學(xué)生語法輔導(dǎo)(老師版)

英語應(yīng)用能力測試B級(jí)英語應(yīng)用能力測試B級(jí)語法輔導(dǎo)輔導(dǎo)老師:Echo班級(jí):姓名:I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)：bedone表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，常與always,everyday,never,often,usually,sometimes等頻度副詞連用；說話時(shí)人和事物的特性或狀態(tài)；客觀真理等。I-------ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven`thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play表示計(jì)劃或安排中的動(dòng)作。ThetrainleavesforGuangzhouat2:30p.m.3.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)，一般過去式代替過去將來時(shí)。如：1)Whenhecomes/came,Iwill/wouldgivehimthebook.2)Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothecountryside.3)---Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?---Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyou_______thetrainingcourse.willhavefinishedB.willfinishC.arefinishingD.finish（二）一般過去時(shí)was/were/did被動(dòng)態(tài)：was/weredone1．表示過去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)、過去的習(xí)慣。有明顯的過去時(shí)間的提示。---Youhaven`tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?---I`msorryI_______anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit`sprettyonyou.wasn`tsayingB.don`tsayC.won`tsayD.didn`tsay2．It’s(high)time…句型中，如It’stimeyouhadaholiday3．用于Iwish…I’drather…ifonly…suppose等結(jié)構(gòu)that分句中,這為虛擬語氣，主要表示主觀設(shè)想，與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。IwishyoulivedclosertousIfonlyhedidn’tdrivesofastI’dratheryouwentnowSupposetheydidn’tbelieveit,howshouldweconvincethem?(三)1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)isdoing被動(dòng)態(tài):isbeingdone表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況。Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_____sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)wasdoing/wasbeingdone，表示過去的某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在做什么ThereportersaidthattheUFO________fromeasttowestwhenhesawit.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel注：少量動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)分別表示一般將來時(shí)和過去將來時(shí),如go,come,leave,start,arrive,returnIamleavingforbeijingtomorrowHewasleavingforbeijingthenextday（四）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)havedone被動(dòng)態(tài):havebeendone1.表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生在過去但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響,常用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，多和一段時(shí)間狀語如since,sofar,forayear,inrecentyears等連用.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)havebeendoing與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)很多時(shí)候可以互換,但是完成進(jìn)行體必須加forsince,完成進(jìn)行體沒有否定式Who’sbeeneatingmydinner?還有些Who’seatenmydinner?全吃光了2.“This/Itisthefirst/secondtimethat…..”句型中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Thisisthethirdtimetheyhaven’tcomeforthebook.3.表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞comeforgetjoin,die,stop不能與for,since這樣的時(shí)間狀語搭配使用,必須轉(zhuǎn)換為一種可以持續(xù)的表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears改為HehasservedinthearmyforthreeyearsHisfatherhasdiedforfiveyears改為Hisfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears(五)過去完成時(shí)haddone被動(dòng)態(tài):hadbeendone1.表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已完成的動(dòng)作，常于by,before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。HehadbeeninthiscollegeforfiveyearsbeforeIcametostudy.Bytheendoflastmonthwehadlearned2,000Englishwords.2.