英美散文選讀教參

...wd......wd......wd...使用說(shuō)明《教師手冊(cè)》包括三局部：AbouttheAuthor〔作者簡(jiǎn)介及課文出處等〕、AbouttheText〔難句分析、語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)、修辭等〕、KeystoExercises。作者簡(jiǎn)介及難句分析和語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的局部?jī)?nèi)容已收入教材的“注釋〞〔NotesandCommentary〕，請(qǐng)教師在講解前仔細(xì)核對(duì)。“練習(xí)答案〞只提供第二至第五局部〔即詞匯、完型填空、改錯(cuò)、中譯英〕習(xí)題的答案。第一局部〔QuestionsforComprehensionandDiscussion〕涉及對(duì)課文內(nèi)容的分析、作者態(tài)度或立場(chǎng)的歸納評(píng)論、以及修辭手段的運(yùn)用等，沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案。教師可以在組織學(xué)生進(jìn)展討論、辯論、角色扮演或提問時(shí)靈活處理，適當(dāng)提供背景知識(shí)、相關(guān)詞匯等，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生得出對(duì)比合理的結(jié)論。中譯英和英譯中的答案僅供參考。練習(xí)經(jīng)過(guò)屢次修改，恐有不少錯(cuò)漏。不便之處，敬請(qǐng)諒解。歡送使用者批評(píng)指正。編者2000年6月UnitOneHowToGrowOldAbouttheauthorBertrandArthurWilliamRussell,3dEarl,1872-1970,Britishphilosopher,mathematician,andsocialreformer;b.Wales.ThegrandsonofLordJohnRussell,the1stEarlRussell,hesucceededtotheearldomin1931.WhileteachingatCambridgeUniv.Russellproducedhismostimportantworks,PrinciplesofMathematics(1903)and,withAlfredNorthWHITEHEAD,PrincipiaMathenetica(3vol.,1910–13),inwhichheattemptedtoshowhowthelawsofmathematicscouldbededucedfromthebasicaxiomsoflogic.Hisworkinfluencedon20th-cent.symboliclogic,SETtheoryinmathematics,andLOGICALPOSITIVISM,especiallyintheworkofhisstudentLudwigWITTFENSTEN.Anundogmaticbutzealousrationalist,Russellwasdeeplyconvincedofthelogicalindependenceofindividualfactsandthedependenceofknowledgeonthedataoforiginalexperience.Wellknownforhissocialviews,hewasanactivepacifistduringWorldWarI.In1927heandhiswifefoundedthehighlyexperimentalBeaconHillSchool.Hisliberalviewsonmarriage,sex,adultery,andhomosexualitymadehimcontroversialduringmostofthe1930s.HeabandonedpacifismduringWorldWarIIinthefaceoftheNazithreatbutrevertedtoitafterthewar,becomingaleaderinthe“banthebomb〞movementtohaltthemanufactureofnuclearweapons.Inthe1960sheandJean-PaulSARTREorganizedEuropeanoppositiontoU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Russell’sradicalismkepthimfromatraditionalacademiccareer,andhesupportedhimselfchieflybyhiswritings,manyofthemwidelyread,e.g.,MarriageandMorals(1929),Ressellhadoneofthemostwidelyvariedandpersistentlyinfluentialintellectsofthe20thcentury.Duringmostofhisactivelife,aspanof3generations,Russellhadatanytimemorethan40booksinprintrangingoverphilosophy,mathematics,science,ethics,sociology,education,history,religion,politicsandpolimic.Theextentofhisinfluenceresultedpartlyfromhisamazingefficiencyinapplyinghisintellect(henormallywroteattherateof3000largelyunalteredwordsaday),hismemory,andhisaristocraticindependence,andpartlyfromhisdeephumanitarianfeelingthatwasthemainspringofhisactions.Hisfirstmajorundertakinginthefieldoflogicandmathematicshadaprofoundinfluenceuponphilosophyinthewesternworld.Inhismiddleyears,hisbooksonmorals,politics,education,pacifism,andothersubjectswereanilluminationandencouragementtotherebelliouslayman.Finally,duringthelastdecadesofhislife(justashefelthimselfindangerofbecomingrespectablebysheerweightofyears),hebecameaninspirationtoidealisticyouththroughouttheworldinhisactiveoppositiontothemanufactureofH-bombsandtothewarinVietnam.