簡析《紅樓夢》稱謂語的翻譯畢業(yè)論文

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SOUTHCHINA畢業(yè)論文GRADUATETHESIS論文題目：簡析《紅樓夢》稱謂語的翻譯學生姓名：專業(yè)班級：11英語2班學院：外國語學院指導教師：2015年4月11日AnalysisonTranslationofAddressFormsinDreamoftheRedChamberByAgraduatethesissubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofBachelorofArtstotheCollegeofForeignLanguagesSOUTHMay30th,2015摘要《紅樓夢》是我國古典四大名著之一，既反映了封建禮教，同時又集中反映了作為禮儀之邦的中國傳統(tǒng)文化。作者在小說中使用了大量的稱謂語，體現(xiàn)了封建大家族復(fù)雜的人物關(guān)系，也塑造了生動豐富的人物形象。本課題以維索爾倫的順應(yīng)論為理論框架，分別以楊憲益和霍克斯兩個英譯本對《紅樓夢》稱謂語的翻譯為例，分析該翻譯過程中運用的翻譯策略，以及所體現(xiàn)的文化差異。本課題分析了《紅樓夢》兩個英譯本的稱謂語在語境關(guān)系順應(yīng)、結(jié)構(gòu)客體順應(yīng)，順應(yīng)的動態(tài)性，以及順應(yīng)過程的意識程度，基于順應(yīng)論的基礎(chǔ)上，對兩個英譯版本的不同進行對比，并且選擇合適的翻譯方式。關(guān)鍵詞順應(yīng)論；紅樓夢；稱謂語；翻譯

ABSTRACTDreamoftheRedChamberisoneofChinaFourMasterpiece.ItnotonlyreflectsfeudalethicsbutalsofocusesonChinesetraditionalculture.Therearemanypeopleinthenovel.Theauthorbuildsmanyimagesandusesalotofaddressformsamongthemintheclassicnovel.Itshowsthecomplexrelationshipsinthefeudalfamily.Differentkindofaddressformsalsoshapevividandabundantcharacters.ThisthesisadoptsVerschueren’stheoryofAdaptabilityasthebasictheory.TakingYangHsien-yi’sversionandHawkes’versionasexample,itanalyzestheaddressformsintheDreamoftheRedChamber.Itanalyzestheuseofdifferentstrategiesintheprocessoftranslation.Itcanalsoshowsthedifferentculturebetweenthedifferentcountries.Comparingtothetwoversions,thisthesisanalyzestheaddressformsbothinYang’sversionandHawkes’version.Theybasesonthetheoryofadaptability,includingcontextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptabilityandsalienceoftheadaptabilityprocesses.Comparingthetwodifferentversions,translatorscanchoosethebesttranslationapproaches.KeywordsAddressForms;Adaptability;DreamoftheRedChamber;Translation

CONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\u摘要 IABSTRACT IIChapter1Introduction 11.1DefinitionofAddressForms 11.2InfluencedfactorsaboutAddressForms 11.2.1Culturalfactors 11.2.2DifferentStatusandspecificcontext 21.3Necessityofdissertation 3Chapter2LiteratureReview 52.2Previousstudies 52.2.1ThestudyoftheChinesetranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamber 52.2.2ThestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamber 52.2.3Limitations 6Chapter3AnalysisoftheTheoryofAdaptability 73.1ContextualCorrelatesofAdaptability 73.2StructuralObjectsofAdaptability 73.3DynamicsofAdaptability 83.4SalienceoftheAdaptabilityProcess 84.1Translationstrategies 104.1.1Domesticationandforeignization 104.1.2Specification 104.2Adaptabilityinthenovel 114.2.1Adaptationtotheactuallanguage 114.2.2Adaptiontosocialcustoms 114.2.3Adaptiontopsychology 12Chapter5Conclusion 14BIBLIOGRAPHY 15ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16Chapter1IntroductionDreamoftheRedChamberisoneofChinaFourMasterpiece.Therearemorethansevenhundredpeopleinthenovel,somanyaddressformsexistsinit.Addressformsareimportantinourdailylife.Itcanshowustherelationshipbetweenpersonandperson.1.1DefinitionofAddressFormsInOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,itisdefiedas“styleofaddressingsomebodyinspeechorwriting.”(王櫻，2008)ChenXiafangsaid,“Addressformsarethewordorwordsusedtothepersonorpersonsthespeakerwantshis/herword(s)tobereceivedandinterpreted.Theycanbepersonalpronouns,personalnames,titles,kinshipterms,nicknames,nominalphrases,etc.”