在nosooner…than;hardly(scarely)…when等句型中，主句常用過去完成時(shí)，從句則用一般過去時(shí),意為一….就…。NosoonerhadIenteredtheclassroomwhenthebellrung.3.think,hope,intend,mean,expect,want,plan等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)表示過去的愿望，打算，計(jì)劃等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。Ihadhopedtovisithim,butIwastoobusy.這類動(dòng)詞和不定式連用時(shí)可以改為“過去式+不定式的完成式”。Ihopedtohavevisitedhim,butIwastoobusy.4.常與by/when+過去時(shí)間連用Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbyteno’clockyesterdayIhadwrittenthearticlewhentheycame5.If,ifonly,asif,Iwish,Iwouldrather,等引導(dǎo)的分句,表示與過去事實(shí)相反,就用過完成Iwouldratheryouhadtoldherthetruth6.在Itwasthefirsttimethat…ItwasthefirsttimethisyearhehadworkedonaSaturday(六)一般將來時(shí)Will/shall+do被動(dòng)態(tài):willbedone其他形式:1)begoingto+do表示計(jì)劃、安排，或“最近將來”要發(fā)生的事情，還可以描述根據(jù)某種跡象表明將要發(fā)生的事情。Wearegoingtohaveapartythisevening.Lookattheclouds.It`sgoingtorain.2)be+todo表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；表示命令、禁止或可能性等。(betobedone)Wearetofinishtheworkbeforefivethisafternoon.(七)過去將來時(shí)woulddo被動(dòng)態(tài):wouldbedone表示相對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常用于賓語從句中。Hewarnedusthatthejourneywouldbeverydangerous.（八）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作ThistimeonSaturdayIshallbeflyingtoParis.(九)將來完成時(shí)willhavedone.被動(dòng)態(tài):WillhavebeendoneThenewbuildingswillhavebeenbuiltonthecampusbytheendofthisyear歷年典型考題與練習(xí)1.Chinawillbethelargestmarketforautomobilesin20to25yearsifthecountry’seconomy______togrowatthecurrentrate.(2000-06-A)A.continuesB.hascontinuedC.continuedD.hasbeencontinued2.WheneverIwenthome,I(bring)____somegiftstomyneighbor.(2000-06-A)3.AyoungmanstoodnearbywhileI(read)_______thenewspaper.(2000-06-A)4.Overfortyyears(pass)_______sincethebridgewasbuiltinthedistrict.(2000-06-A)5.TheChinesepeoplearedoingthingsnoone(do)_______sofar.(2000-06-A)6.Thisisoneofthelargestbridgesthat________onthisriver.(1000-06-A)A.iseverbuiltB>hasevenbeenbuiltC.waseverbuiltD.haseverbuilt7.ThiswasthefirsttimeI______Englishwithaforeigner.(2000-12-A)A.spokeB.speakC.havespokenD.hadspoken8.Wehopedthatbytheendofthisyearwe_______thejob.hadfinishedB.finishedC.wouldhavefinishedD.willfinish9.January1st,1997isthehistoricdatewhenBritain(join)________theCommonMarket.10.Theshortsupplydidn`tmeetthedemandthat(increase)_________rapidly.11.Sincetheintroductionofthenewtechnique,theproductioncost________greatly.reducesB.isreducedC.isreducingD.hasbeenreduced12.Ihopethey________thisroadbythetimewecomeback.haverepairedB.willrepairC.aretorepairD.willhaverepaired13.Intwomonths`timehe(finish)_________histrainingandstartwork.14.Icouldhavecalledyouyesterday,butI__________yourtelephonenumber.didn`thaveB.won`thaveC.hadn`thadD.wouldn`thave15.Threenewbuildings_________onthecampusbytheendofthisyear.willbebuiltB.aregoingtobebuiltC.willhavebeenbuiltD.havebeenbuilt16.Pleasedescribeexactlywhat(happen)_______onthecampuslastnight.17.Thefootballteamhopedthatthey(win)__________anothergloriousvictorysoon.18.ThisisthefirsttimeI(see)__________suchaterriblescene.19.Bythetimeyougettheretomorrow,they_______forBeijing.willhaveleftB.areleavingC.willleaveD.aretoleave20.ThirtypercentofJane`sincome__________onclothingeveryyear.isspentB.isbeingspentC.hadbeenspentD.hasbeenspent21.IwonderedwhyNancy(lie)_________aboutherage.22.MostofthepeoplewhoarevisitingBritain_________aboutthefoodandweatherthere.arealwaystocomplainB.havealwayscomplainedC.alwayscomplainD.willalwayscomplain23.Hewastoldthatthestranger(wait)_________forhimfortwohours.24.Hesaid“I______alotofnewwordsbytheendoflastyear.”hadalreadylearntB.wouldhavealreadylearntC.havealreadylearntD.alreadylearnt25.Onhiswayhomehesuddenlyrememberedhe(notlock)__________thedooroftheoffice.26.Lindafeelsexhaustedbecauseshe________somanyvisitorstoday.hasbeenhavingB.washavingC.hadbeenhavingD.hadhad27.Moststudents(take)___________sixtycreditsbythetimetheygraduate.28.UptillnowI(spend)_____________agreatdealofmoneyonbooks.29.Inthesefiveyears,thefoundation(collect)__________alargeamountofmoney.30.Hundredsofjobs_________ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose31.Who(sing)_____________inthenextroom?Thevoiceissonice.32.We(say)______________enoughonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.33.WearegoingtoFloridaassoonaswe(finish)___________takingourfinalexams.34.Unlesshe(send)_____________themoneybeforeFridayIshallconsultthelawyer.35.He(cross)_________thestreetwhenhewashitbyacar.36.Alotofpeoplewerestandingaroundwhenthepolice(arrive)___________.37.Webeganthetestyesterday,butwe(make)____________preparationslongbefore.38.Nosoonerhadtheygonetotheplantthanthey(start)_________towork.39.There(be)__________severalsuchoccurrencesinthepastfewweeks.40.He(take)________offhishatandbowedpolitelyashepassed.41.John(go)__________tothedoctor`stodaybecausehefeltill.42.He(promise)_________methathewouldpaythebillnextweek.43.Look,thecat(run)________afterthemouse.44.I(write)_________abookatthemoment.45.Thesepainterssaythatthey(finish)_______thedownstairsroombyWednesday.46.IwillgraduateshortlyandreturntomycountrywhereIwillusetheknowledgeI(gain)_______tobuildmyhomeland.47.Theyfulfilledthetaskassignedbytheirteacherearlierthanthey(expect)_________.48.Itisraininghard,butbythetimetheclassisover,therain(stop)___________.49.Ifyou(miss)________thetrain,youwon`tbeabletogetthereontime.50.Bytheendofthemonth,wesurely(find)_________asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.II.動(dòng)詞語態(tài)歷年典型考題與練習(xí)：1.Whenhearrivedatthehospital,heaskedworriedlywhowas(operate)________on.2.Ifthemedicine(take)___________intime,itwillbequiteeffective.3.Thesepillsshould(keep)__________outofthereachofchildren.4.Thehousewiththefurniture(buy)___________for$50,000lastyear.5.Thecauseoftheaccidentmaynever(discover)___________onspiteoftheeffortofthepolice.6.Thebattlewasover,andthewounded(send)_______tohospitalatonce.7.Anewhospital(build)_____________inourhometownnow.8.Fewofthem(persuade)___________ofthetruthofhisstatement.9.He(charge)_______________withkillingtheboylastmonth.10.Theysuspectedthatthesecret(give)_______________awaybyoneofhisfriends.11.Thegrowthrateofthecountry`sexportsthisyear(predict)___________tobeloworevennegative.12.Owingtothestateofthegroundthematchhas(put)_____________off.13.Manyastudent(ask)___________thesamequestionbytheteacherinyesterday`sclass.14.It(say)____________thattheworkersallregardhimwithsympathy.15.Thepolicemansaidtheseizeddrugs(estimate)____________tohaveamarketvalueof$1.4million.III.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是每次必考的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，A級(jí)、B級(jí)中都有出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)《基本要求》的規(guī)定，大家必須掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：1．