“Howtogrowold〞wastakenfromhisbookPortraitsfromMemory,whichwaspublishedin1956._________________________________AboutthetextThemeofthetext:HownottogrowoldStructure:ParaPara2-5TheParagraph6ConclusionParaInspiteofthetitle,thisarticlewillreallybeonhownottogrowold,……Asurprisingbeginning?Awaytoattractattention?Orakindofskilltostartapassageinamostdirectandstraightforwardway?Myfirstadvicewouldbetochooseyourancestorscarefully.Canyou?Pleasenoticethetone(humorous?)inthefirstpartoftheparagraphconcernedwithdescribinghisancestors.asregards(alsowithregardto,inregardto)aphraseindicationwhatoneissayingappliestothefacttheyhavejustmentionedAsregardsthecar,Iputanadvertisementinthepaper.Withregardtothegasfire,wehardlyuseit.Myupbringingwasfairlystrictinregardtoobedienceandtruthfulness.……wascutoffintheflowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,……Whatametaphor!Andthelatterpartofthesentenceisevenmoreunexpected.Inthesentence,wealsofindtheuseofeuphemism(=apolitewordorexpressionthatpeopleusewhentheyaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichtheyorotherpeoplefindunpleasantorembarrassing,suchasdeathorsex).Somenorexamplesaregivenbelow:Amanishelpingthepolicewithinquires.(Asuspectedcriminalisdetainedbythepoliceandprobablyunderclosearrest.)Alargeaccident(=theexplosionofanuclearpowerstation)Armedemergency(=asmall-scalewarinwhichlargenumbersofpeoplearebeingkilled,buildingsdestroyed,etc.)under-achiever(=aschool-childwhoisbackwardormerelyboreformtheneckupwards)Thelocusofevaluation(=theclassroom)Lowerabilitygroup(=slowlearners)Amemberofthelowersocio-economicbracket(=apoorperson)Terminalillness(=afatalillness)cutoffstopsomething,esp.speechorthesupplyofelectricity,gas,water,etc.Ifthisbillisnotpaidwithinfivedays,yourgassupplywillbecutoff.Ifyouspeakfortoolong,thechairwomanwillcutyouoff.Ifyouarehavingaphoneconversationandyouarecutoff(=losecommunication withthepersonyouarespeakingto),phonetheoperator.whowasafriendofGibbonusuallywesay“afriendofso-and-so’s〞.Whenwewanttoemphasizetheideathatsomebodyisoneofthefriendsofafamousperson,thenwesay“Heisafriendofso-and-so.〞GibbonGibbon,Edward,1734—94,Englishhistorian.HeistheauthorofTheHistoryoftheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire(6vol.,1776—88),oneofthemostinfluentialhistoricalworksofmoderntimes.Gibbonalsowroteasubtleandinterestingautobiography,MemoirsofHisLifeandWritings(1796).HeservedinParliamentfrom1774to1783.GirtonCollegeThefirstwomen’scollegeatCambridgeword(archaic)speakrelate(fmlorliterary)tell(astory)ordescribe(aseriesofevents)Sherelatedtheeventsofthepastweektothepolice.Herelateshowattheageof23hewasinternedinaprisoncamp.melancholyunhappinessorsadness,esp.thatwhichisfeltforalongperiodoftimeandwithoutanyobviousreasonamelancholypieceofmusicmelancholyautumndaysHeisanactorwhoisfamousforrolesfullofsentimentalmelancholy.partfromseparatefromTobepartedfromhimevenfortwodaysmadehersad.dismalsadandwithouthopeTheoutlookisdismalno-onethinksheisgoingtogetbetter.“madresnaturale〞(Italian)Literally,anunnaturalmother.Thephrasemeanshere“Whatanextraordinarymother!〞herrecipeherwayofdoingthingstheproperrecipeforremainingyoungthatistokeeponeselfbusy.{“Growingoldisnomorethanabadhabitwhichabusymanhasnotimetoform.〞AndréMaurois(1885—1967),Frenchauthor,critic.TheArtofLiving,“TheArtofGrowingOld〞(1940).}stillless(alsomuchless)letalone;nottomention(tomakeanegativestatementstronger)AttheageoffourteenIhadneverevenbeenonatrain,stilllessanaircraft.brevitylastingonlyashorttime;shortness Thefirstofthesetwopoemsisananguishedreflectiononthebrevityoflife.