(王櫻，2008)6Braun(1988)said,“Addressindeedisthebasicconceptofaddresstheory.Thetermdenotesaspeaker’slinguisticreferencetohis/hercollocutor(s)…Formsofaddressarewordsandphrasesusedforaddressing.Theyrefertothecollocutorandthuscontainastrongelementofdeixis…Thesystemofaddresscomprisesthetotalityofavailableformsandtheirinterrelationsinonelanguage…Inmostlanguage,formsofaddressconcentrateonthreewordclasses.(1)pronoun(2)verb(3)noun,supplementedbywordswhicharesyntacticallydependentonthem.”(王櫻，2008)5“Addresstermsareasystemoftermsusedtodesignatepeopleaccordingtotheirstatus,profession,sex,andsoon,reflectingdifferentsocialrelationships.”(王櫻，2008)6Theycanbeusedinwritingandspeech.1.2InfluencedfactorsaboutAddressForms1.2.1CulturalfactorsDuetothedifferentcultureofChineseandEnglish,onlyasmallnumberofaddressformsinthetwolanguagescanbeconsideredequivalent.ThetranslationofaddressformsformChinesetoEnglishwillinevitablyinvolvethelossofoneormoreaspectsofmeaningthattheoriginaltermscontain.Thetranslatorhastotakesomemeasurestomakethetranslationasclosetotheoriginalaspossible.Andsinceveryoftenonetermmaycontainseveralaspectsofmeaning,whenthereinvolveslossofmeaning,thetranslatorshouldmakeadecisiononwhichaspectoraspectsofmeaningcanbelostandwhichcannot.ThereforethebiggestproblemthetranslatorwillmeetintheprocessoftranslationofaddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberistodecidewhichaddressformsshouldbetranslatedmorecloselyandwhichaspectoraspectsofmeaningshouldbegivenpriority.Yang’sversionfacestoChinesepeoplewhounderstandEnglishandpeoplewhoareinterestedinChineseculture.Forexample,湘云笑道：“都是二嬸娘叫穿的。誰愿意穿這些?！睂氣O一旁笑道：“姨媽不知道，他穿衣裳，還更愛穿別人的。”(曹雪芹，2010)253BothYangHsien-yiandHawkeschoosetotranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“aunt”.ItshowsthedifferenceofaddressformsbetweenChinesecultureandEnglishculture.ChineseaddressformsaremorecomplicatedthanthoseinEnglish.1.2.2DifferentStatusandspecificcontextBecauseofdifferentstatusbetweenthespeakersandconsideringspecificcontext,thesameaddressformsindifferentspeechmaybetranslatedindifferentways.Whentranslating,translatorshouldconsidermoreaboutitandusedifferentapproachtotranslateit.Forexample,(1)這門子忙上來請安，笑問：“老爺一向加官進祿，八九年來就忘了我了。”(曹雪芹，2010)33(2)探春聽說，越發(fā)動了氣：“他只管這么想，我只管認得老爺太太兩個人，別人我一概不管。(曹雪芹，2010)223(3)寶玉如得了珍寶，便趕上來拉他，說道：“快進去告訴，老爺要打我呢！”(曹雪芹,2010)264(4)王夫人連忙抱住，哭道：“老爺雖然應(yīng)當管教兒子，也要看夫妻份上。”(曹雪芹，2010)265Insentenceone,itmeansChiaYucun,anewprefectofYingtian.SoYangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“YourHonor”.BecauseofthesimilaritiesbetweenChineseaddressformsandEnglishaddressforms,itispossibletoberegardedequivalent.Insentencetwoandthree,itmeansChiaZheng.BecauseTanchunisChiazheng’sdaughter,Yangtranslationsitinto“Father”.Insentencethree,Paoyusaystoservanttoletherhelphim.Thetranslatorshouldconsiderthestatusbetweenbothsides;Yangtranslatesitinto“TheMaster”.Yang’sversionmeetsthelanguagehabits.Insentencefour,itisfromMrs.Wang.Mrs.Wangcallherhusbandinthiswaytoshowrespectthestatusbecausethereareotherpeopleaside.Ontheotherhand,itmayincludediscontentbecauseshespoilsPaoyuverymuch.YangandHawkestranslatesitinto“SirZheng”.(1)襲人聽了，便冷笑道：“從此以后我是太太的人了，我要走，連你也不必告訴，只回了太太就走?！?曹雪芹，2010)286(2)寶玉笑道：“太太不知道，林妹妹是內(nèi)癥，先天生的弱，所以禁不住一點兒風寒，不過吃兩劑煎藥?！?曹雪芹，2010)227(3)（賈母）說著便令人去看轎馬，“我和你太太、寶玉立刻回南京去！”(曹雪芹，2010)265(4)周瑞家的道：“這個自然的，如今太太事多心煩，有客來了，略可推得去的，也就推過去了，都是這鳳姑娘周旋迎帶。”