英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)練習(xí)題及答

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)練習(xí)題及答案11.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)11.1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開(kāi)家。2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中國(guó)東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：Idon'twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功課。第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。11.2一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如：Wheredidyougojustnow?剛才你上哪兒去了？2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……時(shí)間了""該……了"。例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺(jué)了。Itistimethatsb.didsth."時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"，例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。would（had）rathersb.didsth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意：用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1）動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?您還要些什么嗎？Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would。例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？11.3usedto/beusedtousedto+do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如：Motherusednottobesoforgetful.老媽過(guò)去沒(méi)那么健忘。Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫過(guò)去常常散步。beusedto+doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如：Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。典型例題----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It's69568442.A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't答案A.本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。11.4一般將來(lái)時(shí)1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？我先讀哪一段呢？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？2）begoingto+不定式，表示將來(lái)。a.主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。這出戲下月開(kāi)播。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。3）be+不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4）beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他馬上要去北京。注意：beabouttodo不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。11.5begoingto/will用于條件句時(shí)，begoingto表將來(lái),will表意愿。例如：Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.11.6beto和begoingtobeto表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，begoingto表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如：Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）11.7一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1）下列動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開(kāi)？十分鐘后。2）以here,there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.車來(lái)了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。11.8用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)下列動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如：I'mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？11.9現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過(guò)去分詞。11.10比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday,last,week,in1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（對(duì)）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.11.11用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。Thisisthefirsttime（that）I'veheardhimsing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisis+形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI've（ever）seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。典型例題（1）---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。（2）---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（對(duì)）Ihaven'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.11.12比較since和forSince用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如：

Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在這兒二十多年了。

IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我從出生起就住在這兒了。

注意：并非有for作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）

Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）

注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。

1）（對(duì)）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.

2）（錯(cuò)）Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.

顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.11.13since的四種用法1）since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix）。例如：Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起，我一直在這兒。2）since+一段時(shí)間+ago。例如：Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。3）since+從句。例如：Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后，變化可大了。Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我們走后，變化可大了。4）Itis+一段時(shí)間+since從句。例如：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有兩年了。11.14延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）I'veknownhimsincethen.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till/until從句的差異延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：Hedidn'tcomebackuntilteno'clock.他到10點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。Hesleptuntilteno'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。11.15過(guò)去完成時(shí)1）概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去----|----------|--------|---->其構(gòu)成是had+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在2）用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：Shesaid（that）shehadneverbeentoParis.她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。b.狀語(yǔ)從句在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰?。c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.A.hadwritten,leftB，werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft答案D."把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意：hadhardly…when還沒(méi)等……就……。例如：IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我剛打開(kāi)門，他就打了我。hadnosooner…than剛……就……。例如：Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。11.16用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.17將來(lái)完成時(shí)1）構(gòu)成willhavedone2）概念a.狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b.動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。11.18現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.我們正在等你。b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在寫另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）c.表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.葉子在變紅。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越來(lái)越熱了。d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改變主意。典型例題Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it.A.haslost,don'tfindB.ismissing,don'tfindC.haslost,haven'tfoundD.ismissing,haven'tfound.答案D.前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。11.19不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如：Ihavetwobrothers.我有兩兄弟。Thishousebelongstomysister.這房子是我姐的。2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如：Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的幫助。Helovesherverymuch.他愛(ài)她很深。3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如：Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的勸告。4）系動(dòng)詞，如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如：Youseemalittletired.你看上去有點(diǎn)累。11.20過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來(lái)，受了傷。Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他們離開(kāi)車站時(shí)，正下著雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽(yáng)光燦爛。典型例題1）Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes答案C.割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2）Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read；wasfallingB.wasreading；fellC.wasreading；wasfallingD.read；fell答案B.句中的as=when,while，意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為"在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的fell（fall的過(guò)去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fallsick。11.21將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1）概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如：She'llbecomingsoon.她會(huì)很快來(lái)的。I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.將來(lái)我一定去見(jiàn)他。注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō)I'llbehavingatalkwithher.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如：Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。11.22一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase（that）,unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。典型例題（1）Hesaidhe________meapresentunlessI_______indoingtheexperiment.A.hadnotgiven;hadnotsucceededB.wouldnotgive;succeededC.willnotgive;succeedD.wouldnotgive;willsucceed.答案B.在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語(yǔ)從句中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)。本題有Hesaid，故為過(guò)去式。主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，故選B.此處用一般過(guò)去式代替了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。（2）表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。例如：Themuseumopensattentomorrow.博物館明天10點(diǎn)開(kāi)門。（實(shí)際上每天如此。）11.23一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過(guò)去時(shí)1）"書上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。例如：Thenewspapersaysthatit'sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。2）敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如：Napoleon'sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)開(kāi)始了。11.24一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1）有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：Ihear（=haveheard）hewillgotoLondon.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)了他將去倫敦。Iforget（=haveforgotten）howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2）用句型"Itis…since…"代替"Ithasbeen…since…"。例如：Itis（=hasbeen）fiveyearssincewelastmet.從我們上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái)，五年過(guò)去了。11.25一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：Theregoesthebell.鈴響了。11.26現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)1）表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如：Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我們一起度周末好嗎?Weareleavingsoon.我們馬上就走。2）漸變動(dòng)詞，如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如：Heisdying.他要死了。11.27時(shí)態(tài)一致1）如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。2）賓語(yǔ)從句中的，助動(dòng)詞ought,need,must,dare的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如：HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。11.28時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday等一般過(guò)去時(shí)yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow等一般將來(lái)時(shí)next…,tomorrow,in+一段時(shí)間,before+時(shí)間點(diǎn)等現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,recently等過(guò)去完成時(shí)before,by+過(guò)去的時(shí)間,until,when,after,once等過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while等將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening12.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者時(shí)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者時(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。注意：1）感官動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.老師逼我走出教室。-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom（bytheteacher）.Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.我們看見(jiàn)他在草場(chǎng)踢球。-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.煤可以產(chǎn)生工農(nóng)業(yè)需要的電。12.1let的用法1）當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to的不定式。例如：Theyletthestrangego.他們放陌生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.2）當(dāng)let后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用allow或permit代替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.12.2短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顧。Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.這樣的事聞所未聞。12.3表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信"的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等組成。例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說(shuō)Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議Itistakengrantedthat…被視為當(dāng)然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberthat…務(wù)必記住的是12.4不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1）不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如appear,diedisappear,end（vi.結(jié)束）,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等沒(méi)有無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火過(guò)后，我家燒得所剩無(wú)幾。比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise,seat是及物動(dòng)詞。（錯(cuò)）Thepricehasbeenrisen.（對(duì)）Thepricehasrisen.（錯(cuò)）Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.（對(duì)）Theaccidenthappenedlastweek.（錯(cuò)）Thepricehasraised.（對(duì)）Thepricehasbeenraised.（錯(cuò)）Pleaseseat.（對(duì)）Pleasebeseated.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。2）不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你說(shuō)的與我們聽(tīng)說(shuō)的一致。3）系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如：Itsoundsgood.聽(tīng)上去不錯(cuò)。4）帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death,dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)。5）當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：（對(duì)）Shelikestoswim.（錯(cuò)）Toswimislikedbyher.12.5主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecutseasily.這刀子很好用。2）blame,let（出租）,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。Muchworkremains.還有許多活要干。3）在need,require,want,worth（形容詞）,deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如：Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.門該修了。Thisbookisworthreading.這本書值得一讀。4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：makesb.heard/understood（使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己）等。例如：Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。12.6被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（for）,beoccupied（in）,getmarried等。例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如：Hemarriedarichgirl.他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.12.7need/want/require/worth當(dāng)need,want,require,beworth后面接doing時(shí)，表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如：Yourhairwantscutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要沖洗。典型例題Thelibraryneeds___,butit'llhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned答案A.need（實(shí)意）+n/todo，need（情態(tài)）+do，當(dāng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，還可need+doing.本題考最后一種用法，選A。如有tobecleaned則也為正確答案。11.29時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)練習(xí)1.“Idon’tliketotravel.”“Haveyouever_____inanairplane?”a.flyingb.flewc.flowedd.flown2.Thecenterofgravityofthehumanbody______behindhisjoint.a.locatedb.locatingc.tolocated.islocated3.“Todayisverycold,isn’tit?”“Yes,theriveris_____over.”a.freezedb.freezec.frozend.freezing4.“Whathappenedinthatnewarea?”“Newhouses______recentlyoverthere.”a.arebuiltb.buildc.havebuiltd.havebeenbuilt5.“Whendidyougotowork?”“Assoonastheycame,we______towork.”a.

