英語重難點語法 考研英語(二)寫作

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載英語重難點語法第一講句子構(gòu)成成分分析

句子構(gòu)成

構(gòu)成句子的成分共分為九種：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，補語，同位語和插入語。

一、主語：句子的核心主體，通常位于謂語動詞之前，表明一個句子是誰或何種情況所發(fā)出執(zhí)行或是承受的。常做主語的有名詞、代詞、主語從句、V-ing、Todo五種。

1

名詞：

Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.

Lifelightsthecandleofhope.

2

代詞：

Weliveandlearn.

Idoubt,thereforeIthink.Ithink,thereforeIam.

3

主語從句：

Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.

Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.

4

V-ing:

Losingcanbearealbeginning.

Believinginyourselfisthesecretofsuccess.

5

Todo:

Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocursethedarknessoftheoutsidewold.

Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill.

二、謂語：描述或闡述主語的情況，由動詞來充當(dāng)，常位于主語之后。

1

表狀態(tài)用系動詞：

Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.

Lifeishopeandhopeislife.

2

表動作用及物或不及物動詞：

Manyhandsmakelightwork.

IcameIsawIconquered.

3

表擁有：人或物時用：havehas無生命的東西：therebe

Everydoghasitsday.

Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.

4

情態(tài)動詞＋動詞原形：

Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.

三、賓語：及物動詞或介詞所指向的對象。常做賓語的有名詞、賓語從句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、V-ing、Todo五種。

1

名詞：

Readingenrichesourmind.

Hastemakeswaste.

2

賓語從句：

Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe.

Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.

3

復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.

4

V-ing:

Youareneveraloseruntilyouquittrying.

Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld.

5

Todo:

Winnersexpecttowininadvance.

Oneshouldlearntoforgive.

四、表語：接在系動詞后，補充說明主語的情況又稱為主語補足語。常做表語的有名詞、形容詞、V-ing、Todo、從句五種。

1

名詞：

Lifeisnotabedofroses.

Todayisouronlysurepossession.

2

形容詞：

Timeisfleetingandartislong.

Changeisconstant.

3

V-ing:

Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan’tdo.

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

4

Todo:

Tochangeattitudeistochangelife.

Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,nottoexist.

5

從句：

Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.

Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.

五、定語：修飾名詞或類似于名詞的詞。一般翻譯為“……..的”，表示事物性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，分為前置或后置。常做定語的有形容詞、名詞、V-ing、Todo、從句五種。

1

形容詞：

Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage.

Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.

2

名詞：

Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills.

Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety.

名詞做定語（名詞修飾名詞重要原則：第一個名詞一般用單數(shù)以下為常用名詞修飾名詞詞組）

1

Information

technology

2

Information

center

3

Credit

card

4

Generation

gap

5

Beauty

contest

6

Communication

skills

7

Information

age

8

Knowledge

economy

9

Peace

talks

10

Service

industry

11

Water

scarcity

12

Survival

skills

13

Press

conference

14

Safety

standard

15

Life

insurance

16

Weather

forecast

17

Reception

desk

18

Coffee

break

19

Body

guard

20

Heart

attack

21

Department

store

22

Stock

market

23

Office

building

24

Science

fiction

3

V-ing:

Failureisalearningexperience.

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

4

Todo:

Thereisnotimetolose.

One’sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoose.

5

定語從句：

Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclosedwithprofit.

Successisaprocessthatneverends.

六、狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整句的詞或句。按照功能分十一種：時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、條件、讓步、比較、伴隨、評注。常做狀語的有副詞、狀語從句、狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)、Todo、V-ing、V-ed六種。

1

副詞：

Stillwaterrunsdeep.

Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.

Excellencyisdoingordinarythingsextraordinarilywell.

Clearly,one’sfateisinhis/herownhands.

2

狀語從句：

Whenanopportunityisneglected,itnevercomesbacktoyou.

Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouseit.

3

狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)：

Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever!

4

Todo：

Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.

Toleaphigher,onecandrawback.