(曹雪芹，2010)52Becausethecallerisdifferent,thepragmaticmeaningisdifference.Insentenceone,XirenistrustedbyMrs.Wang.BothYangandHawkestranslateitinto“TheLadyship”.Insentencetwo,becausethereareotherpeoplesuchasPao-chai,DaiyuandXifengaside,heusesittocallhismother.Yangtranslatesitinto“Madam”butHawkestranslatesitinto“Mother”.Insentencethree,theladyDowagerwantstocomebackNanjingbecauseChiaZhengbeatsPaoyu.TheladyDowagerfeelsangry,soYang’sversion“Yourmistress”accordswithherstatus.Insentencefour,theservantZhoutalkstoGrannyLiuandcallMrs.Wanginthatway.Althoughtheaddressformsaresamebetweenthesepeople,PaoyurespectshismotherwhiletheservantreveresMrs.Wang.Yangtranslatesit“Themistress”.Itiscorrespondtothemasterbefore.WhileHawkestranslatesitinto“HerLadyship”.Itiscorrespondto“SirZheng”before.1.3NecessityofdissertationAddressformsissignificantinalmostanylanguage.Inthedialogue,theyareusedtoaddressotherstocommunicateorpeoplethemselves.Addressformsarecloselyrelationtothecultureoftheusersoflanguage.Becauseofdifferentculturesbetweendistinctcountries,addressformsinacountrywillbedifferentfromthoseinothercountries.Basedonthis,ChineseaddressformsandthoseinEnglishcanbedividedintodifferentparts.Itcanbeeasilytofindaddressformsinmanyliterature,amongwhichistheclassicalmasterpieceDreamoftheRedChamber,anoveldeeplyrootedinChinesecultureandshowingtherankinfeudalfamily.Inthisnovel,therearetoomanypeopleappear.Sotheaddressformsinthenovelwithdifferentcategoriescanbeeasilyfound.Theaddressformsinthenovelalmostincludeallkindsofsystemofaddressforms.TheresearchontranslationofaddressformsbetweenChineseandEnglishisnecessaryforthatdiscussaboutaddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberbeginslateandlittle,comparingtootheraspects.

Chapter2LiteratureReview2.2Previousstudies2.2.1ThestudyoftheChinesetranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamberAsoneofthemostfamousworksintheancientChineseliterature,DreamoftheRedChamberhasbeenstudiedbothintensivelyandextensively.However,itisregrettablethattheuseofaddressformsinthenovelhasdrawnlittleattention.Inhisthesis,LiuDan-qing(1997)pintsoutthattheaddressterm“姨”intheworktakestwooralforms“姨媽”and“姨娘”.Thepaper,takingthefirsteightychaptersasdatasource,findsthatthesetwotermsdifferalotfromeachother,anddrawstheconclusionthat“姨媽”and“姨娘”refertoone’smother’seldersisterandyoungersisterrespectively.(南旭東，2006)8Inhismonograph,ChenYi-ping(2005)approachesthetermsofaddressintheDreamoftheRedChamberfromsociolinguistic,function-linguistic,pragmaticandrhetoricalperspectives.(南旭東，2006)8TheauthorbelievesthatthecharacteristicsofChineseaddressaredeterminedbytwomainfactors:ChinesecultureandChineselanguage.2.2.2ThestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamberComparingtoaddressformsinEnglish,alotofaddressformsareuniquetoChineseculture.Yet,itisonlythroughanextensiveandintensivecomparisonthatwecanfindthatuniqueness.Nowadays,theresearchesonthetranslationofDreamoftheRedChamberareintendedtocontrastthedifferencebetweenthedifferentversions,especiallythatbyYangHsien-yiandthatbyHawkes.OneofsuchbooksiswrittenbyFanSheng-yu(2004).ItisXiaoWei-qing(2004)thatdiscussesthetranslationoftheaddresstermsintheworkandcategorizesthetermsintothreetypes:ChinesaddresstermsthathavetheirEnglish“fullequivalents”,say,“父親”asopposedto“father”;Chinesetermsthathaveonly“halfequivalents”,say,“堂兄”asopposedto“cousin”;ChinesetermsthathavenoEnglishequivalents,say,theChinesehumblingterms.AndafterappraisingHawkes’translation,whichtendstobethetarget-languageorcultureoriented,andYangHsien-yi’s,whichtendstobethesource-languageorcultureorcultureoriented,hebelievesthateitherisjustified.