條件從句中的虛擬語氣(1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：從句If+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式（be---were）主句主語+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Ishouldmakefulluseoftime（2）與過去事實(shí)相反：從句if+主語+had+過去分詞主句主語+should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞Ifhehadworkedcarefullyenough,hewouldnothavebeeninjured(3)與將來事實(shí)相反：從句If+主語+wereto+動(dòng)詞原形/if+主語+should+動(dòng)詞原形主句省略+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形IfIweretohaveanotherchance,Iwouldloveyoufortenthousandyears注:省略If的虛擬語氣,會(huì)引起倒裝IfIshouldmeether,Iwouldtellher=shouldImeether,Iwouldtellher2．錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和條件從句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式并不完全按照上述來進(jìn)行，而需要按照各自的時(shí)間來調(diào)整，這就叫錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldhavebeenallrightthenIfyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldbeallrightnow3.虛擬語氣在從句中的用法(固定句式中的虛擬語氣)1)、賓語從句：在suggest,insist,order,demand,request,command,propose,desire等動(dòng)詞后作賓語從句時(shí)，表示欲望、建議、命令等時(shí)，用虛擬語氣TheyrequestedthatthestudentslearnthesecondlanguageSuggest的用法特殊1）Suggestdoing不能接不定式2）當(dāng)建議解時(shí)，用虛擬；當(dāng)暗示，表明解，不用虛擬HesuggeststhatsheshouldleavethehouseatonceHisfacesuggestedthathewasangryasifasthoughwish+從句時(shí)，如果表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式；如果表示wouldrather與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。ifonly2)，在主語從句中：表示建議，要求，驚奇等，句型1）Itisnatural/suggested/necessary/requested/ordered/proposed/important/surprising/strange/funny+that+should+do2)itisapity/ashame/nowonder/ahonour+that+should+doe.g.itisquitenaturalthatsuchfearsshouldarise3),在目的狀語從句中(1)如lest,forfearthat,incase后接情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)原Theygotupearlylesttheyshouldmissthetrain4.含蓄條件句有時(shí)一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫。。。用with,without,but,butfor,lest等介詞短語或分詞短語中，或其它連詞中1)Wemighthavediedwithoutyourhelp=wemighthavediedifyouhadn’thelpedus2)Iwasbusylastweek,otherwiseIwouldhavecometoseeyou=Iwasbusylastweek,ifIhadnotbeenbusylastweek,Iwouldhavecometoseeyou.歷年典型考題與練習(xí)：1.You_______yourworkaheadoftimewithouttheirhelp.A.haven’tcompletedB.wouldn’thavecompletedC.weren’tcompletingD.shouldn’thavecompleted2.Ididn’tseeyourbossatthemeeting.Ifhe(come)________,Iwouldhavetoldhimthenews.3.Itisadvisedthatwe(sign)_______anagreementrightafterthediscussion.4.Isuggestedthathe(refuse)______theofferproposedbythatcompany.5.Hetalkedasifhe(do)______alltheworkhimself,butinfactTomandIdidmostofit.6.Peter____thedriver’stest,buthewasn’tcalmenoughinthelasttenminutes.7.Ifonlyshe(know)______thatherbehaviorwasnotwelcome,shewouldhavebeenmorecarefulwithhermanners.8.It’shightimewe______somethingtostoproadaccidents.A.didB.aredoingC.willdoD.do9.XiaolispeaksEnglishinawayasifshe(be)________anAmerican.10.It’snecessarythattheproblem_______insomewayorother.A.issettledB.wassettledC.besettledD.hasbeensettled11.IfIhadn’tdriventhecaryesterday,I(avoid)_______theaccident.12.You________thenewforeignteacherifyouhadbeenhereyesterday.A.musthaveseenB.wouldhaveseenC.shouldseeD.hadseen13.IfI(have)______yourphonenumber,Iwouldhavecalledyouyesterdayevening.14.ThebossinsistedthatMr.Copper(give)______uphisexperimentatonce.15.Ithinkit’shightimewe______strictmeasurestostoppollution.A.willtakeB.takeC.tookD.havetaken16.Thedirectorrequiredthateverymemberinhisdepartment(refer)_____tothisreport.17.Ididn’tgowiththemtothebeachyesterday.ButIdowish_______there.A.hadbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.am18.