5

V-ing：

Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebecomesakindofburden.

Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone’sheartandsoul.

6

V-ed：

Unitedwestand;dividedwefall.

Welldone,thesmallesttaskbecomesamiracleofachievement.

七、補語：主語補足語（補充說明主語的情況，又稱表語）、賓語補足語（補充說明賓語的情況）常做賓語補足語的有形容詞和Todo兩種。

1

形容詞：

Historiesmakemenwise.

Lovemakestheworldmorecolorfulforall.

2

Todo:

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress.

八、同位語：句子中的兩種成份表達同一種概念，即A=B稱之為同位語。常做同位語的有名詞和從句兩種。

1

名詞：

Weshouldmakefulluseoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow.

Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.

2

從句：

Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.

Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitselfabigvictory.

九、插入語

插入語是說話者對所表達意思的補充、強調(diào)、解釋或者說話的態(tài)度，其位置靈活，常常用逗號或破折號與其它成分隔開，并且在語法上不影響其他成分。

1

Indeed的確，

2

Surely無疑，

3

However然而，

4

Obviously顯然，

5

Frankly坦率地說，

6

Naturally自然，

7

Luckily(或happily)forsomebody算某人幸運，

8

Fortunately/Luckily幸好，

9

Roughly大體上來說，

10

Briefly簡單地說,

11

Strangetosay說也奇怪，

12

Needlesstosay不用說，

13

Mostimportantofall最為重要是，

14

Worsestill更糟糕的是，

15

Inafewwords(或insum，inshort)簡而言之，

16

Inotherwords換句話說，

17

Inasense在某種意義上，

18

Ingeneral一般說來，

19

Inmyview在我看來，

20

Inconclusion總之，

21

Insummary概括地說，

22

Tobetrue

誠然，

23

Inthefirstplace首先，

24

Inaddition此外，

25

Ofcourse當(dāng)然，

26

Tomyknowledge據(jù)我所知，

27

Forinstance(或example)例如，

28

Asamatteroffact事實上,

29

Strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地說，

30

Generallyspeaking一般地說，

31

Judgingfrom根據(jù)…判斷,

32

Tobesure無疑，

33

Tosumup概括地說，

34

Totellthetruth老實說,

35

Iamsure我可以肯定地說，

36

Ibelieve我相信，

37

Iwonder我不知道，

38

Thatis也就是說，

39

Itseems看來是，

40

AsIseeit照我看來，

41

Whatisimportant(serious)重要(嚴(yán)重)的是，

42

Inanutshell總之，

43

Inthefinalanalysis歸根結(jié)底，

44

Atanyrate不管怎么說，

45

Onthecontrary相反，

46

Inthelongrun從長遠來看，

47

Bycontrast對比而言，

48

Morallyspeaking從道德的層面上來說，

49

Incomparison相比之下，

50

Intheory從理論上來說，第二講

名詞性從句講解

A主語從句：

㈠主從可由以下這些引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)：that\whether\whoever\which\what\whatever\where\how\when\why\if

⑴That引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中不做成份。句型一

That+完整句=名詞可做主語

Thateveryonemayreceiveatleastamoderateeducationissignificant.

Thatweshouldactintherightspiritisnecessary.

⑵Whether引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做狀語。句型二Whether+完整句=名詞可做主語

Whetheryoucansucceedinmakingyourdreamcometruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.

Whetheritrainsorshinesmakesnodifferencetoproactivepeople.

⑶Whoever引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做主語。句型三Whoever+不完整句=名詞可做主語

Whoeverwantstoreachadistantgoalmusttakemanysmallsteps.

Whoeverdareswins.

⑷Which引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做定語。句型四Which+不完整句=名詞可做主語

Whichwayyouturnisuptoyou.

⑸What引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做主語、賓語。句型五What+不完整句=名詞可做主語

What’sdonecan’tbeundone.

Whatwedowillinglyiseasy.

⑹Whatever引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做主語、賓語。句型六Whatever+不完整句=名詞可做主語

Whateverisatthecenterofourlifewillbethesourceofourwisdomandpower.

