《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-四、小麥蚜蟲綠色防控（雙語版）

四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

為害小麥的害蟲（包括螨類）達200多種，其中分布廣泛，為害嚴(yán)重的有：麥蚜、地下害蟲（螻蛄、蠐螬、金針蟲等）、麥螨、粘蟲、吸漿蟲等。局部地區(qū)為害較為嚴(yán)重的還有麥水蠅、麥葉蜂、麥桿蠅、棉鈴蟲等。

Therearemorethan200pests(includingmites)damagingwheat,whicharewidelydistributed,andtheseriousonesinclude:wheataphids,soilpests(molecricket,grub,wireworm,etc.),barleybugs,armyworms,andblossommidges.Hydrelliachinensis,wheatsawflies,stemmaggots,cottonbollworms,etc.arealsoseriouslyharmfulinsomeareas.不僅害蟲取食對小麥造成直接損失，而且有些害蟲如麥蚜、葉蟬、飛虱等還能傳播病害，造成更大損失。在一般情況下，小麥因害蟲的為害造成損失約10%左右，當(dāng)一些害蟲大發(fā)生時，減產(chǎn)達30%～50%，甚至顆粒無收。因此有效地控制各種小麥蟲害，對保證小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)具有極為重要的作用。

Notonlydopestscausedirectlossestowheat,butalsosomepestssuchaswheataphids,leafhoppersandplanthopperscanspreaddiseases,causinggreaterlosses.Ingeneral,thelossofwheatcausedbypestsisabout10%.Wheresomepestsoccuronalargescale,theyieldwillbereducedby30%-50%,oreventotalgrainfailure.Therefore,effectivecontrolofvariouswheatpestsplaysanextremelyimportantroleinensuringhighandstableyieldofwheat.小麥蟲害綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatInsectPests四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（一）發(fā)生與為害情況

OccurrenceandDamage

麥蚜包括麥長管蚜、麥二叉蚜、禾谷縊管蚜和麥無網(wǎng)蚜，均屬于同翅目蚜科。麥蚜除為害麥類作物外，也為害玉米、高梁、粟等禾本科作物及雜草。

麥長管蚜在全國小麥栽培區(qū)均有發(fā)生，是大多數(shù)地區(qū)的優(yōu)勢種；

麥二叉蚜主要分布在我國北方冬麥區(qū)；禾谷縊管蚜分布于華北、東北、華南、華東、西南各麥區(qū)，是多雨地區(qū)的優(yōu)勢種；麥無網(wǎng)蚜主要分布在華北及云南和西藏等地。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.（一）發(fā)生與為害情況

OccurrenceandDamage

小麥苗期，麥蚜多群集在葉片背面、葉鞘及心葉取食；拔節(jié)期、抽穗期和灌漿期集中在莖、葉和穗部取食，并排泄蜜露，影響小麥的呼吸作用和光合作用。被害處呈淺黃色斑點，嚴(yán)重時葉片發(fā)黃，甚至整株枯死。穗部受害，造成麥粒干癟，千粒重下降，嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn)。麥蚜還是傳播小麥黃矮病毒等小麥病毒病的重要媒介昆蟲。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid（二）形態(tài)識別四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid(II)MorphologicalRecognition麥二叉蚜前翅中脈二叉四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidBifurcationofForewingMidribSchizaphisgraminum麥二叉蚜Schizaphisgraminum四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麥二叉蚜（Schizaphisgraminum）無翅孤雌蚜(Apterousviviparousfemale)

a.喙節(jié)Ⅳ+Ⅴ(RostralsegmentⅣ+Ⅴ)；b.體背毛(Dorsalseta)