wentb.weregoingc.hadgoned.go6.“Didyouwaitforhimverylong?”“Yes,I______tobeduntilfiveinthemorning.”a.

didgob.didn’tgoc.hadgoned.went7.Perhapsitwillbealongtime______fromabroad.a.whenTomcomesbackb.whenTomwillcomebackc.beforeTomcomesbackd.thatTomcomesback8.Tom______mathematicsthroughouthiscollegelife.a.boredb.boredwithc.wasboredd.wasboredwith9.______thatdresswhenIfirstsawyouatthestation?a.Wereyouwearingb.Haveyouwornc.Didyouweard.doyouwear10.MrWu______toworkbybuseveryday.a.hasbeentravelingb.hastraveledc.travelsd.istraveling11.Don’tdisturbhim.He______totheweatherforecast.a.listensb.isbeinglistenedc.haslistenedd.islistening12.MyEnglishteacher______mytest.a.

hasnotyetgradedb.hasnotyetbeengradedc.isnotyettobegradedd.isnotyetgraded13.We______onitformanyhours,butwehavenotyetreachedanyconclusion.a.arebeingworkedb.areworkingc.havebeenworkingd.havebeenworked14.Shanghai______ontheHuangpuRivera.standb.standsc.isbeingstandd.hasstood15.“Tellthestudentstostopshouting.We______ouressaysnow.”a.writeb.havebeenwritingc.arewritingd.havewritten16.“______yourbest?It’snotsatisfactory.I’mafraidyouwillhavetodoitagain.”a.

Doyoutryb.Haveyoutriedc.Areyoutryingd.Haveyoubeentrying17.Chinesemarriedcouple_____redpacketstochildrenandtheunmarriedduringtheChinesenewYear.a.giveb.havebeengivingc.aregivingd.havegiven18.Myuncle,Sam,______managerofthefirm.a.hasjustmadeb.isjustbeingmadec.hasjustbeenmaded.isjustmade19.Thisisthefirsttimethestudents______toHydePark.a.havegoneb.havebeengonec.havebeengoingd.arebeinggone20.She______hermother’sworksinceshewasadmittedintohospital.a.isdoingb.hasbeendoingc.hasdoned.hasbeendone21.I______theincidentasifitwereyesterday.a.amstilltorememberb.havestillbeenrememberingc.ambeingstillrememberedd.stillremember22.I______swimmingintheriverandIalways_____toswimwhenIcan.a.

amliking/havegoneb.ambeingliked/amgoingc.like/god.haveliked/havebeengoing23.Wehavesometimesaccidentsonthisline,butnoaccidents______sincelastwinter.a.occurb.haveoccurredc.havebeenoccurringd.areoccurring24.He_____onthisessayfortwentyminutesbuthe_____onlyahundredwords.a.

hasbeenworking/haswrittenb.isworking/writesb.

hasworked/hasbeenwritingd.works/iswriting25.Elections_______everyfouryearsandCongressmeetsonceayear.a.aretakenplaceb.aretobetakenplacec.tookplaced.takeplace26.______careless,oryouwillmakemistakes.a.Benotb.Notbec.Don’td.Don’tbe27.TheNo.8bus______toChengducollegeofGeology,andnottoSichuana.