Whateveryouloveandtrustinthisworldlovesyouinreturn.

⑺Where引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做狀語。句型七

Where+完整句=名詞可做主語

Whereweenjoyloveishome.

⑻How引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做狀語。句型八

How+完整句=名詞可做主語

Howyouthinkandactwillinfluenceyourlife.

(9)when引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做狀語。句型九When+完整句=名詞可做主語

Whenthesunisshiningisthebesttimetorepairtheroof

Whenyoucanmakeitdependsonyoureffort.

(10)why引導(dǎo)主從，在主從中做狀語。句型十Why+完整句=名詞可做主語

Whyhelpingothersbringsabouthappinessisbasedonthefactthatthemorewegive,themorewehave.

㈡主語從句與形式主語it的關(guān)系

主從如果過長時，可用it替代，將原來的主從放在后面。

㈢考研英語寫作中形式主從的使用

1.Itisoftenthecasethat

2.Itisafactthat

3.Itseemsthat

4.Itissaidthat

5.Itisreportedthat

6.Itisbelievedthat

7.Itisuniversallyacceptedthat

8.Itisannouncedthat

9.Itisestimatedthat

10.Itmustbeadmittedthat

11.Itisobviousthat

12.Itmustbestressedoutthat

13.Itiswidely-acceptedthat

14.Itcannotbedeniedthat

15.Itcanbeforeseenthat

16.Itisasclearascrystalthat

17.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat

18.Itisacknowledgedthat

19.Itiswell-knownthat

20.Itisestimatedthat

B賓語從句：

㈠以下這些引導(dǎo)詞通常可引導(dǎo)賓從：that\whether\if\which\how\what\whatever\where

⑴That

Sometimesweneedtoremindourselvesthatthankfulnessisindeedavirtue.

⑵Whether\if

Attitudedetermineswhether\ifpeoplearesuccessfulandabletoenjoylife.

⑶Which

Astrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.

⑷How

Ourmotivesshapehowweseetheworld.

⑸What

Idon’tfearwhatisahead.

Thesecretoflifeisnottodowhatyoulike,buttotrytolikewhatyoudo.

Ourthoughtsmakeuswhatweare.

⑹Whatever

IampreparedtolearnwhateverIneedtoknow.

Ifyouhaveaplan,youcandealwithwhatevercomesalong.

Iamwillingtopaywhateverpriceisrequiredtowin.

⑺Where

MypastexperiencesbroughtmetowhereIamtoday.

㈡賓語從句拓展句型

賓語從句是英語寫作非常常用的一種從句。它一般在議論文中用來提出觀點，在圖表作文中用來定位。

Somepeoplethinkthat

Somepeoplebelievethat

Somepeopledobelievethat

Somepeopledostronglybelievethat

Somepeopleholdthat

Somepeoplepointoutthat

Somepeopleinsistthat

Somepeoplemaintainthat

Somepeoplearguethat

Somepeoplecontendthat

Somepeopledeemthat

Somepeopleareconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefullyconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefirmlyconvincedthat

Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat

Weshouldadmitthat

Nobodycandenythat

Somepeopleagreethat

Somepeopleconcludethat

Somepeopleassertthat

Thetableshowsthat

Thebarchartdisplaysthat

Thelinegraphillustratesthat

Thepiechartdescribesthat

Themappresentsthat

Thediagramrevealsthat

Thesetwochartsindicatethat

C表語從句：

（一）以下這些引導(dǎo)詞通?？梢砸龑?dǎo)表從：that\whether\what\where\how\why\when

⑴That

Theonlycertaintyisthatnothingiscertain.

⑵Whether

Thetestofourprogressiswhetherwecanprovideenoughforthosewhohavetoolittle.

⑶What

Purposeiswhatgiveslifemeaning.

Thefutureisn’twhatitusedtobe.

SuccessiswhatI’mdyingfor.