(南旭東，2006)92.2.3LimitationsThediscussionofaddressformstranslationinthenovelmayinvolvesomelimitations.Asaddressformsaredeeplyrootedinculture,therearemuchmoredifferencesthansimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishaddressforms．AndtherearemanyChineseaddressformsandwaysofaddressingthataredifficulttounderstandtopeopleofEnglish-speakingcountries，letaloneequivalentEnglishterms．Thereforeeventhoughnearlyeveryaddressformcanbetranslated,onecanneverbesoconfidentthatreadersofthetargetlanguagecanunderstandandappreciateeverytranslation．

Chapter3AnalysisoftheTheoryofAdaptabilityVerschuerenthinksthattheprocessofusingthelanguageistheprocessofchoiceoflanguage.Nomatterwhetherthechoiceisintentionalornot,nomattertheinternalreasonofthelanguageorexternalreason,usinglanguageischoosinglanguageconstantly.Therearefivecharacteristicsofthechoiceoflanguage.First,thechoiceoflanguagehappensintheleveloflanguageconstruction.Second,thechoiceoflanguageincludesthechoiceoflinguisticformandthechoiceofcommunicativestrategy.Third,whentheusersoflanguagemakeachoice,thesalienceoftheadaptabilityisdifferent.Fourth,verbalcommunicationmeanscommunicationapproachesmustbechose.Fifth,inacertaindegree,thechoiceexiststendentiousness.Accordingtotheadaptability,itshoulddescribeandexplaintheuseoflanguagefromfourlevels,thatiscontextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptabilityandsalienceoftheadaptabilityprocess.3.1ContextualCorrelatesofAdaptabilityTheprocessoftranslationistheprocessthattranslatorsusethetargetlanguage.Onthebasisofadaptability,translatorsproducetranslationcoincidencewithtargetlanguagebymeansofcontinuallychoice,consultationandadaption.Contextualcorrelatesofadaptabilitymeansthatthechoiceoflanguagemustadapttocontextintheprocessofusinglanguage.Thecontextcontainscommunicationcontextandlanguagecontext.Insomedegree,boththetwocontextscaninfluencetheusersmakethechoiceoflanguagewhenuseandunderstandthelanguage.Becausetheprocessofchoiceisdynamic,theproduceofcontextisalteration.Intheprocessoftranslatingoriginallanguageintotargetlanguage,translatorshouldconsideroriginalcontextandtranslatedcontext.Becauseliteraturetranslationisacross-languageandcross-cultureactivity,3.2StructuralObjectsofAdaptabilityStructuralobjectsofadaptabilitymeansmakeachoiceoflanguageinmanyaspectssuchaschoosinglanguage,choosingcode,choosingstyleandchoosingconstituent,choosingdifferentkindsoflanguageandprincipleofconstruction.Intheprocessoftranslation,structuralobjectsofadaptabilityisthattranslatorchooseinpronunciation,vocabularyandparagraph.Itaimstocreatethemeaning.3.3DynamicsofAdaptabilityThedynamicsofadaptabilityintheprocessofusinglanguage,inessence,isthemutualadaptationbetweencontextandstructureoflanguageinthechoiceoflanguage.Itcanproducethedynamicsoflanguagemeaning.Whenseveralfactorsaffecttogether,itcanmakeappropriatechoicetoaccordwithcommunicativecontextandmakelanguagefitthemeaningofcommunicativecontext.Ifatranslatorwantstomakeatranslation,heshouldmakeachoiceofadaptingcontextandlanguagestructure.Andthechoiceandfactorsofcontexttakeeffect.Theycanleadtoproducemeaningtranslation.Accordingtoadaptability,languageisvariation,deliberationandadaption.Thevariationanddeliberationoflanguagedecidethatthechosenlanguageincommunicativecontextchangeableandtheresultofthechoiceisdeliberation.Bydifferentpossibilityofselectionanddeliberationagainandagain,itcanreachtheaimtoadaptcommunicativecontextandcommunicatesuccessfully.Translationisaprocessfromoriginallanguagetotargetlanguage,whiletranslatorfacestoaseriesofelectedprobability.Nomatterwhichstrategythetranslatorschoose,theyshoulddeliverthetruthmeaningoforiginallanguageandmakethechosenlanguageaccordwithlanguagestructureandculturalcontextofthetargetlanguage.3.4SalienceoftheAdaptabilityProcessThefactorofcognizanceisalsosignificantinthetranslation.Intheprocessofusinglanguage,choosinglanguageandmakingadaptation,itwillrefertothementalfactor.Thatissalienceoftheadaptabilityprocess.Thesocietyandcognizanceisindivisible.Thesocietycombiningwithcognizanceproducesocialpsychology.Itisthebasisofusersoflanguagemakingadaptionandproduction.Ontheonehand,thereisnoexistenceofabstractcognizancewithoutinfluencedbysocialfactors.Ontheotherhand,ifsocialfactorsarenotdealtbycognizance,itcannothaveanyeffectonthechoiceoflanguage.Intheprocessofcommunication,becauseoftheexistenceofsocialpsychology,itwillgeneratedifferentprocessesofmindandthedegreeofcognizanceisnotalike.Theusers’choiceoflanguageneedtoberestrictedbysocialcriterion.Inordertoadapt,translatorsshouldconsiderdifferentkindsoffactors,chooseproperlanguageandmakesuitableadaption.Theprocessoftranslatorwillrefertothefactorofcognizance.Nomatteritisconsciousnessornot,thetranslatorshouldmakethechoiceadapttotheexpressionoflanguageandcontext.

Chapter4AddressFormsintheNovel4.1Translationstrategies4.1.1DomesticationandforeignizationAddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberincludesChineseculture.InordertotransmitChineseculture,itisbettertousedomestication.Buttherelationshipsinitarecomplex.ToletreadersknowtherelationshipsinChinese,itisagoodwaytouseforeignizationtomakeitclear.Forexample,“璜大奶奶是他姑娘，你那姑媽只會打旋磨子，給我們璉二奶奶跪著借當頭，我眼里就看不起他那樣的主子奶奶?！?曹雪芹，2010)79Inthesentence,thetranslatortranslatesthefirstaddressinto“Mrs.ChiaHuang”.Inthetranslation,ratherthantranslatingitdirectly,thetranslatortranslatesitintoMrs.ChiaHuang,usingforeignizationtofollow堪堪又是一載光陰，誰知女學生之母賈夫人一疾而終，女學生侍湯奉藥，守喪盡哀。(曹雪芹，2010)15Translatortranslatesitinto“LadyChia”.AccordingtoBritishandAmericancultures,whencallingamarriedwoman,itshouldusesurnameofthehusband.Inthesentence,LadyChia,wifeofLinRuhai,hersurnameisChia.IftranslatedinMrs.Chiadirectly,readersmaymisunderstandinhersurnameandidentify.Theymaynotknowwhothewomanis.Toavoidtheproblem,thetranslatorusedomesticationtotranslateitintoLadyChia.4.1.2SpecificationBecauseofdifferentexpressionindifferentlanguage,sometimesinordertomakereadersunderstanditclearly,translatorsshouldtranslateunspecifiedwordsintospecifiedwords.Andtheymusttrytomakeitdirectlytothereaders.Forexample,“我們那一個還道是沒事的，所以不太著急，若聽見了，也是要唬個半死兒的?！?曹雪芹，2010)774Inthissentence,Pao-Chaitellshermothertocomfortandwantstogivesomemoneytohermother.Shemeanstheaddressformsherhusband.Inordertomakereadersknowwhichoneitrefersto,thetranslatortranslatesitinto“Pao-yu”4.2Adaptabilityinthenovel4.2.1AdaptationtotheactuallanguageAdaptationtotheactuallanguageisthatwhentranslatorschoosetheproperapproachesoftranslation,theymustberestrictedandbeinfluencedbyconstituentandcharacteristicsinthetwokindsoflanguage.Becauseofthedifferentculturalbackgrounds,addressformsinChineseandinEnglishisdifferent,suchasquantityandrange.InChinese,differentrelativeshaveitsownkinship,suchas表姐，堂弟，表妹，表哥。