________lastFriday,wewouldhavegottoParis.A.HadheleftB.WouldheleaveC.IfheistoleaveD.Ifhewasleave19.Itisrequiredthateveryemployee(come)______intheiruniformbefore8:30a.m.20.Thefirmhasbeengiveninstructionsthatthemanager(fly)____________toNewYork.21.Themanagerdemandsthatthenewsecretary(have)________athoroughknowledgeofthepersonnel.22.Itisnecessarythathe(take)______agoodrestafterworkingforalongtime.23.Butforyourhelp,I(notbe)_________abletofindtherightsolutiontotheproblemsosoon.24.Ilostthepenyouhadboughtmeformybirthday.IfonlyI(notlose)_____________it.25.Ifithadn`trainedlastnight,theground(notbe)___________sowetnow.26.Ishouldn`thavetakenyourumbrellaifI(know)_______thatitwastheonlyoneyouhad.27.It`sabouttimethatyou(begin)___________tostudyEnglish.28.Heinsistedthathe(resign)____________fromhispost.29.IfonlyI(go)______________therelastnight.30.Ifyouknewmebetter,youwouldnot(say)_____________that.31.Itisessentialthatallthefacts(examine)_______________first.32.Iwouldratheryou(give)________meanewoneinsteadofhavingitrepairedasyoudid.33.He(be)________herelastnight,Iwouldhavespokentohim.34.Theymightlivequitecomfortably(be)__________itnotforaquarrelwiththeirneighbor.35.Thedeanagreestothesuggestionthatlanguagelaboratory(re-equip)_____________.36.Taketheumbrella,otherwiseyou(catch)____________bytherain.37.Theforeignstudentsadvisorrecommendedthatwe(study)____________moreEnglishbeforeenteringtheuniversity.38.Theyoungmaninsiststhatwhathehasdone(benefit)_______thepeopleinthenearfuture.39.Ithinkitisadvicablethatasecretary(be)____________appointedatonce.40.Heactsasifhe__________anexpert.A.wasB.hasbeenC.wereD.hadbeen41.Heputhiscoatonforfearthat(orlest)he____________cold.A.catchesB.shouldcatchC.catchD.hascaught42.Withoutyouradvice,I___________inpassingtheexam.A.couldn`thavesucceededB.couldn`tsucceedC.didn`tsucceedD.don`tsucceed43.Hadtheytime,theycertainly____________andhelpus.A.wouldcomeB.hadcomeC.havecomeD.willcome44.Iftheearthstoppedmoving,what___________?A.doyouthinkwouldhappenB.didyouthinkwillhappenC.doyouthinkwouldbehappenD.didyouthinkwouldbehappenedIV.非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞指動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞這幾種形式，它們?cè)诰渲胁荒塥?dú)立作謂語。1,-ing分詞:包括傳統(tǒng)語法中所講的“現(xiàn)在分詞”和“動(dòng)名詞”一、時(shí)態(tài)：否定式notdoing主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doingBeingdone完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendoneIenjoylisteningtomusicYouregretnothavingtakenthedoctor’sadvice,doyou?注：有些動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式來代替被動(dòng)形式wantneed主語（通常是物）+require(需要)+doingdeservewantneed=主語（通常是物）+require(需要)+tobedonedeservee.g.theradiowantsrepairing=theradiowantstoberepaired二、-ing分詞的邏輯主語的表現(xiàn)形式JohnJohn’sIdon’tmindhimbuyinganotheronehis我開開門，你介意嗎？Doyoumindmy(me)openingthedoor?三,有些動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是現(xiàn)在分詞，取決于動(dòng)詞本身的含義動(dòng)名詞————試一試try+不定式———設(shè)法去做某事Ifyouwanttoimprovethetaste,tryaddingsomesugarPhiliptriedtoanswereachquestionbyhimself動(dòng)名詞————意味著（主語一般是物）mean+不定式———企圖，打算去做（主語一般是人）yourplanwouldmeanspendinghoursIdidn’tmeantomakeyouangry動(dòng)名詞————繼續(xù)做某事Stop/goon+不定式———接著做下一個(gè)事動(dòng)名詞————學(xué)習(xí)learn+不定式———學(xué)會(huì)了usedtodo過去常常beusedtodoing現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于beworthdoing=beworthy+tobedone/ofbeingdoneitisnouse/gooddoingsth。。。是沒有用的thereisno+現(xiàn)在分詞：。。。是不可能的四、-ing分詞分句（一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，把其中某一個(gè)用非謂語形式表示）先要弄清楚現(xiàn)在分詞與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換1、現(xiàn)在分詞與定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換1）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語，從句中含有BE的人稱形式，且不含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，刪去BE的人稱形式，即可將定語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語。Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingtoourteacher?=doyouknowthemantalkingtoourteacher?2、現(xiàn)在分詞與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語一致時(shí)，省去連詞及從句主語，將從句謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞A）當(dāng)從句謂語動(dòng)詞與主句謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或同時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)，可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式Whenshesawthis,shebecameveryworried=seeingthis,shebecameveryworriedB)如從句謂語動(dòng)詞與主句謂語動(dòng)詞是“先時(shí)，完成”關(guān)系，則將從句謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式Aswehadnotgotenoughhands,wehadgreatdifficultyinfinishingthework=nothavinggotenoughhands,wehadgreatdifficultyinfinishingtheworkC)有時(shí)從句連詞可保留，以使主，從句之間的語義聯(lián)系更明確WhileIwasstayinginBeijing,Iknewmanyfriends=whilestayinginNewYork,Iknewmanyfriends注：只有當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句中的主語一致時(shí)，才可將狀語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，否則應(yīng)用分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)3、以上其實(shí)說明了現(xiàn)在分詞可用作狀語，賓語補(bǔ)足語，現(xiàn)在分詞也可作主語，作賓語，作介詞補(bǔ)足語作主語beatingachildwilldomoreharmthangood作賓語doyoumindmy/memakingasuggestion作介補(bǔ)I’mannoyedaboutJohn/John’sforgettingtopayING分詞在句中作狀語居多，表示多種意義，請(qǐng)說出以下句子中分詞在句中作什么狀語Climbingtothetopifthetower,wesawamagnificentviewBeingahard-workingyoungman,heispraisedbyallhisfellowworkersAlargemeteor(流星)hittingthemoonwouldmeltthesurfacerockbytheforceofcollisionKnowingallthis,theystillinsistedonmypayingforthedamageItrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatareaTheoldmanwasfastasleep,holdingabookinhishand時(shí)間狀語；原因狀語；條件狀語；讓步狀語；結(jié)果狀語；伴隨狀語從上面例中可知，在使用ING分詞中，1）分詞動(dòng)詞與自己的主語是主謂關(guān)系；2）在狀語從句中，從句的主語還得與主句中的主語一致如果一個(gè)句子里出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，且動(dòng)詞各有自己的主語，該如何處理五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（ING分詞類）BecauseitisSunday,youneedn’tgotoschool=itbeingSunday,youneedn’tgotoschoolWhenalltheofficialshadarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen=alltheofficialshavingarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen注：分詞做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)前面可以加WITH或WITHOUT，其句法功能不變Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade過去分詞(主要講現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別)現(xiàn)在分詞有進(jìn)行意味和主動(dòng)意味，過去分詞有完成意味和被動(dòng)意味為避免混亂,我們將兩者區(qū)別簡單化,通過例句來理解WefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggsWefoundtheeggseatenbythesnakeDoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetterAlthoughworkingfrommorningtillnighthisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood介紹一些特殊及注意事項(xiàng)1)一般來講，用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，要符合以下兩個