⑷Where

Yourbigopportunitymayberightwhereyouare.

⑸How

Sharingishowweexpresslove.

⑹Why

That’swhywesayattitudeiseverything.

⑺When

Thebiggestvictoryiswhenwerecognizethatweoughttocontrolourthoughts.

㈡表語從句拓展句型

表語從句是英語寫作中非常常用的一種從句，可構(gòu)成各種句型。

Thefirstthingtobementionedisthat

Anotherpointtobeconsideredisthat

Thelastthingtobeshownisthat

Thefirstadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotheradvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirdadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotherdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirddisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstpossiblereasonisthat

Anothercauseisthat

Thethirdelementisthat

Thefirstmeasuretobetakenisthat

Anothersolutionisthat

Thethirdstepisthat

Thatiswhy

Why…isthat…

Ahottopicdiscussedbypeopleiswhether

AistoBwhatCistoD

AistoBasCistoD

Myviewisthat…

D同位語從句：

同位語從句一般只由that來引導(dǎo)

Weshouldcareforeachotherintheknowledgethatwearemorealikethanwearedifferent.

Weholdthistruthtobeself-evidentthatallmenarecreatedequal.第三講

定語從句講解

在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句是定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞的后面。定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個作用:1把主句與從句連接起來2在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一定的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞在從句中可做主語,賓語,表語,定語;關(guān)系副詞在從句中只能做狀語。

（一）定從引導(dǎo)詞

⑴由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

①

who先行詞是人，在定從中可以做主語或賓語

Themanwhohasnoinnerlifeismiserable.

②

which先行詞必須是物，在定從中可以做主語或賓語

Loveisthekeywhichopensthegateofhappiness.

③

that先行詞既可是人，又可是物，在定從中做主語或賓語

Toliveisanartthateveryonemustlearn.

④

whom先行詞是人，在定從中做賓語

Itisunwisetomakefriendswiththosewhomonedoesnotknowwell.

⑤

whose先行詞既可是人，又可是物，在定從中做定語

Successisajourneywhoseinitialstepisalwaystough.

⑵關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定從，where\why\when這三個詞在定從中做狀語，后面加一個完整句。

1.

Therewillbemomentsinlifewhenoneispresentedwithnewoptions.

2.

Workistheplacewherehappinesslives.

3.

Unsuccessfulpeoplecanalwaysfindreasonswhytheyarenotdoingwell.

㈡定從分類：

?

限制性定從：由一個定從直接加在先行詞后，無逗號隔開，去掉后影響整句的意思。

Successisaprocessthatbeginsfromwithin.

Passionisanyemotionthatmovesyou.

?

非限制性定從：與主句之間用逗號隔開，去掉后不影響整句的意思。

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whicharevital.

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whichisvital.

㈢介詞提前放在引導(dǎo)詞前共有如下三種情況：

①

定從中的某介詞的需要：

Experienceisaschoolwhichyouwillnevergraduatefrom.

Experienceisaschoolfromwhichyouwillnevergraduate.

Honestyisthefoundationwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebasedon.

Honestyisthefoundationonwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebased.

②

先行詞決定：

Eachofushasapurposeforwhichwewerecreated.

③

由句意決定：

Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisboundtogether.

Lifeisaflowerofwhichloveisthehoney.

(四)只可用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況。

1.

先行詞為all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few，much等不定代詞時。

Allthatglittersisnotgold.

2.

先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。

Attitudeisthefirstqualitythatmarksthesuccessfulman.

3.

先行詞被theonly，thevery，thelast等修飾時。

Tofacefearistheonlymethodthatreallyworks.

(五)只可用which而不用that的幾種情況

1.

在非限定性定語從句中，只宜用which,不宜用that。

Onemaygowronginmanydifferentways,butrightonlyinone,whichiswhyitiseasytofailanddifficulttosucceed.

2.

關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞的時候。

Behaviorisamirrorinwhicheveryoneshowshisimage.第四講狀語從句講解

㈠時間狀語從句

通常有下列連詞引導(dǎo):when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,since,assoonas,themoment,theinstant,theminute,thesecond,everytime,eachtime。

1.