(Norwilltheoldpeople,oncetheymanagetokeepthemselvesbusywithsomewholesomethings,behauntedbythethoughtthattheirdaysarenumbered.)ParaAsregardshealth,IhavenothingusefultosaysinceIhavelittleexperienceofillness.Itseemsthatmanyothershavemanythingstosayabouttheirexperienceoflivingalonglife.Youmighttryyourstudentstoseewhethertheyhappentoknowanyofthosedifferent‘recipes’offeredbydifferentpeopleondifferentnewspapers,orthesamenewspaperatdifferenttimes.onthegroundaphraseusedtointroducethereason(causeorargument)basedona(the)factorbelief(that) AnEUnationalcouldnotbedeportedsolelyonthegroundofhisconviction. Sheissuingthecompanyonthegroundsofunfairdismissal. Doyouhaveanygroundforsuspectingthem? Wehavegroundstobelievethatyouhavebeenlyingtous. Herefusedtoansweronthegroundsthatshewasunfairlydismissed.mostlyThewordisusedtoindicatethatastatementisgenerallytrue,forexample,trueaboutthemajorityofagroupofthingsorpeople,ortruemostofthetime. Themenatthepartyweremostlyfairlyyoung. Arattlesnakehuntsmostlyatnight.ParaabsorptionIfyouhaveanabsorptioninsomething,youaresointerestedinitthatittakesupalotofyourtimeandenergy. Withhisnewappointmentin1911,hisabsorptionshifted. Herabsorptioninherwork(=givingofallherattentiontoit)issogreatthatshe thinksaboutnothingelse.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories…Foroldpeople,thinkingofthepastwillnotbringthemanygoodness.ComparetheideawiththefollowinglinesbyW.B.Yeats: Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep, Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook, Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlook Youreyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep…One’sownpastisagraduallyincreasingweightWhenpeoplearegettingold,theytendtospendmoretimethinkingoftheirpastexperiences,whichwillprovetobeabigburdenforthem.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.Self-deceiving(toplugone’searswhilestealingabell)isobviouslynottobeencouraged,butinsomecases,especiallyforoldpeople,itisnotalwaysunhelpful.Paraclingingtoyouthusedpredicatively,thephrasemeansshowingundueinterestinone’schildrenaftertheyhavegrownup.(Ifyouclingtoanideaorawayofbehavingyoucontinuetobelieveinitsvalueorimportance,eventhoughitmaynolongerbevalidoruseful,e.g.clingtoold,inefficientmethodofdoingthings)suckingvigourfromitsvitalityWhenanoldpersonwantstobeyoung-at-heartbyindulginghimselfinthegoodolddays,heissimplytryingtogosouthbydrivingthechariotnorth.callousunkindorcruel;withoutsympathyorfeelingforotherpeople Itmightsoundcallous,butIdon’tcareifhe’shomeless.Heisnotlivingwithme. Heissocallousaboutitall.contemplative“inquietwithdrawal〞???Literallythewordmeans‘considering(aparticularthing)foralongtimeinaseriousandquietway’(e.g.Hermoodiscalmandcontemplative.)philanthropicshowinggenerositytowardsotherpeopleandinasincerewaytohelpthem,esp.bygivingmoney(topoorpeople) Fewcompaniesoffermoneypurelyasaphilanthropicgesturethey‘reusuallyafter somethinginreturn.…owingtothelengthofinfancybecauseofthefactthathumanbeingspendsmuchmoretimebringinguptheiroffspringParaimpersonalnotinvolvingorrelatingtoanyparticularperson;notbeinginfluencedbypersonalfeelings Theteacher’scriticismoftheclasswasimpersonal. Shementionednonamesinherimpersonalcriticismofthestaff.(cf.Hospitalsalwaysseemsuchimpersonalplaces(=aplacelackinghumanwarmthandinterest)rowsofidenticalbedsindullgrayrooms.Shehasaverycoldandimpersonalmanner.)