律的一個(gè)重要例外。Liquidscontractinfreezing;waterisanimportantexceptiontothisrule.白色的或發(fā)亮的表面反射熱量，而黑色的表面則吸收熱量。Whiteorshiningsurfacesreflectheat;darksurfacesabsorbit.在頂吹轉(zhuǎn)爐內(nèi)，氧氣經(jīng)由一根叫做吹氧槍的水冷銅管噴吹到爐料的表面上。于是氧氣便同鐵中的雜質(zhì)發(fā)生劇烈的反應(yīng)。InsidetheL.D.converteroxygenisblownontothesurfaceofthechargethroughawater-cooledcopperpipe,calledalance.Theoxygenreactsvigorouslywithimpuritiesintheiron.第一類反應(yīng)叫放熱反應(yīng)，第二類反應(yīng)叫吸熱反應(yīng)。Reactionsofthefirstkindarecalledexothermicreactionsandthoseofthesecondkindendothermicreactions.當(dāng)臺(tái)風(fēng)在陸地上移動(dòng)時(shí)，其強(qiáng)度逐漸減弱。Whenmovingoverland,atyphoonisgraduallydecreasedinseverity.高溫和高壓把這些埋藏在地下的有機(jī)物變成了煤、石油和天然氣。Hightemperaturesandpressureschangedtheundergroundorganicmaterialsintocoal,petroleumandnaturalgas.實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，碘化銀產(chǎn)生撒播效果的臨界溫度比干冰略低（碘化銀為-5℃到-10℃，而干冰為-3℃到-4℃）。Itwasfoundthatthereisaslightlycolderthresholdforseedingeffecttooccurforsilveriodidethanfordryice(-5℃to-10℃forsilveriodideversus-3℃to-4℃fordryice）.這正是這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)意欲解決的問題。Thisiswhattheexperimentisintendedtosolve.是太陽給我們提供了光明和溫暖。Itisthesunthatgivesuslightandwarmth.盡管載荷發(fā)生變化，施加在其上的電壓卻仍保持相當(dāng)?shù)暮愣?。Despitechangesintheload,thevoltageappliedtoitremainsfairlyconstant.盡管面對(duì)國際的壓力，和談的進(jìn)展仍已緩慢。Despiteinternationalpressure,progresshasslowedinthepeacetalks.這輛小汽車的啟動(dòng)速度很快。Thespeedatwhichthecarstartsisfast.科研人員對(duì)這種材料進(jìn)行了熱處理。Theresearchersheat-treatedthiskindofmaterial.這個(gè)國家在軍事、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面都很強(qiáng)大。Thiscountryismilitarily,politicallyandeconomicallystrong.這篇論文評(píng)述了在直接還原、氧氣堿性轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼和連續(xù)澆鑄這三個(gè)方面的發(fā)展情況。Thethesisreviewedthedevelopmentsaccomplishedindirectreduction,BOFprocessandcontinuouscasting.在19世紀(jì)，潮汐振蕩和聲重力振蕩的理論曾是受到極大關(guān)注的課題。Duringthe19thcentury,thetheoriesoftidalandacousticgravityoscillationsweresubjectsofgreatinterest.這磁場可以是條形磁鐵的磁場，可以是馬蹄形磁鐵的磁場，也可以是電磁鐵的磁場。Thismagneticfieldmaybethatofabarmagnet,aU-shapedmagnet,oranelectromagnet.所有這些預(yù)報(bào)評(píng)分均比通過預(yù)報(bào)前期溫度將持續(xù)不變而獲得的評(píng)分要高。Allofthesescoresarehigherthancouldbeobtainedbypredictingtemperaturesoftheprevioustopersistunchanged.數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的基本要求之一就是要有某種類型的存儲(chǔ)器，換言之，也就是要有一種通過脈沖或邊沿能使其置于邏輯1，并能保持其電平直到施以復(fù)位脈沖為止的電路。Oneofthebasicrequirementswithindigitalsystemsisforsomekindofmemory,inotherwords,acircuitthatcanbesettologic1byapulseoredgeandwhichwillholdthisleveluntilthecircuitgetsaresetpulse.由于摩擦而產(chǎn)生的力稱之為摩擦力。Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces.通過這種途徑，既可避免高緯地區(qū)越變?cè)嚼?，也可防止低緯地區(qū)越變?cè)綗帷herebythehigherlatitudesarepreventedfrombecomingincreasinglycolderandthelow