ButinEnglish,thereisonlyoneword“cousin”thatcanexpressallofthesemeaning.AddressformsinChinesenotonlyusetocallrelatives,butalsousetocallacquaintanceswhoarenotrelatives,neighborsevenstrangers.So,whentranslatorstranslateaddressforms,theyshouldfocusonthedistinctbetweenvirtualrelationshipandrealrelationship.Andtheyshouldnottranslatethevirtualaddressformsintorealaddressforms.Forexample,孩子道：“哪個周大娘？我們這里，周大娘有三個呢，還有兩個周奶奶，不知是哪一行當?shù)摹！?曹雪芹，2010)52YangHsien-yitranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“AuntieZhou”and“granny”,whileHawkestranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“Mrs.Zhou”and“aoldwoman”.Comparingtothetwoversion,Yang’sversionchoosethewayofliteraltranslationandforeignizationtodirectlytranslateitintoauntieandgranny.Itwillnotletreadersunderstandthesentenceandtherelationshipbetweenthespeakers.Itwillinfluencetheunderstandingofthetranslation.Itcannotreachtheaimtocommunicateaswell.Theuseoftwoaddressformsintheoriginaltextcanshortenthedistancebetweenthespeakersandthelisteners.Ontheotherhand,itcanshowtherespectofspeakerstolisteners.Therefore,translatorshouldadaptthestandardandcustomoftargetlanguage.Thetranslatorshouldchoosefreetranslationanddomesticationtotranslateitandmakethereaderswhousetargetlanguageunderstandthedifferentstatusbetweenthespeakerandthelisteners.Sothatitwillmakethecommunicationcontinue.4.2.2AdaptiontosocialcustomsAdaptiontosocialcustomsmeansthatthespeakerschoosethelanguagedependingonsocialculture,customandrule.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorhavetwoculturesontheirshoulders.Therefore,theyshouldconsidertheoriginallanguagereferringtothesocialcustom.Ontheotherhand,theyshouldconsiderifthisruleisintherangeofthecognitionofreaderswhousetargetlanguage.Ifthisrulecanbereceivedbytargetculture,thetranslatorcanuseliteraltranslation;ifthisrulecannotbereceivedorunderstoodbyreaders,thechoiceofdynamicsofadaptionshouldbefreetranslation.Forexample,“內(nèi)中深情底里，奴才不知道，不敢妄回。求奶奶問興兒，他是長跟二爺出門的?！?曹雪芹，2010)530BothYangHsien-yiandHawkestranslatethefirstaddressforminto“I”.Yangtranslatesthesecondoneinto“thesecondmaster”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“themaster”.WhenCaoXueqinwrotetheDreamoftheRedChamber,itisthetimesoffeudalismandthesocialrankisstrict.Whenreaderswhousetargetlanguagecannotunderstandthesocialcustom,freetranslationisthebestchoice.Therefore,thetwoversionschoosetotranslatethefirstaddressforminto“I”.Iftranslatingitintotheslaveinliteraltranslation,thereadersmaynotknowwhichonethewordcalls.Forthesecondaddressform,thetwoversionschoosethedifferentapproachestotranslateit.Chinesepeopleareusedtorankingthepeopleinthesamestatusofthegenerationinthefamily,whilethispointcannotbereceivedbyforeigners.SoHawkes’versioncanbeeasilyreceivedbyreaderswhousestargetlanguage.4.2.3AdaptiontopsychologyPsychologyormotivationincludesindividuality,emotion,belief,desireandintention.Theactiveoftranslationisactuallytwicecommunicatinginnerlanguage.Inotherwords,itisthefirstcommunicationbetweenauthorandtranslatorsandthesecondcommunicationbetweentranslatorsandreadersoftranslation.Inthesecondcommunication,thetranslatorsfacetoalotofchoicesofexpressingstrategiesandskills.Atthemoment,thepsychologyoftranslatorsplayaimportantpartinthetranslation.Thetranslatorsarethemediumbetweenthetwocultures.Whenfacingtotheoriginalcultureandthetargetculture,theycanchoosethreeculturalpositions.Thefirstisoriginallanguage.Thesecondistargetlanguage.Thethirdiscommunicatingoriginallanguageandtargetlanguage.Whichculturalpositionthetranslatorschoose,orinotherwords,whichpsychologyandmotivationthetranslatorschoosewillinfluencetheproduceoftranslation.Forexample,雨村忙笑道：“豈敢，不過偶吟前人之句，何敢狂誕至此，老兄何興至此？”