《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-一、油菜菌核病綠色防控（雙語）

一油菜菌核病綠色防控

I

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia

油菜菌核病又稱白稈、麻稈、爛稈、霉蔸等，世界性病害，國內(nèi)各油菜產(chǎn)區(qū)均有發(fā)生，以長江流域和東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重，一般發(fā)病率為10％～30％，嚴(yán)重影響油菜的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

油菜各生育階段均可感病，以開花結(jié)果期最易感病。病菌能侵染油菜地上各部分，尤以莖稈發(fā)病所造成的損失最重。Sclerotiniasclerotiorum,alsoknownaswhitestalk,hempstalk,rottenstalk,moldstump,etc.,isaworldwidediseasethatoccursinallrapeproducingareasinChina,especiallyintheYangtzeRiverBasinandthecostalareaalongthesoutheast,withageneraloccurrencerateof10%~30%,whichseriouslyaffectstheyieldandqualityofrape.

Rapecanbediseasedatallgrowthstages,withthemostsusceptibleatthefloweringandfruitingstages.Thepathogenscaninfectallabovegroundpartsoftherapefield,especiallythestemdisease,whichcausestheheaviestlosses.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（一）癥狀識(shí)別苗期癥狀

受害的莖和葉柄初產(chǎn)生紅褐色的斑點(diǎn)，后擴(kuò)大變?yōu)榘咨?，組織濕腐，上面長出白色的菌絲，病斑繞莖后幼苗死亡，病部形成黑色的菌核。

(I)

SymptomIdentificationSymptomsatseedlingperiod

Theharmedstemsandpetiolesinitiallyproducereddish-brownspots,whichthenexpandandturnwhite.Thetissuesarewet-rotted,withwhitehyphaegrowingonthem.Afterthespotswraparoundthestems,theseedlingsdieandblacksclerotiaareformedonthediseasedparts.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期癥狀

葉片：初生暗青色水漬狀斑塊，后擴(kuò)展成圓形或不規(guī)則形大斑。病斑灰褐色或黃褐色，有同心輪紋，外圍暗青色，外緣具黃暈。潮濕時(shí)病斑迅速擴(kuò)展，全葉腐爛；干燥時(shí)則病斑破裂穿孔。Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Leaves:Primarydarkcyanwater-stainedpatchesthatlaterexpandintolargeroundorirregularspots.Thespotsaregrayish-brownoryellowish-brown,withconcentricrings,darkcyanontheperiphery,andyellowhaloontheoutermargin.Underawetenvironment,thespotsexpandrapidlyuntilthewholeleavesrot;whileunderadryenvironment,thespotsmayruptureandperforate.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期癥狀

莖部：病斑初期呈水漬狀，淺褐色，橢圓形或長條形狀繞莖大斑。病斑略凹陷，有同心輪紋，中部白色，邊緣褐色，病健交界明顯。病害嚴(yán)重時(shí)，病莖上長滿絮狀菌絲，故稱為“白稈”、“霉稈”等。此時(shí)植株干枯而死或提早枯熟，可見皮層縱裂。Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Stem:Thespotsarewater-stainedatthebeginning,lightbrown,ovalorlong,andlargearoundthestem.Thespotsareslightlysunken,withconcentricrings,whiteinthemiddleandbrownontheedge.Thejunctionbetweentheinfectedandtheuninfectedisobvious.Whenthediseaseisserious,thediseasedstemwillbecoveredwithflocculenthyphae,sothediseaseisalsocalled"whitestalk"and"moldstalk".Atthistime,theplantwithersanddiesormaturesearly,andlongitudinalcracksinthecortexcanbeseen.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期癥狀

花瓣染病初呈水浸狀，漸變?yōu)樯n白色，后腐爛。角果染病初現(xiàn)水漬狀褐色病斑，后變灰白色，種子癟瘦，無光澤。在發(fā)病的莖內(nèi)外和角果上均可形成大小不等的鼠糞狀菌核。

Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Wheninfected,thepetalsbecomewater-soakedatfirst,graduallyturnpale,andthenrot.Water-stainedbrownspotsappearatfirst,thenturngrayishwhite,andtheseedsarethinandmatte.Sclerotiaofdifferentsizescanbeformedinsideandoutsidethediseasedstemsandonthehornfruits.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（二）病原核盤菌，屬子囊菌亞門核盤菌屬。油菜菌核病病菌1.菌核2.菌核的剖面

3.菌核萌發(fā)子囊盤4.子囊盤縱剖面5.側(cè)絲、子囊及子囊孢子（葉恭銀，植物保護(hù)學(xué)，2006）(II)EtiologySclerotiabelongstothegenusSclerotiaofAscomycetes.Rapesclerotinia1.Sclerotium2.Profileofsclerotium3.Sclerotiumgerminatingapothecia4.Longitudinalprofileofapothecia5.Paraphyllum,AsciandAscospores(YeGongyin,PlantProtectionScience,2006)一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律越冬：以菌核在土壤、病殘株和種子中越夏或越冬。侵入途徑：主要由在寄主植物的表皮細(xì)胞間隙或傷口、自然孔口侵入，在寄主體內(nèi)發(fā)育成菌絲。也可通過病、健組織接觸或沾附進(jìn)行重復(fù)侵染。