Whenapersonfeelsencouraged,hecanfacetheimpossible.

2.

Everytimeyouhelpsomebodyelse,youhelpyourself.

㈡地點狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):where,wherever,nomatterwhere,everywhere,anywhere。

1.

Yourlibertytoswingyourarmsendswheremynosebegins.

2.

Wherethereissmoke,thereisfire.

㈢條件狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):if,unless,suppose,supposing,provided,providing,onconditionthat,aslongas,incase,once,assuming,solongas。

1.

Ifonethinkssmall,hewillstaysmall.

2.

Alldreamsareofnovalueunlesstheyarefollowedbyaction.

3.

Aslongastheworldlasts,therewillbemistakes.

㈣原因狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):because,as,since,nowthat,notthat…butthat,inthat,consideringthat。

1.

Peoplearelonelybecausetheybuildwallsinsteadofbridges.

2.

WhenIwasyoung,Iadmiredpeoplewithwealth.NowthatIammature,Iadmirepeoplewithwisdom.

㈤結(jié)果狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):so…that…,such…that…,sothat。

1.

Iliketoseeamanlive,sothathiscountrywillbeproudofhim.

2.

Youthissowonderfulthatitisacrimetowasteit

㈥目的狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat。

1.

Weshouldgreeteachnewdaywithaplansothatthehighroaduponwhichwetravelcouldbemarkedwell.

2.

Behelpfultothoseontheirwayup,incaseyoushouldneedthemonyourwaydown.

㈦讓步狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,whatever,nomatter(how,what,where,when),while,whether,whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however。

1.

Althoughtheworldisfullofsuffering,theycanalwaysbeovercome.

2.

Whilewinningisnoteverything,tryingtowiniseverything.

3.

Nomatterhowmuchwehavelearned,thereisalwaysmoretolearn.

㈧方式狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):as,asif,asthough,inthewaythat,inthesamewaythat,inthemannerthat,inthesamemannerthat。

1.

Ifwecouldn’tdoaswewould,weshoulddoaswecan.

2.

Lookateverythingasthoughyouwereseeingiteitherforthefirsttimeorlasttime.

㈨比較狀語從句

通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo):as…as，than,notso…as，the…the…。

1.

Wisdomismorepreciousthanwealth.

2.

Themorewestudy,themorewediscoverourignorance.第五講非謂語動詞講解一

不定式由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成，及物動詞的不定式可以帶賓語。不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了謂語外的任何成分。

⑴（主）

Toloveisthemostbeautifulwordintheworld.

Toerrishuman.

不定式做主語，可以用it當(dāng)形式主語，把做主語的不定式短語后置。

Itisenoughtohaveoneclosefriendinone’slife.

Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatfriendshipistopeoplewhatsunlightistoflowers.

⑵（賓）

Weresolvetomakeadulljobinteresting.

Neverintendtoknoweverything,oryouwillknownothing.

下面的動詞常常可加不定式做賓語

attempt

企圖

enable

能夠

afford

負(fù)擔(dān)得起

neglect

忽視

demand

要求

long

渴望

arrange

安排

destine

注定

mean

意欲，打算

begin

開始

expect

期望

omit

忽略，漏

appear

似乎，顯得

determine

決定

manage

設(shè)法

cease

停止

ask

問

hate

憎恨，厭惡

pretend

假裝

dread

害怕

need

需要

agree

同意

desire

愿望

love

愛

swear

宣誓

volunteer

志愿

wish

希望

bear

承受

endeavor

努力

offer

自愿

beg

請求

fail

不能

plan

計劃

bother

擾亂；煩惱

forget

忘記

prefer

喜歡，寧愿

care

關(guān)心，喜歡

happen

碰巧

prepare

準(zhǔn)備

decide

決定

learn

學(xué)習(xí)

regret

抱歉，遺憾

choose

選擇

hesitate

猶豫

profess

表明

claim

要求

hope

希望

promise

承諾，允許

start

開始

undertake

承接

want

想要

consent

同意，贊同

intend

想要

refuse

拒絕

decide

決定

learn

學(xué)習(xí)

vow

起

contrive

設(shè)法，圖謀

incline

有…傾向

propose

提議

seek

找，尋覓

try

試圖

⑶（表）

Themostimportantthingistohaveacodeoflife.