；c.腹部緣瘤(Abdominalfibraemarginatae)；d.腹管(Ventraltube)；e.尾片(Cauda)有翅孤雌蚜(Alateviviparousfemale)

f.觸角(Antenna)；g.腹部背面觀(Abdomenindorsalview)；h.前翅(Forewing)四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidSchizaphisgraminum麥長管蚜前翅中脈三叉四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenaeTrifurcationofForewingMidrib腹管黑色，圓筒形、極長Theabdominaltubeisblack,cylindricalandextremelylong四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenae麥長管蚜Macrosiphumavenae四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

腹管端部縊縮如瓶頸狀，腹部后方有紅色暈斑。Theendoftheabdominaltubeisconstrictedlikeabottleneck,andthereareredhalosbehindtheabdomen.禾谷縊管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidRhopalosiphumpadi生活史

麥長管蚜麥二叉蚜禾谷縊管蚜為害特性喜光耐濕，嗜食穗部喜幼苗，畏光喜旱，嗜葉、葉鞘畏光喜濕，嗜食莖桿、葉鞘為害部位孕穗期多在上部葉正面，尤其是抽穗后絕大多數(shù)均集中于穗部為害拔節(jié)期多在植株下部葉背聚集為害，致害能力強；孕穗期為害部位上移，以倒二、倒三葉背居多小麥心葉和基部居多，為害部位較為分散繁殖力次之強差傳毒次之最強最弱（三）發(fā)生規(guī)律1、生活史與習(xí)性四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid(III)OccurrenceRegularity1.LifehistoryandhabitsLifeHistoryMacrosiphumavenaeSchizaphisgraminumRhopalosiphumpadiDestructivecharacteristicsPhotophilousandmoisture-resistant,predatoryonearsPrefersseedlings,photophobia,xerophilous,predatoryonleavesandleafsheathsPhotophobiaandhygrophilous,predatoryonstemsandleafsheathsAffectedpartsInthebootingstage,mostofthemareonthefrontoftheupperleaves,especiallytodamagetheearsafterheadingInthejointingstage,mostofthemgatheronthebackofthelowerleaves,causingsignificantdamage;inthebootingstage,theaffectedpartsarehigher,mostofwhichisthebackofthesecondandthirdleavesMostofthemoncoreleavesandbases,scatteredlyFecundityLessHighPoorVirustransmissionLessHighestLowest

在重慶一年發(fā)生20～22代，幾乎無越冬現(xiàn)象，即在平壩、淺丘麥區(qū)，冬季溫度較高，麥蚜可以終年在小麥和其他禾本科寄主上繁殖，以有翅和無翅胎生雌蚜完成生活周期。InChongqing,thereare20-22generationsayear,andalmostnooverwintering.ItmeansthatinshallowhillywheatregionsinPingba,wherethetemperatureisrelativelyhighinwinter,wheataphidsmayreproduceonwheatandothergramineoushostsallyearround,andcompletetheirlifecyclewithwingedandwinglessviviparousfemales.

每年小麥播種出苗后，特別是早播麥田均會有不同種類的蚜蟲遷入，但在翌年2月以前，氣溫偏低，蚜蟲繁殖較慢，群體數(shù)量一般都不大。2月下旬以后氣溫同升，蚜蟲繁殖加快，在小麥拔節(jié)孕穗期蟲口急增。Afterwheatissownandseedlingsareemergedeveryyear,especiallyinearly-sownwheatfields,therewillbedifferentkindsofaphidsmovingin.However,whenthetemperatureislowbeforeFebruaryofthenextyear,aphidsreproduceslowlyandinsmallcoloniesgenerally.AfterlateFebruary,whenthetemperaturerises,aphidsreproducefasterandtheirpopulationincreasessharplyatthejointingandbootingstagesofwheat.