aregoneb.isbeinggonec.goesd.aregoing28.Oil,exportedfromIrantoEurope,_____bytankers.a.usedtobetransported/havebeenbuiltupb.usedtobeingtransported/havebuiltupc.wasusedtobetransported/hadbeenbuiltupd.wasusedtobeingtransported/willbebuiltup29.Ifit______,thematchwillbepostponed.a.

hasbeenrainedb.doesrainc.rainsd.israined30.AssoonasI______thetools,Ishallbeginwiththework.a.

haveb.amhavingc.havebeenhavingd.havebeenhad31.Onceyou______theknackofit,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.a.shallhaveb.hadhadc.arehavingd.have32.Everytimehe______me,heisrudetome.a.willseeb.seesc.isseeingd.isseen33.JohntoldMarythathe______whathewasdoingduringthevacation.a.wasjustaskedb.wasjustaskingc.hadjustbeenaskedd.hadjustasked34.Nowthatyou_______,whatareyougoingtodo?a.arebingreturnedb.havebeenreturningc.havebeenreturnedd.havereturned35.Istartedmyteachingcareerattheschool.Thatwasmorethantwentyyearsago,andI______thereeversince.a.wasb.hadbeenc.willbed.havebeen36.Everythingontheearth______allthetime.a.ischangingb.ischangedc.haschangedd.hasbeenchanged37.We______fineweatherforthepastfewdays.a.haveb.arehavingc.havebeenhadd.havebeenhaving38.It______everydaysofarthismonth.a.israiningb.rainsc.hasrainedd.hasbeenrained39.noonecanprovethattheearth______notround.a.isbeingb.istobec.isd.hasbeen40.“Thereshe______!Weneedn’twaitanylonger.”a.

comesb.hasbeencomec.hasbeencomingd.istocome41.Thelittlegirl______bythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsintothecountry.a.

wasmadeuseb.wasmadeusedc.wasmadeuseofd.wasmadeusedof42.Ishalltellyouwhathe______atthreeo’clockyesterdayafternoon.a.

haddoneb.woulddoc.wasdoingd.hadbeendone43.Bytheendoflastyearthey______1,000machines.a.turnedoutb.hadturnedoutc.wouldturnoutd.hadbeenturnedout44.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshe______seventy.a.wouldbeb.wasc.hadbeend.wasbeing45.Howlongago______playingfootball?a.hadyoustoppedb.wouldyoustopc.didyoustopd.wereyoustopping46.Uptillthenwe______halfthedistance.a.hadonlycoveredb.coveredc.wouldonlycoverd.wouldbeonlycovered47.WhileI______television,thedoorbell______.a.

watched/wouldringb.wouldwatch/hadrungb.

waswatching/rangd.hadbeenwatched/wasringing48.They______withusforthetimebeing.a.wouldstayb.willstayc.havebeenstayingd.willbestaying49.IneverdreamedI______herediscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.a.willbesittingb.wouldbesittingc.willhavebeensittingd.wouldhavebeensitting50.Johntoldusthatbytheendoftheyearthey______togetherforthirtyyears.a.wouldhavebeenlivingb.wouldhavelivedc.wouldhavebeenlivedd.willhavebeenliving51.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.a.

isgoingtoturnoutb.isgoingtobeingturnedoutb.

isgoingtohaveturnedoutd.isgoingtobeturnedout52.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.a.havespentb.havetobespentc.havetospendd.spend53.Thepolice______inwhattheinformerreported.a.interestedb.hadinterestedc.wereinterestingd.wereinterested54.Acandidateforthepost______atthemoment.a.isinterviewingb.beinginterviewingc.interviewingd.isbeinginterviewed55.Bytheendoflastyeartherailway______.a.

wasbeingcompletedb.wouldbecompletedb.

hadbeencompletedd.hadcompleted56.I______tovisittheircountrybeforelong.a.

havebeeninvitedb.ambeinginvitedc.hadbeeninvitedd.shallbeinvited57