(gè)條件之一：Ａ：分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生TheroadjoiningthetwovillagesisverywideB:分詞所表示的是現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Themanrunningoverthereisourchairman注意：如果分詞需要表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的，而又在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要用定語從句表示，在謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生則要用不定式或從句表示ThemanwhocameyesterdaycomesagainThestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow2)何時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)如果一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞作定語，既要表達(dá)進(jìn)行意味，又要表達(dá)被動(dòng)意味時(shí)，用此形式Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant但如果指的是將來的動(dòng)作就要用不定式的被動(dòng)形式或從句來表示Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:30pmDec.253)make/get/have/keepsthdone表示讓別人做某事Howoftendoyouhaveyourhaircut?MakeoneselfdoneMakeoneselfunderstood4)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)原理同現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，所不同的只是動(dòng)詞與自己的主語的關(guān)系是不是被動(dòng)完成Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest不定式一,常用的基本形式語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)現(xiàn)在式todotobedone完成式TohavedoneTohavebeendone進(jìn)行式Tobedoing無注:其完成進(jìn)行式不常用,在這里就不介紹了詳解:1)現(xiàn)在式:I’mgladtoseeyou.Itisanhonorformetobeinvitedtoattendthemeeting.2)完成式:表示發(fā)生在主要?jiǎng)釉~之前的動(dòng)作Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting有兩個(gè)特殊情況表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的期待或計(jì)劃:可用表希望,計(jì)劃等動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)加上完成時(shí)不定式的形式來表示hoped,promised,wanted,wished,expected,planned+to+havedoneHewantedtohavemetyouattheairport,buthedidn’tgetthereintime.在should(would)like后面用不定式的完成式表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望Ishouldliketohavegivenherthegift3)進(jìn)行式:表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生Theyseemedtobegettingalongwell=itseemedthattheyweregettingalongwell二.不定式的否定式及其與連接代詞或連接副詞搭配1,不定式的否定式是:nottodo/nevertodoMyfathertoldmenottoskateonthelakeMyfathertoldmenevertoseeheragain2.數(shù)種連接代詞/副詞+不定式的形式Howtodo/whattodo/whentodo/wheretodo/whichtodoMr.litaughtushowtoworkoutthedifficultproblem.三.什么情況下,不定式不帶to1.使役動(dòng)詞let,have,make和感觀動(dòng)詞see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch等+賓語之后Iwatchedhimeathisbreakfast注:當(dāng)上述動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),要轉(zhuǎn)為帶to的不定式Hewasseentoenterthebuilding2.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列在一起時(shí),尤其是用and/or連接時(shí),第二個(gè)不定式可以不帶to;但是如果用逗號(hào)來代替了and,or時(shí),一般就要保留toIpromisedtofinishmyhomeworkandhanditinontimeIpromisedtofinishmyhomework,tohanditinontime.3.有介詞but,except,besides當(dāng)這些詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式在介詞之后可以省去toTheenemycandonothingbutsurrenderTheenemyhadnothingtochoosebuttosurrender4.wouldrather/hadbetter/cannotbut/cannothelpbut(不得不)/why…?/whynot…?后不帶toWhyarguewithhim?Youcan’thelpbutrespecthim四,與現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞的區(qū)別1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。

2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。3)不定式表示動(dòng)詞將來發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞與主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?

你要見那位將從北京請(qǐng)來的醫(yī)生嗎？

Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?