(曹雪芹，2010)9YangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“mybrother”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“mydeerfellow”.劉姥姥便說“原是特來瞧瞧嫂子你，二則也請姑太太的安。若可以領(lǐng)我見一見更好，若不能，便借重嫂子轉(zhuǎn)致意罷了?！?曹雪芹，2010)52YangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“sister”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“deersoul”.Fromthetwoexamplesabove,itcanshowthatwhentranslatingtheaddressforms,YangandHawkeschoosedifferentapproachestotranslateit.YangchoosesliteraltranslationmorewhileHawkeschoosesfreetranslationmore.Becausethetwoversionshavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.In1964,YangHsien-yiandhiswifeGladysYangaccepttherequest.TheiraimistointroducethefamousandclassicliteraturetotheworldanddelivertheChineseculturetotheforeigners.InordertointroducetheChineseclassicliteraturetoforeigners,itneedtoretainmarrowofChineseculture.Adaptiontotheaim,theconsequenceisthatYangusesliteraltranslationandforeignization.OppositetoYangHsien-yi,HawkeshopesthathecandeliverthehappinesshegetfromtheChinesenoveltothereaders.Whenhetranslatesthenovel,hechangesthetraditionalChineseculturalimageandadapttothecognitiveenvironmentofwesternreadersonhisown.Differentmotivationsoftranslationleadthetranslatorstochoosethedifferentapproaches.Butifthetranslatorscanreachtheiraimsbyadaptionontheirown,itmustconsiderthecognitionenvironmentofreadersoftranslationsothatitcanensuretoreceivecognitiveresult.IntheDreamoftheRedChamber,therearemorethansevenhundredpeople.Thecomplexrelationshipsbetweenthepersonandpersonishardforforeignerstounderstand.IftranslatorswanttokeepthecharacteristicsofaddressformsinthelanguageofChinese,itwillmakereaderfeelmoreconfused.Intheexampleabove,Hawkeschoosesfreetranslation.Ononehand,itreducesthedifficultyinrelationshipsbetweenpeoplesothatreaderscanunderstanditeasily.Ontheotherhand,itcankeepthemotivationtheauthorchoosestheseaddressforms.Itcanmakebothsidesofcommunicationclosely.

Chapter5ConclusionAddressformsisvitalnomatterinourdailylifeorintheliterature.TherearetoomanypeopleintheDreamoftheRedChamber.Therelationshipbetweenpeopleiscomplex.Differenttranslatorschoosedifferentapproachesoftranslationtoresearchit.Basedonadaptability,itcanmakesociety,cultureandcognitioncomprehensively.Adaptabilitycanbeusedinthelanguageteaching,literature,translationandsoon.Itexpoundsthechoiceoflanguageandproduceofdynamicsofcontext.Theprocessoftranslationistheprocessthattranslatorsconstantlyconsultandchoosebetweenthetwolanguages.Thetranslationisnotvariablebutchangeable.Astimesgoeson,withthesocialenvironmenttransforming,alargeoftranslationsaltertoadapttheculturalcontextaswell.Theycanmakethereadersunderstandtheauthors’intention.Doingresearchontranslationonthebasisoftheoryofadaptability,translatorscanconsidersociety,culture,cognitionandotherfactorstogether.Theycanmaketranslatorsinspectthespecialandcomplicatedoftranslationalactivemacroscopically.Translationhasmanychoices,thesameasothercommunicativeactives.Atanystage,itshouldfolloworadapttoitsownaimandneedofcommunication.Atthesametime,translationhasthecharacteristicsofcross-cultureandcross-language.Therefore,itwillbe