在氣候、營養(yǎng)條件適宜時，產(chǎn)生無翅蚜，但當(dāng)營養(yǎng)條件惡化或蟲口密度過大時則多產(chǎn)生有翅蚜遷飛到適宜的寄主上繼續(xù)繁殖。

Whentheclimateandnutrientconditionsaresuitable,winglessaphidswillbereproduced,butwhenthenutrientconditionsaredeterioratedorthepopulationdensityisexcessive,wingedaphidswillbereproducedandmigratetoappropriatehoststocontinuereproducing.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid2、發(fā)生條件

OccurrenceConditions

自然條件下，溫、濕度對麥蚜發(fā)生和消長起主導(dǎo)作用。溫度在15～25℃，相對濕度40％～80％范圍內(nèi)，即中溫低濕條件常有利于麥蚜大發(fā)生。蚜蟲種類不同，適宜發(fā)生的溫濕度范圍不同。

Undernaturalconditions,temperatureandhumidityplayaleadingroleintheoccurrence,growthanddeclineofwheataphids.Whenthetemperatureis15-25℃andtherelativehumidityis40%-80%,whichmakesaconditionofmediumtemperatureandlowhumidity,oftenconducivetotheoccurrenceofwheataphids.Suitabletemperatureandhumidityrangesaredifferentfordifferentaphidspecies.

麥二叉蚜生長發(fā)育的最適溫度為15～20℃，30℃以上滯育。

TheoptimumtemperatureforthegrowthanddevelopmentofSchizaphisgraminumis15-20°C,andthediapausetemperatureisabove30℃.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麥長管蚜的適溫范圍低于麥二叉蚜，為12～20℃，28℃以上滯育。TheoptimumtemperatureofMacrosiphumavenaeislowerthanthatofSchizaphisgraminum,whichis12-20℃,andthediapausetemperatureisabove28℃.

禾谷縊管蚜耐高溫，在適宜的濕度條件下，30℃左右生育速度最快，但不耐低溫，在1月份平均溫度為-2℃以北的地區(qū)不能越冬。Rhopalosiphumpadiisresistanttohightemperature.Undersuitablehumidityconditions,itgrowsfastestatabout30℃,butisnottoleranttolowtemperature.Itcannotoverwinterinareasnorthofthosewherethemeantemperatureis-2℃inJanuary.

麥二叉蚜喜干燥，適宜相對濕度為35％～67％。而麥長管蚜比較喜濕，適宜相對濕度為40％～80％。禾谷縊管蚜喜高濕，不耐干旱，在年降雨量250mm以下地區(qū)不易大發(fā)生。降雨通過影響田間濕度而間接影響蚜量消長。但暴風(fēng)雨的沖刷常使蚜量顯著下降。

麥蚜的天敵種類很多，如飄蟲類、草蛉類，食蚜蠅類、蚜繭蜂，食蚜蜘蛛和蚜霉菌等，其中以瓢蟲的捕食蚜量最大，蚜繭蜂的寄生率最高，對麥蚜有一定的抑制作用，應(yīng)注意保護與利用。Schizaphisgraminumprefersdryness,withasuitablerelativehumidityof35%-67%.However,Macrosiphumavenaeishygrophilous,withansuitablerelativehumidityof40%-80%.Rhopalosiphumpadiisliabletohighhumiditybutisintolerantofdrought.Itislesspronetooccuronalargescaleinareaswithannualrainfalloflessthan250mm.Rainfallindirectlyaffectsthegrowthanddeclineofaphidsbyaffectingthefieldhumidity.However,thenumberofaphidsoftendecreasessignificantlyduetothescouringofstorms.Wheataphidshavemanynaturalenemies,suchasladybirds,lacewings,hoverflies,aphidiidae,aphivorousspidersandEntomophthora.Amongthem,ladybirdsfeedonaphidsthemostandaphidiidaehasthehighestparasitismrate,whichhaveacertaininhibitioneffectonwheataphidsandshouldbewellprotectedandutilized.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures

防治麥蚜要以農(nóng)業(yè)防治為基礎(chǔ)，關(guān)鍵時期采用藥劑防治，注意選擇農(nóng)藥品種，嚴(yán)格掌握施藥技術(shù)，減少對天敵的殺傷。非小麥黃矮病流行區(qū)，重點抓小麥穗期防治。在小麥黃矮病流行區(qū)，除進行穗期防治外，還要抓好苗期防治。Thepreventionandcontrolofwheataphidsshouldbebasedonagriculturalcontrol,andchemicalcontrolshouldbeusedincriticalperiods.Attentionshouldbepaidtotheselectionofpesticides,andthepesticideapplicationtechnologyshouldbestrictlyappliedtoreducethedamagetothosenaturalenemies.Innon-wheatyellowdwarfendemicareas,preventionandcontrolshouldbeemphasizedattheheadingstageofwheat.Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,effortsshouldbemadetopreventionandcontrolattheseedlingstage,inadditiontodoingsoattheheadingstage.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid1、農(nóng)業(yè)防治

Agriculturalcontrol

選用抗蚜耐蚜豐產(chǎn)品種；清除麥田內(nèi)外雜草；適時集中播種，冬麥區(qū)適當(dāng)遲播，春麥區(qū)適當(dāng)早播，冬春麥混播區(qū)冬春麥分別種植。增施基肥和追施速效肥，促進麥株生長健壯，增加抗蚜能力。Selecthigh-yieldcultivarsresistantandtoleranttoaphids;removeweedsinsideandoutsidethewheatfield;carryoutconcentratedsowinginatimelymanner,appropriatelatesowinginwinterwheatregions,appropriateearlysowinginspringwheatregions,andplantingwinterandspringwheatseparatelyinregionswherewinterandspringwheatareblended.Increasebasefertilizerandapplyquick-actingfertilizerastopdressingtofacilitatethegrowthofwheatplantsandincreasetheabilitytoresistaphids.2、生物防治

Biologiccontrol

合理選用農(nóng)藥，注意保護利用天敵、促進天敵繁殖，充分發(fā)揮天敵對麥蚜的控制作用；有條件的地方還可人工繁殖或助遷天敵。Rationallyselectpesticides,payattentiontotheprotectionandutilizationofnaturalenemies,facilitatethereproductionofnaturalenemies,andgivefullplaytothecontroleffectofnaturalenemiesonwheataphids;whereconditionsareavailable,artificialreproductionorrelocationofnaturalenemiesmayalsobecarriedout.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid3、藥劑防治

Chemicalcontrol

（1）種子處理：在小麥黃矮病流行區(qū)，種子處理是治蚜防病的有效措施?？蛇x用70％吡蟲啉拌種劑60～180g，加水10L，與100kg小麥種子攪拌均勻，再攤開晾干后播種。(1)Seedtreatment:Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,seedtreatmentisaneffectivemeasuretocontrolaphidsandpreventdiseases.Itisappropriatetouse60-180gof70%imidacloprid,aseeddressingagent,add10Lofwater,mixwith100kgwheatseedsevenly,thenspreadoutanddrythembeforesowing.

（2）使用顆粒劑：結(jié)合播種，選用3％呋喃丹顆粒劑22.5～30kg／hm2，播種后撒顆粒劑，再覆土，可維持藥效40～50d。(2)Useofgranules:Use3%carbofurangranules,22.5-30kg/hm2,accordingtothesowing,andspreadthegranulesandthencoverthemwithsoilaftersowing,andtheefficacymaybemaintainedfor40-50days.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（3）小麥生長期施藥：穗期防治蚜蟲要按無公害糧食生產(chǎn)和有利于保護天敵的要求，選用速效、低毒、低殘留農(nóng)藥?？蛇x用烯啶蟲胺、啶蟲脒、氟蟲·乙多素、吡蚜·螺蟲酯等。噴藥適期為小麥揚花后麥蚜數(shù)量急劇上升期。(3)Applicationofpesticideduringwheatgrowthperiod:Inordertocontrolaphidsattheheadingstage,quick-acting,low-toxicityandlow-residuepestic