你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎(注:其他區(qū)別太復(fù)雜,在以后的練習(xí)題當(dāng)中再補(bǔ)充)歷年典型考題與練習(xí)：1.________thereport,IhandedittoJohn,butshesaidthatGeorgewasthepersontosenditto.A.HavingfinishedB.BeingfinishingC.FinishingD.Tohavefinished2._________fromlifepressure,manypeoplehavetogoallouttoworkuntiltheyaretiredout.A.SufferingB.TosufferC.BeingsufferedD.Havingsuffered3.”Susan.Whatwouldyousayifwegotoseethefilmtonight?”“Thankyou,Tony.ButIdon’tthinkitisworth______twice.”A.seeingB.toseeC.seeD.seen4.Themostimportantthinginlifeisagreatgoalplusthedetermination(reach)____thegoal.5.Thecoupleseatedintherestaurantseemed(have)______awonderfultime.6.I’mafraidyouhavebeenspeakingtoofasttomakeyourself(understand)________.7.Themachinedoesnotseemtoworkproperly,Ithinkitneeds(repair)_________.8._________withhisreport,thebosstoldJohntowriteitalloveragain.A.NotbeingsatisfiedB.NottosatisfiedC.NothavingsatisfiedD.Notsatisfying9._______morwtime,thescientistswillbeabletoworkoutagoodsolutiontotheproblem.A.TogiveB.GivingC.GivenD.Begiven10.Doyouagreethatitisimportanttomakeyourself(understand)________11._____hecanquicklyfindoutwhat’swrongwiththemachine.A.HavingbeenwelltrainedB.HavingwelltrainedC.TobewelltrainedD.Tohavebeenwelltrained12.Isawtheman(knock)_______downbyacarinthestreet.13.Theystopped(search)_______forthemissingplaneastheweatherwasveryrough.14.(frighten)________bytheexplosion,weallrushedoutofthehall.15.Igottothestation,onlyto(find)______thatthetrainwaspullingout.16.Themedicalteamdidmorethan(complain)___________aboutthepoorworkingconditionsandstartedworkingimmediately.17.thecostofmealsinbigcitiesvariesgreatly,(depend)_________onchoices.18.It`snouse________toherabouttheimportanceofthedocument.A.totalkB.talkC.talkingD.talked19.HisEnglishwassopoorthathefounditdifficulttomakehimself__________.A.beunderstoodB.understandC.understoodD.tounderstand20.Idon`tmind_____allthatwayinsuchbadweather.A.goingB.togoC.goD.gone21.Noneofuswillhaveanytrouble(solve)_________suchaproblem.22.Sincethereissolittletime(leave)________,nobodycanfulfillthetask.23.________Annie`sglass,Iapologizedtoher.A.TobreakB.BreakingC.HavingbrokenD.Break24.I`veneverseentheyoungman________nexttothedoctor.A.sitsB.sittingC.satD.tosit25.WhenIcalledheronthephone,shepretendedto(notknow)_________me.26.Thechairmanshouldraisehisvoiceinordertomakehimself(hear)________.27.You`dbetter______thewateruntilithasbeenboiled.A.nottodrinkB.notdrinkC.notdrunkD.notdrinking28.Thewineinthefridgejustwants(cool)________foracoupleofminutes.29.Hearingthebellring,thestudentsstopped(joke)_________witheachother.30.Seeingnobodyintheclassroom,hedecidedtostaythere(read)________forawhile.31.Itisnouse(argue)__________withhim,hewon`tlistentoyou.32.Davidwasso(disappoint)_______aboutthedecisionthatheranoutoftheclassroom.33.Doyouremember(introduce)_______Prof.SmithtoDr.LiduringhisfirstvisittoChina?34.Nobodyeverhasany_________tohurtyourfeelings.A.intentionB.heartC.purposeD.thought35.Shewasnothappybecausehehadkepther(wait)____________forhalfanhour.36.Themanagerpromised(get)__________meapositioninhiscompany.37.Areyougoingtofixthecaryourself,orareyougoingtohaveit_______?A.FixingB.tofixC.fixD.fixed38.If________inthefridge,thefruitcanremainfreshformorethanaweek.A.keepingB.bekeptC.keptD.tokeep39.Hisbookwasmuchbetterthanthose(write)_______sofaronthissubject.40.Iprefer(live)_________inthecountryratherthaninthecity.41.Thousandsofproducts_________fromcrudeoilarenowindailyuse.A.tomakeB.makingC.bemadeD.made42.Janealwaysenjoys__________topopularmusicathomeonFridayevenings.A.listeningB.beinglisteningC.tobelisteningD.tolisten43.(judge)___________fromlastyear`sexperience,thecoachknowsheshouldnotexpecttoomuch.44.Whenhewasinhospital,thenursehadhistemperature(take)_________everyfourhours.45.Inoticedthattherewasaman(draw)__________picturesontheground.46.While(cross)______thestreet,Isawsomeonewavingtome.47.Iwonderedwhytheboyoftenavoided(tal