…wisdombornofexperience…wisdomasaconsequenceoflongandvariedexperience;‘bornof’meanscomingfrom Hewasbornofanoble/wealthyfamily. Loveisbornofheart,notmind. Hiswishtobecomeadoctorwasbornofadesiretohelpsickpeople.exerciseIfyouexerciseauthority,rights,responsibilities,etc.youusethemwellandeffectively Chinesecultureusedtoexerciseconsiderableinfluenceinwesterncountries. Theyhavenointentionofexercisingrestraint. Itisabookdesignedtohelpyouexercisetherighttobuyyourcouncilhouse.concernoneselfwithgiveone’sattentiontosomething,becauseyouthinkitisimportant Thepeoplehopethattoday’scadresconcernthemselvesasdeeplyasJiaoYuluwiththe well-beingofthemasses.rendergive;provide(assistance,help) We’llnotforgetthosewhorenderedushelpintimeofneed.ParaIntheyoungthereisajustificationforthefeeling.Itisreasonableandunderstandableifyoungpeople‘a(chǎn)reoppressedbythefearofdeath’.‘Justification’indicates‘a(chǎn)goodreasonorexplanationfordoingsomething’.e.g. Weallhavejustificationforwhatwedo. There’snojustificationforhigherrateinterests.(be)cheated(out)ofbeunfairlypreventedfromobtainingorachievingsomething(thatshouldbelongtoone) Hethoughtthathehadbeencheatedofsomeofhiswagesbyhisemployer. Sheclaimedthathercousinhadcheatedheroutofherinheritance. TheFrenchteamfeeltheweathercheatedthemoftheirvictory.whateverworkitwasinhimtodowhateverworkhehadtheabilitytodo.abject(ofapersonorbehaviour)nothavinganyrespectforyourself;notproudorbrave anabjectcoward/beggar anabjectapology/request Thispolicyhasturnedouttobeanabjectfailure.ignoble(esp.ofbehabiour)thatyoushouldbeashamedof anignobleaction/idea Sheisaccusedofplayinganignoblepartintheplot.untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecedeUntilgraduallyapersonbecomesonewiththeuniverse.andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife毛主席也說(shuō)過(guò)要把自己有限的生命投入到無(wú)限的為人民服務(wù)中去。Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver…Inthisandthenextsentences,bothsimileandmetaphorareadopted.Whiletheformerisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenessentiallyunlikethings,introducedbyaconnective‘a(chǎn)s’,‘like’or‘than’,suchas, Myheartislikeasingingbird. Iwonderlonelyasacloud. I’mweakerthanawoman’stear.thelatteristhatunlikeobjectsareidentifiedwitheachotherforthepurposeofemphasizingoneormoreaspectsofresemblancebetweenthem,forinstance, Thecamelistheshipofthedesert. Lifeisnomorethanawalkingshadow.thethoughtoftherestHererestisaeuphemismfordeath._________________________TranslationFrom“someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath…〞to“…andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing〞有些老年人由于害怕死而感到精神沮喪/悶悶不樂。年輕人有這種感覺是情有可原地。擔(dān)憂會(huì)在戰(zhàn)斗中陣亡的年輕人，想到自己再也無(wú)法享受生活所提供的最美好的東西時(shí)，理所當(dāng)然地感到痛苦。但是對(duì)于老年人來(lái)說(shuō)，他經(jīng)歷了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做的事情都做到了，再怕死就未免有些可鄙和不榮耀了。要抑制這種怕死的念頭，最好的方法——至少在我看來(lái)是如此——就是使自己關(guān)心更多的事情，關(guān)心那些不跟自己直接有關(guān)的事情，到后來(lái)自我的壁壘就會(huì)慢慢消失，個(gè)人生活也就越來(lái)越和社會(huì)生活融合在一起。人生應(yīng)該就像條河流，開頭河身狹小，夾在兩岸之間，河水奔騰咆哮，流過(guò)巨石，飛下懸崖。后來(lái)河面逐漸展寬，兩岸離得越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)，河水也流得對(duì)比平緩，最后流進(jìn)大海，與海水渾然一體，看不出任何界限，從而完畢其單獨(dú)存在的那段經(jīng)歷，但毫無(wú)痛苦之感。