Faithistobelievewhatyoudonotseeandtherewardforthisistoseewhatyoubelieve.

⑷（后置定語）

Thedeepesturgeinhumannatureisthedesiretobeimportant.

Theimportantthinginlifeisthedeterminationtoattainagreataim.

下面的名詞常?？杉硬欢ㄊ阶龆ㄕZ

ability

能力，本領(lǐng)

drive

驅(qū)動

movement

運動，活動

ambition

抱負(fù)，野心

effort

努力，嘗試

need

需要，需求

campaign

戰(zhàn)役，運動

failure

失敗

opportunity

機會

chance

機會

force

力，壓力，要點

promise

許諾，希望

courage

勇氣

intention

意向，意圖

reason

理由，原因

decision

決定

method

方法，方式

determination

決心，決定

motive

動機，目的

struggle

奮斗，努力

tendency

傾向，趨勢

wish

希望，愿望，祝愿

⑸（狀）

Toachievehappiness,weshouldmakesurethatweareneverwithoutanimportantgoal.

Liftastoneonlytodropitonyourownfeet..

Lifeistooshorttoworryabouteverything.

⑹（主補）

Timeisoftensaidtobemoney.

Positivethinkingisconsideredtobeanessentialfactorofsuccess.

⑺

(賓補)

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Whenyouwantthepresenttobebetterthanthepast,itistimetolearnfromthepast.

下面的動詞習(xí)慣于用不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式

ask

要求，邀請

get

請，得到

prompt

促使

allow

允許

forbid

禁止

prefer

喜歡，寧愿

announce

宣布

force

強迫

press

迫使

bride

收買

inspire

鼓舞

request

請求

assist

協(xié)助

hate

憎惡

pronounce

斷定，表示

advise

勸告

exhort

告誡，勉勵

pray

請求

authorize

授權(quán)，委托

help

幫助

recommend

勸告，推薦

bear

容忍

implore

懇求

remind

提醒

beg

請求

induce

引誘

report

報告

compel

強迫

invite

吸引，邀請

summon

傳喚

command

命令

intend

想要，企圖

show

顯示

drive

驅(qū)趕

mean

意欲，打算

train

訓(xùn)練

cause

引起

instruct

指示

require

要求

deserve

應(yīng)受

direct

指導(dǎo)

leave

使，讓

tell

告訴

like

喜歡

tempt

勸誘

entitle

有資格

order

命令

warn

告誡

enable

使能夠

need

需要

urge

激勵，力說

encourage

鼓勵

oblige

不得不

want

想要

condemn

指責(zé)，譴責(zé)

lead

引起，使得

teach

教

entreat

懇求

permit

允許

wish

希望

⑻插入語：

英語中常用的不定式做插入語：

1

Tostartwith,

2

Tobeginwith,

3

Tosumup,

4

Toconclude,

5

Tosummarize,

6

Tobebrief,

7

Tobeshort,

8

Toillustrate,

9

Tobehonest,

10

Tobefair,

11

Tobesure,

12

Tobetrue,

13

Sadtosay,

14

Sotospeak,

15

Tomakemattersworse,

16

Tomakethingsworse,

17

Thatistosay,

18

Needlesstosay,

19

Strangetosay,

20

Totellthetruth,

21

Toputitlikethis,

22

Toputitdifferently,

23

Toputitfromanotherway,

24

Tobeexact,

25

Tobeprecise,

26

nottomention…

27

tonamejustafew.

28

tonamebutafew.