(III)OccurrenceRegularityOverwintering:oversummeringoroverwinteringassclerotiainsoil,diseasedresidualplantsandseeds.Wayofintrusion:Itmainlyintrudesfromtheintersticesofepidermalcellsorwoundsandnaturalorificesofhostplants,anddevelopsintohyphaeinthehostplants.Repeatedinfectioncanalsooccurbycontactorattachmentofdiseasedandhealthytissues.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律傳播：病菌的子囊孢子隨氣流傳播。溫濕度：菌絲生長發(fā)育和菌核形成適溫0-30℃，最適溫度20℃，最適相對濕度85%以上。菌核可不休眠，5-20℃及較高的土壤濕度即可萌發(fā)，其中以15℃最適。在潮濕土壤中菌核能存活1年，干燥土中可存活3年。

(III)OccurrenceRegularityTransmission:Ascosporesofpathogensaretransmittedwithairflow.Temperatureandhumidity:Theoptimumtemperatureformycelialgrowthanddevelopmentandsclerotiumformationis0-30°C,theoptimumtemperatureis20°C,andtheoptimumrelativehumidityisabove85%.Sclerotiacangerminateat5–20°Candhighsoilhumidity,with15°Casthemostsuitabletemperature.Sclerotiacansurvivefor1yearinwetsoiland3yearsindrysoil.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（四）

防治技術(shù)1、栽培抗病品種各地可因地制宜栽培高產(chǎn)、抗病良種．如中油雜12號(hào)、華油雜13號(hào)等。2、實(shí)行輪作與禾本科作物輪作可顯著減少田間菌核的積累，尤以水稻與油菜輪作防病效果最佳，注意不要與十字花科、豆科及茄科作物輪作。(IV)ControlTechnique1.Cultivatedisease-resistantcultivars.Goodvarietieswithhighyieldanddiseaseresistancecanbecultivatedaccordingtolocalconditions,suchasZhongyouzaNo.12andHuayouzaNo.13.2.Croprotationwithpoaceouscropscansignificantlyreducetheaccumulationofsclerotiainthefield,especiallyriceandraperotationhasthebestdiseasecontroleffect.Donotrotatewithcruciferous,leguminous,andsolanaceouscrops.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia3、防止種子帶菌通過篩選、風(fēng)選、藥劑浸種等方法，消除菌核和殺滅種子表皮病菌，播無病種子。在播種前可使用10％或15％硫酸銨溶液選種，除去上浮的秕粒和菌核，用清水洗干凈后再晾干播種。4、合理施肥重施基肥，早施蕾薹肥，避免薹花期過量施用氮肥。配合使用氮、磷、鉀肥，增施硼、錳、鋅、鉬等微量元素肥料，促使油菜苗期健壯、薹期穩(wěn)長，花期莖桿堅(jiān)硬，不易倒伏，提高抗病性。3.Preventseedsfromcarryingbacteria.Eliminatesclerotia,killepidermalpathogens,andsowdisease-freeseedsbyscreening,windsorting,chemicalsoaking,andothermethods.Beforesowing,10%or15%ammoniumsulfatesolutioncanbeusedtoselectseeds,removefloatingblightedgrainandsclerotia,washthemwithcleanwater,andthendrythembeforesowing.4.Reasonablefertilizationandheavyapplicationofbasefertilizer,earlyapplicationofbudandboltingfertilizer,andavoidexcessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizerduringboltingandflowering.Theuseofnitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumfertilizersandtheapplicationoftraceelementfertilizerssuchasboron,manganese,zinc,andmolybdenumcanpromotetherobustnessofrapeseedlings,thesteadygrowthofboltingstages,andthehardstemsduringanthesis,whicharenoteasytolodgeandcanimprovediseaseresistance.一

油菜菌核病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia5、改善田間小氣候油菜田整地時(shí)應(yīng)開好溝渠，保證溝溝暢通，做到雨住溝干，降低地下水位和田間小氣候濕度。在油菜盛花期，及時(shí)摘除植株中、下部的病葉、黃葉、殘敗葉，減少病菌通過病葉搭附而引起再侵染，并可改善株間的通風(fēng)透光條件，對減少發(fā)病均具有良好的作用。6、藥劑防治當(dāng)油菜進(jìn)入盛花期后，葉病株率達(dá)10％以上、莖病株率約1％時(shí)進(jìn)行藥劑防治?？蛇x用40％菌核凈可濕性粉劑1000～1500倍液或50％腐霉利可濕性粉劑2000倍液等，每次噴藥間隔7～10d，防治1～3次。5.Improvethefieldmicroclimate.Whentherapefieldisprepared,ditchesshallbeopenedtoensureunblockedditches,soastokeeptheditchesdryinrainandreducethegroundwaterlevelandfieldmicroclimatehumidity.Inthefu