UnitOneHowtoGrowOldKeytoExerciseIIrelatedmelancholyinquiredismalrecipewholesomecallousphilanthropicjustificationundueabjectcontainrecededabsorptionignobledecayknownindifferentwearinesscontemplativeKeytoExerciseIIIsustainedliferetireimmerseactivityphysicallyatnotprolongformsexercisesabouttakeagainstintensivefearcrucialpastextensivefunfavoursexplosivedisadvantagerelaxedlazyideazestsubjectsThinkingcomplainingcriticizingfunerallife-stretcherlife-shortenersButoverstressmusttermsmaywayconcernedareonlong-livednotlongevitylittleenjoypeoplenotbutofdaywalksdayOverthatthefeelingagainstboremorelaughbylifeKeytoExerciseIVIamnotsurethatIcandrawanexactlinebetweenwitandhumor.Perhapsthedistinctis

sosubtlethatonlythosecandecide∧havelongwhitebeards.∧Iamquitepositivethatofthetwo,humoris∧morecomfortableandthemorelivablequantity.Humorouspersons,iftheirgiftis

genuineandnotamerelyshineuponthesurface,

arealwaysagreedcompanionsandtheysitthrough∧eveningbest.Theyhavepleasantmouthsturnedupatthecorners.∧ThesecornersthegreatMasterofmarionetteshasfixedthestrings,andheholds

theminthenimblestfingerstotwitchthemat

theslightestjest.Andthemouthofawittymanishardandsouruntilthemomentof∧discharge.Noristheflashfromawittymanevercomforting,whereasahumorousmanradiates∧generalpleasureandislikeothercandleintheroom.Iadmirewit,butIhavenotreallikingforit.Ithashadbeentoooftenemployedagainstme,whereashumorisalwaysanally.Becauseitneverpointsanimpertinentfingeroutintomydefects.Humorouspersonsdonotsitasexplosivesonafuse.Theyaresafeandeasycomrades.But∧wit’stongueisassharpasadonkeydriverstick.Itmaygallop∧fasterforitsprodding,yetthetouchbehindistoopersuasiveformycomfort.distinctionwhoButthequalitymereagreeabletheTo√hisButitsalwaysaanothernohadBecauseoutlikeadriver’sthe√KeytoExerciseV(forreferenceonly)TherichbusinessmancouldneverforgetthedaywhenhepartedfromhisfriendsandrelativesandcametoHongKonginsearchofajob.Thecouplewascheatedofthejoysoflifebyhavingtoomanychildren.Itisnousecomplaining;wemustdosomethingtosolvetheproblem.Ineverspoketothatman,stilllessinsultedhim.Despitethecurrenttrendofpeaceanddevelopment,somewesterngovernmentsstillclingtothepracticesofantagonismoftheColdWarera。Myparentstoldmetoreadlawonthegroundthatitismoreusefulthanliterature.Hewassuddenlycutoffbyaheartattack.Asregardsitsquality,ourcountry’sprimaryeducationcanwellcomparewiththatoftheUnitedStates.UnitTwoNineYearsForAandBAbouttheauthorChristopherisaBritishcritic.ThepresenttextishisreviewofCaughtintheWebofWords,abiographyofJamesA.H.MurrybyhisgranddaughterK.M.ElizabethMurray._________________________________AboutthetextDr.Johnsonwasthegreatestmanwhomadeadictionary.SamuelJohnson(1709—84)wasoneofthemostimportant18thcenturyEnglishwriters.HisDictionaryAppearedin1755.ItwasthemostfamousEnglishdictionarybeforeWebster,andperhapsthebestbeforetheOxfordEnglishDictionary.BeforeJohnsonnostandarddictionaryoftheEnglishexisted.ThewanthadtroubledspeakersofEnglishforsometime,bothbecauseItalianandFrenchacademieshadproducedmajordictionariesoftheirowntongues,andbecauseintheabsenceofanyauthority,Englishseemedtochangeutterlyfromonegenerationtoanother…Adictionarycouldhelpretardsuchchange.In1764agroupofLondonpublisherscommissionedJohnson,stillanunknownauthor,toundertaketheproject.Hehopedtofinishinthreeyears;ittookhimnine.Butthequantityandqualityoftheworkheaccomplished,aidedonlyby6part-timeassistants,madehimfamousas‘DictionaryJohnson’.Thedictionaryremainedastandardreferencebookfor100years.Hisachievementisnotablein3respects:itssize(40,000words)thewealthofillustrativequotations(about114,000quotationsgatheredfromthebestEnglishwriters)theexcellenceofitsdefinitions(Thoughasmallselectionconcentratesonafewamusingornotoriousdefinitions,thegreatmajorityarefull,clearandtotallyfreefromeccentricity.Indeed,manyofthemarestillrepeatedinmoderndictionaries.)JamesA.H.Murraywasthemanwhomadethegreatestdictionary.Murray,SirJamesAugustusHenry,1837—1915,Englishlexicographer.From1879hewaseditoroftheNewEnglishDictionary(theOxfordEnglishDictionary),themajorworkofhiscareer;itwaspublishedin1928.TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthelargestdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguagethathaseverbeenpublished.TheO.E.D.Consistsof12volumesandcontainsover400,000words.Itsessentialfeatureiswhatweoftenrefertoasthehistoricalmethod.ThemeaningandformofeachwordintheDictionaryaretracedfromtheirearliestappearanceonthebasisofanimmensenumberofquotationscollectedbymorethan800volunteerreaders.JamesMurrayeditednearlyhalfoftheDictionary,theotherscholarsresponsiblefortherestoftheworkbeingHenryBradley,SirWilliamCraigieandDr.C.T.Onions.“aharmlessdrudge〞InDr.Johnson’sDictionarythewordlexicographerisdefinedas“awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge〞.(18世紀(jì)英國(guó)文豪SamuelJohnson稱字典編撰為successwithoutapplause,diligencewithoutreward<無(wú)償勞作,雖成無(wú)榮>,又稱編字典的人為unhappymortals[不幸的噍類],harmlessdrudges[無(wú)害的苦工],指的是慘淡經(jīng)營(yíng)充其量只指望無(wú)害的結(jié)果。前言，英漢大詞典)“Lexicographer:awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge,thatbusieshimselfintracingtheoriginal,anddetailingthesignificationofwords.〞--SamuelJohnson“Everyotherauthormayaspiretopraise;thelexicographercanonlyhopetoescapereproach,andeventhisnegativerecompenserecompensehasbeenyetgrantedtoveryfew.〞--SamuelJohnsondrudgeryhardboringworkIthoughtfeminismwasaboutliberatingwomenfromenforceddomesticandmaternaldrudgery.Electronicinformationretrievalwillremovemuchofthedrudgeryofresearchandleavetimeforthemoreinterestingbits.drudgeapersonwhodoeshardboringworkIfeellikearealdrudge–I’vedonenothingbutcleanallday!Hiswifeistreatedasameredrudge.vistaaviewthatislongratherthanbroad;prospectsorpossibilitiesHecouldseethroughthetallwindowsavistaofgreenfields.Asdean,heopenedupexcitingvistasof(=newpossibilitiesfor)inter-departmentallinks.Inanalreadytroubledregion,freshconflictlikethisraisesfrighteningvistas.ClassicallyderivedwordswordsofGreekorLatinoriginWill-o’–the-wispabluishmovinglightseenatnightoverwetgroundbecauseoftheburningofwastegasesfromdecayedplants;anundependablepersonoridea,aimthatcannotbereachedChaseuptakeactioninordertodiscoversomethingTheyhadtochaseuptheshoptodeliverthebed.blackThewordisusedheretomean‘bad’or‘hopeless’.(Somepeopleavoidusingblacktomeanbad,asitmightoffendblackpeople.)Whenhisbusinessfailedheexperiencedblackdespair.Thefuturelookedblack(=withouthope).Ifyoupaintablackpictureofasituationyoudescribeitasextremelybad.Ifapersonisnotasblackashetheyarepaintedtheyarenotasbadaspeoplesaytheyare.Ablackcomedyisafilm,play,etc.Thatlooksattheamusingsideofthingsweusuallytakeveryseriously,likedeathorillness.Blackhumourisanamusingwayoflookingatortreatingsomethingthatisseriousorsad.Theblackmarketisthingsboughtandsold,moneychanged,etc.illegally.getamoveon(slang)hurry;movequicklyHewillneverfinishtheworkifhedoesn’tgetamoveon.ThedictionaryistakinglongertorecordlinguisticeventsthantheytaketohappenNewwordsandexpressionsconstantlyfindtheirwayintospeechwhilethedictionaryrequiresmuchlongertimetorecordtheselinguisticphenomena.keepupcontinuedoingorhavingsomethingYouaredoingwell,keepitup.WhenIstoppedstudyingIwasstillkeentokeepupmyFrench.Ifyoukeepupappearancesyoupretendtobehappier,lesspoor,etc.thanyoureallyare,becauseyoudonotwantpeopletoknowhowbadyoursituationis:Theywereunhappilymarriedbutkeptupappearancesforthesakeoftheirchildren.goforbetruefororrelatetoWhatMary’sjustsaidgoesformetoo(=Iagreewithwhatshesaid).Youreallyneedtosmartenupyourappearance,Chris,andIdon’tknowwhatyoulotaresmilingabout,becausethesamegoesfortherestofyou.returnrevenues;profitThereturn/returnsonthemoneyweinvestedwas/wereverylow.naggingcriticizingorcomplainingrepeatedlyandannoyingly,oftenasawaytopersuade(someone)todosomethingThewayhekeepsonnaggingaboutthesmallestthingsreallygetsonmynerves.(Ifsomethingsuchasaworry,doubtorquestionisnagging(at)you,itiscontinuouslyandannoyinglyinyourmind:Severalworrieswerenagging(at)her.)falterlosestrengthorpurposeand(almost)stopThedinnerpartconversationfalteredforamoment.HerfriendsneverfalteredintheirbeliefinvidenceaninfluencewhichisnothumaninoriginandisthoughttocontrolwhetherornotpeoplereceivethethingswhichtheyneedAsamonkhetruststodivinethathewillreceivefood.Willpowertheabilitytocontrolone’sthoughtsandthewayinwhichonebehaves;determinationIttookalotofwillpowertostaycalmandnotpanic.Hesucceededthroughanenormousexerciseofwillpower.ConvergemovetowardsormeetatoneplaceAllthepathsacrosstheparkconvergeatthemaingate.Therewasonceabigdifferencebetweenthetwopoliticians,butnowtheirideasseemtobeconverging(=becomingsimilar).Wouldhehaveacknowledgedthatoneofthethingsprovidencedidforhimwasmercifullytowithholdafullsenseofthetaskthatwasnevertoendforhim?Whenhestartedtoundertaketheenterprise,heobviouslydidn’thaveanyideaashowdifficultthetaskwas.Neitherdidheknowthathewouldneverseethepublicationofthewholedictionaryinhislife.MaybeallthishadbeenarrangedbyGod,whowassokindtohimastokeepallthisfromhisawareness(inordertokeepuphisspirits).MurraymighthavefeltobligedtoGodifhewereawareofGod’spainstakingintentionsthen.magnitudethelargesizeorimportance(ofsomething)Theydon’tseemtograspthemagnitudeoftheproblem.setout(on,as,in)begin(aplanofaction,esp.withaparticularaim)Shesetoutasanactresswiththehelpofthedirector.Likesomanyyoungpeoplebeforethem,theysetouttochangetheworld.tosetoutonone’slifeworkpertinacitystrongpersistenceordeterminationLikesomanysuccessfulpoliticians,hecanpursuehisgoalswithpertinacity.bealivetobethinkingaboutorawareof(something);bekeenorsensibletoIskifortheexcitement,butI’malsoalwaysalivetotherisks.HehadtoleaveScotlandHisfirstwifewasseriouslyillandthedoctoradvisedhertomovesouthwheretheclimatemightsuitherbetter.SohewenttoLondonwithher.scholarshipseriousdetailedstudyHerrecentbookonChineseverbsisaworkofgreatscholarship.RecenthistoricalscholarshiphascontradictedmanycommonlyheldideasabouttheRomaninvention.indispensabletooimportantnottohave;necessaryFirstpublishedin1927,thechartsremainanindispensableresourceforresearchers.Sheisgoodbutnotindispensable(fortheteam)–noplayeris.OtherremarkablephilologistsofhisdayHenrySweet,FredrickJ.Furnivall,andsomeothers.dedicate(oneselfto)givecompletely(one’senergy,timeetc.)Hehasdedicatedhislifetoscientificresearch.ThenewPresidentsaidshewoulddedicateherselfto