(9)不帶to的不定式:

1）

在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有:

feel覺得

observe注意到，看到

overhear聽到

watch注視

listento聽

perceive察覺，感知

notice注意

see看見

lookat看

hear聽

2)

另一類是某些使役動詞，如make,let，have等。

3)

在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to。

Everybirdlovestohearhimselfsing.

Takeyourway.Lettheworldtalk!

Workingcanhelpone(to)createarichandbalancedlife.

(10)不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

時態(tài)\語態(tài)

主動

被動

一般式

todo

tobedone

進行式

tobedoing

完成式

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

完成進行式

tohavebeendoing

A不定式的時態(tài)

1)

現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。

2)

完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。

3)

進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。

4)

完成進行時：動作的持續(xù)性。

B不定式的語態(tài)

(一般式：tobedone；完成式：tohavebeendone)。

(11)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

Itisgoodforonetohaveself-knowledge.

Itispossibleforeverybodytobesuccessful.

Confidencemakesiteasyforonetoachievethegoal.

Thesecretofsuccessisforonetobereadyfortheopportunitywhenitcomes.

Alladversityisreallyanopportunityforustogrow.

Forthingstochange,onehastochange.

（12）關(guān)系代詞或副詞加不定式

Howtoactinthischangingworldisarealchallenge.

Experiencetellsonewhattodoandconfidencehelpsonedoit.第六講非謂語動詞講解二

㈠V-ing:

1

做主語：

Havingagoalinitselfisastateofhappiness.

Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.

2

做賓語：

Changerequirestakingtherightdirection.

Lifeconsistsnotinholdinggoodcards,butinplayingthemwell.

以下動詞常常加doing做賓語:

acknowledge

承認(rèn)，自認(rèn)

confess

坦白

cease

停止

tolerate

忍受

mention

說到，講到

avoid

避免

admit

承認(rèn)

contemplate

細想

dislike

不喜歡，討厭

endure

忍受

advocate：

提倡，主張

complete

完成

dread

害怕

appreciate

感激，欣賞

enjoy

喜愛

bear

忍受

defer

拖延

envy

嫉妒

can'thelp

不禁

delay

延遲

escape

逃跑，逃避

can'tstand

受不了

deny

否認(rèn)

excuse

借口

consider

考慮

detest

嫌惡

fancy

幻想，愛好

favor

偏愛

mind

介意

repent

悔悟

figure

描繪

miss

錯過

resent

怨恨

finish

完成

pardon

原諒，饒恕

resist

抵抗，阻止

forgive

原諒

permit

允許

resume

恢復(fù)

imagine

設(shè)想

postpone

延遲，延期

risk

冒險

involve

卷入，包含

practice

實行，實踐

suggest

建議

hate

討厭

prevent

阻止

save

省錢

keep

保持

quit

放棄

stand

堅持，忍受

loathe

厭惡

recall

回想

3

做表語：

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

Thesubjectoflifeismakingchoices.

4

做定語：

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

Everyfailurecanbeasteppingstonetosomethingbetter.

5

做狀語：

(只要主句的主語是Ving的發(fā)出者，Ving可以做所有的狀語)

Lifeislikerunningwater,flowingawaynevertoreturn.

Thosewhotakethelongviewarepatientwithdifficulties,knowingthattimeoftenmakesimpossiblepossible.

6

V-ing的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

主動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)

一般式

Doing

Beingdone

完成式

Havingdone

Havingbeendone

7做插入語：

A常規(guī)(一些可以做插入語的副詞后加上Speaking而意思不變)

1

Properlyspeaking,

2

Generallyspeaking,

3

Roughlyspeaking,

4

Preciselyspeaking,

5

Personallyspeaking,

6

Strictlyspeaking,

7

Franklyspeaking,

8

Honestlyspeaking,

9

Emotionallyspeaking,

10

Psychologicallyspeaking,

B特殊（一些由Ving構(gòu)成的特殊插入語)

1

Considering…

2

Concerning…

3

Regarding…

4

Respecting…

5

Judgingby…

6

Judgingfrom…

7

Accordingto…

8

Speakingof…

9

Talkingof…

10

Takingallfactorsintoaccount,

11

Takingallfactorsintoconsideration,

12

Takingallthingsintoaccount,

13

Takingallthingsintoconsideration,

㈡V-ed:

1.

做定語：

(前置)：(將Ved放在名詞前修飾名詞相當(dāng)于一個形容詞)

Lifethathasnoestablishedaimismiserable.

(后置)：（將Ved放在名詞后修飾名詞相當(dāng)于一個省略了的定語從句)

Difficultiesmasteredareopportunities.=Difficultieswhicharemasteredareopportunities.

2.

做表語：

Amanisnotfinishedwhenheisdefeated.Heisfinishedwhenhequits.

3.

做狀語：

(只要主句的主語是Ved的承受者，Ved可以做所有的狀語)

Notforgotten,pastexperienceisaguideforthefuture.

4做插入語：

1

Comparedwith…,

2

Comparedto…,

3

Given…,

4

Givencloseranalysis,

5

Basedontheabovefactors,

6

Basedontheabovediscussion,

7

Simplystated,

8

Simplyput,

㈢獨立主格

Theworldbeinghard,struggleistheonlywayout.

Everythingconsidered,growthandchangearethelawofalllifeandwillandworkarethecornerstoneforallsuccess.第七講

虛擬語氣講解

一、虛擬語氣基本用法

①

現(xiàn)在的虛擬：從句if+過去時、主句過去將來時

Ifithadnodifficultiesinlife,itwouldbetoosmooth.

Iftherewerenoclouds,wewouldnotenjoythesun.

Ifwewantedtolovethosewhohavenoimperfections,thisworldwouldbeadesert.

Ifitwerenotfortherocksinitsbed,thestreamwouldhavenosong.

②

過去的虛擬：從句if+過去完成時、主句should\would\could\+havedone

Iftheyhadnotwastedsomuchtime,manypersonsintheworldwouldhavescoredachievement.

③

將來的虛擬：從句if+過去時\wereto\should+V、

主句過去將來時

IfIshouldsummarizethemostimportantprincipleIhavelearnedininterpersonalskills,itwouldbethis:understandandbeunderstood.

④

交錯式:從句if+過去完成時、主句過去將來時

Ifwehadlookedatourpastexperience,wherewouldwebetoday?

⑤

虛擬語氣在賓從中的使用：以下這些動詞在后面引導(dǎo)賓從時，賓從中的謂語動詞用should+V,should可省略。

DropisC.D:demanddesire

R:requirerequest

O:order

P:propose

I:insist

S:suggest

C:command

Inlife,one’sgoalsmayrequirethatone(should)trydifferentapproaches.

Tobesuccessfulinlifedemandsthataperson(should)makeapersonalcommitmenttoexcellence.

⑥

在表語及同位語從句中的使用：

如以下這些抽象名詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句，謂語用should+V,

should可省略。

如以下這些抽象名詞做主語，謂語用should+V,

should可省略。

Demand\request\requirement\insistence\suggestion\proposal\command\recommendation\resolution\urge\prescription\order\desire\determination\direction\advice

Thesuggestionisthattolisteneffectively,one(should)findmeaninginwhatisbeingsaid.

Thefirstrequirementofgoodconversationisthatothers(should)knowwhatiscomingnext.

⑦

在主語從句中的使用：

以下形式主語從句中，謂語用should+V

should可省略。

Itisdemandedthat

Itisdesiredthat

Itisrequestedthat

Itisrequiredthat

Itisorderedthat

Itisinsistedthat

Itismaintainedthat

Itisproposedthat

Itissuggestedthat

Itiscommandedthat

Itisimportantthat

Itisvitalthat

Itisimperativethat

Itisnecessarythat

Itisbestthat

Itisproperthat

Itisexpedientthat

Itisvitalthatone(should)choosetherightattitude.

Itisnecessarytothehappinessthatone(